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Articles 1 - 30 of 245
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Deforestation In Brazil’S Amazon And The Effects On Its Position In International Politics, Jeb Hinkle
Deforestation In Brazil’S Amazon And The Effects On Its Position In International Politics, Jeb Hinkle
Helm's School of Government Conference - American Revival: Citizenship & Virtue
Latin America is a land of potential for economic growth, the expansion of democracy, and international political influence. The United States has historically had political and economic influence in the region; however, Latin American nations have long seen the United States as imperialists, only serving their own interest at the expense of smaller Latin nations. As China’s global ambitions grow, many Latin American nations have turned towards the Chinese for investment and trade. The United States needs to combat China’s influence and the nations of Latin America wish to build a better future for themselves. The solution is strategic partnership …
The Development Of International Law In Relation To Crimes Against Humanity, Nikki Redelijk
The Development Of International Law In Relation To Crimes Against Humanity, Nikki Redelijk
Global Tides
This paper will look at the development of international law in relation to crimes against humanity. First, juridically applied at the Nuremberg Trials, crimes against humanity has historically offered a compelling juxtaposition between naturalist and positivist law. Hence, this paper attempts to shed light on these juxtapositions, as seen by the respective arguments taken up by the Allies and Germany at Nuremberg. Likewise, this paper will illustrate the complexities within the definition itself. Finally, this paper will clarify the differing definitions taken up at the various tribunals following Nuremberg, leading up to the Rome Statute. It is a hope, that …
Pacem In Terris: Historical Context & The Call For Global Governance, Joseph J. Fahey
Pacem In Terris: Historical Context & The Call For Global Governance, Joseph J. Fahey
The Journal of Social Encounters
This essay examines the historical context that led to Pope John XXIII’s proposal for a global “public authority” in his April 11, 1963, encyclical letter, Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth). The catalyst for this letter was the Cuban Missile Crisis that occurred between October 22 and October 29, 1962. Pope John offered to mediate that crisis, and President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev agreed and eventually came to an agreement not only to end the crisis but also to negotiate a limited nuclear test ban treaty. In the last year of his life, a time for him …
The Un Security Council In Conflict: How Does The Protection Of The Environment Related To Armed Conflict Fit Into Its Structural And Inequal Dynamics?, Gabriel Lagrange
The Un Security Council In Conflict: How Does The Protection Of The Environment Related To Armed Conflict Fit Into Its Structural And Inequal Dynamics?, Gabriel Lagrange
The Journal of Social Encounters
Recent conflicts have emphasized the multidirectional linkages between the environment and conflicts and therefore peace and security. As the organ responsible for international peace and security issues, the UN Security Council has the mandate to tackle the environment- conflicts nexus. Although it has delivered several resolutions on a case-by-case basis, the UN Security Council has never included environmental protection through a thematic resolution. Such a resolution is crucial due to the current ecological crisis while the binding nature and implementation capacities of the Council would tangibly improve the current political and legal framework protecting the environment. Yet, obstacles resulting from …
Advancing United Nation’S Gender Mainstreaming: Female Peacekeepers In Haiti And Liberia, Evening S. Huddleston
Advancing United Nation’S Gender Mainstreaming: Female Peacekeepers In Haiti And Liberia, Evening S. Huddleston
Senior Theses
The United Nations (UN) is making efforts to implement a gender mainstreaming perspective throughout its organization, specifically including women in the peace processes. One aspect of this is increasing the number of female peacekeepers. To determine the success of these efforts, this paper explores whether the lives of women and girls were improved during UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti and Liberia. Using women’s and girls’ participation in education, law enforcement, and politics, as well as the Gender Development Index and the Gender Inequality Index, this paper finds that including women in peacekeeping roles adds a new dimension of skills and …
How Foreign Policy Is Manifested Through Diplomatic Discourse: An Analysis Of Us Ambassador Rhetoric At The Un Regarding Israeli Settlement Expansion, Alexandra M. Sayegh
How Foreign Policy Is Manifested Through Diplomatic Discourse: An Analysis Of Us Ambassador Rhetoric At The Un Regarding Israeli Settlement Expansion, Alexandra M. Sayegh
Senior Theses
This thesis examines American ambassador discourse at the United Nations Security Council from 2012 to 2019 regarding the ongoing issue of Israeli settlement expansion in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. While Israel’s settlement activity technically breaches international law as well as several UN resolutions, there is no binding aspect of the framework of international law that could compel Israel to cease its violations. This issue is further exacerbated by the fact that the United States often protects Israel from criticisms of its occupation regime in front of the international community. Previous research spanning several decades has revealed an evident bias in …
Does Electoral Proximity Influence Commitment To International Human Rights Law?, Nolan Ragland
Does Electoral Proximity Influence Commitment To International Human Rights Law?, Nolan Ragland
Baker Scholar Projects
The core international human rights treaties from the United Nations have been signed and ratified by varying groups of states, and much of previous research has been dominated by a desire to explain ratification of international human rights law (IHRL) through the democratic lock-in effect and states’ economic and political ties to one another. In this paper, I seek to understand when states are ratifying IHRL, testing whether the presence of elections influences commitment to three of the nine core international human rights treaties: the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of …
Does Electoral Proximity Influence Commitment To International Human Rights Law?, Nolan A. Ragland
Does Electoral Proximity Influence Commitment To International Human Rights Law?, Nolan A. Ragland
Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects
No abstract provided.
A Historical Evaluation Of The Position Of The United States On Genocide Designations: Framing Implications For Xinjiang, Marley Taylor Belanger
A Historical Evaluation Of The Position Of The United States On Genocide Designations: Framing Implications For Xinjiang, Marley Taylor Belanger
Graduate Capstone Projects
This paper evaluates the historical stances of the United States with the international norm against genocide. It further examines how U.S. positions in precedent cases of genocide may help frame the U.S. response to the current crisis in Xinjiang, China. This paper reviews the historical record of the instances when the U.S. government has designated past atrocities to be considered genocides, and identifies patterns of continuity and change in the decision-making process of the U.S. This work then applies the theories of liberalism, constructivism, and realism to interpret the actions of the United States when deciding to recognize genocide formally. …
Third Party Mediation: Comparative Case Study On The Effectiveness Of Foreign Intervention In Intra-State Armed Conflicts In Bosnia And Herzegovina, Libya, And Myanmar., Vanessa Vuji
Dissertations and Theses
The intervention of third-party mediators is often critical in the resolution of intrastate armed conflicts. Their success hinges on such factors as the mediator’s skill and perceived impartiality, the support of the United Nations Security Council and clarity of their mandate, the timing of their interventions (the ‘ripeness’ concept) and the involvement of civil society. The purpose of this research will be to assess the effectiveness of third-party interventions in the Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, Libya, and Myanmar conflicts on the basis of these criteria. The parameters evaluated during the case studies show that third-party mediation may jeopardize the …
The Un-Intended Effects Of Risky Mandates, Robert Wood
The Un-Intended Effects Of Risky Mandates, Robert Wood
Theses and Dissertations--Political Science
In May 1948, the United Nations launched its first peacekeeping mission named the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO). Since this first mission, the United Nations has launched over 70 peacekeeping missions in regions such as Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa (Bellamy and Williams, 2015). The overarching goal of the United Nations, and the Security Council as the organ responsible for authorizing peacekeeping missions, is to protect international peace (United Nations, 1945a). However, the means of achieving international peace differs across missions. One source of variation concerning the means of achieving peace is found in peacekeeping mission mandates. While …
Protecting Peace? Analyzing The Relationship Between The Protection Of Civilians And Peace In Un Peacekeeping Settings, Jenna Russo
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Since 1999, the protection of civilians (POC) has become central to UN peacekeeping, included in the mandates of most multidimensional missions. In 2009, the Security Council designated POC as a priority among mandated tasks, in part because of the assertion that protecting civilians creates conditions that are conducive to peace. Yet, to this point, there has not been a thorough examination of the relationship between the protection of civilians in conflict settings and the broader peace process. The purpose of this research project is to investigate whether protecting civilians from violence serves to shorten conflict duration and/or create more durable …
Should There Be An Alternative To The United Nations For The Regulation Of Nuclear Weapons?, Sajani Patel
Should There Be An Alternative To The United Nations For The Regulation Of Nuclear Weapons?, Sajani Patel
Senior Theses
In this thesis, I examine the question “Should there be an alternative to the United Nations (UN) for the regulation of nuclear weapons?” The UN is notorious for issues with conflict of interest between the nuclear powers also being the permanent members of the security council. This allows the special interests of nuclear weapon holding states to influence the role of the UN in the path towards disarmament and accountability. A case study is conducted to assess each country’s reaction to UN disarmament initiatives, specifically three treaties: The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), and the Treaty …
Peer Reviewing The World: Increasing Civil Society Participation In The United Nations Universal Periodic Review, Lucien F. O'Brien
Peer Reviewing The World: Increasing Civil Society Participation In The United Nations Universal Periodic Review, Lucien F. O'Brien
Political Science Honors Projects
The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is an exceptional mechanism within the framework of international human rights. The fact that it evaluates all UN member states’ human rights records on a universal basis sets it apart from other enforcement mechanisms that do not give equal time to all countries or do not seek to cover all human rights. Following the introduction of hybrid modalities in the third cycle, the UPR faces a turning point in terms of who is included in the process and how. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with UN officials, diplomatic mission members, civil society representatives, and academics, as …
Women Count For Peace And Security: A Story Of Collaboration In The Philippines, Jasmin Nario-Galace
Women Count For Peace And Security: A Story Of Collaboration In The Philippines, Jasmin Nario-Galace
The Journal of Social Encounters
On 31 October 2000, United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325, the first Women, Peace, and Security resolution, was adopted by the United Nations Security Council. The resolution mandated UN member states to increase women’s participation in decision-making in matters that relate to peace and security, particularly in conflict prevention, conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and post-conflict reconstruction. Years after its adoption, however, implementation was slow and scattered and hardly changed the invisibility and marginalization of women in decision-making on matters of peace and security, where women have a unique perspective on keeping and making peace and have a historical tradition of …
(Dis)Contentment With The International System: The Relationship Between Territorial Dispute Settlement Attempts And Unga Voting, Erik C. Beuck
(Dis)Contentment With The International System: The Relationship Between Territorial Dispute Settlement Attempts And Unga Voting, Erik C. Beuck
Doctoral Dissertations
To what degree do the methods of management for territorial and maritime disputes relate to voting patterns in the United Nations General Assembly? In particular, do actions taken by the disputants in managing their disputes exert influence on their fellow disputant’s foreign policy preferences in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) reflective of the nature of these attempts? As territory has been found to be one of the most important driving factors in the conflict between states, understanding the impacts of different settlement methods in the active conveyance of information to other state actors in attempts to settle can provide …
Is Climate Change A Threat To International Peace And Security?, Mark P. Nevitt
Is Climate Change A Threat To International Peace And Security?, Mark P. Nevitt
Faculty Articles
This article argues that climate change’s destabilizing impacts require us to look at existing international governance tools at our disposal with fresh eyes. As such, Council climate action cannot and should not be dismissed out-of-hand. As conflicts rise, migration explodes, and nations are extinguished, how long can the Council remain on the climate sidelines? Hence, my call for a re-conceptualized “Council 3.0” to meet the climate security challenges this century.
This article proceeds as follows. In Part II, I describe and analyze the current state of climate science and the climate-security threats facing the world. This includes an analysis of …
Self-Determination In The Western Sahara: Obstacles And Obligations, Léa Gervais Glaenzer
Self-Determination In The Western Sahara: Obstacles And Obligations, Léa Gervais Glaenzer
Senior Projects Spring 2021
This paper aims to investigate the story of a country that was colonized by Spain, abandoned by Madrid, and subsequently claimed by Morocco. Spanish Sahara, now known as Western Sahara, is the territory in question. When Spanish Sahara was left by Spain to fend for itself in 1975, King Hassan of Morocco claimed sovereignty over it. King Hassan saw a potential “Greater Morocco”, which, in his view, encompassed Morocco-proper and the former Spanish Sahara. Since becoming recognized as a non-self-governing territory, most of Western Sahara has been occupied by Morocco and much of its native population resides in Tindouf refugee …
The ‘Global South’ In The Study Of World Politics: Examining A Meta Category, Sebastian Haug, Jacqueline Braveboy-Wagner, Günther Maihold
The ‘Global South’ In The Study Of World Politics: Examining A Meta Category, Sebastian Haug, Jacqueline Braveboy-Wagner, Günther Maihold
Publications and Research
This introductory contribution examines the ‘Global South’ as a meta category in the study of world politics. Against the backdrop of a steep rise in references to the ‘Global South’ across academic publications, we ask whether and how the North–South binary in general, and the ‘(Global) South’ in particular, can be put to use analytically. Building on meta categories as tools for the classification of global space, we discuss the increasing prominence of the ‘Global South’ and then outline different understandings attached to it, notably socio-economic marginality, multilateral alliance-building and resistance against global hegemonic power. Following an overview of individual …
In Search Of Trojan Horses: The United Nations Culture War, Patricia Ackerman
In Search Of Trojan Horses: The United Nations Culture War, Patricia Ackerman
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This dissertation examines the expanding influence of the religious Right at the UN, building on extant scholarship on the role of the culture war at the UN. This scholarship has tracked the increasing presence of the religious Right following the Beijing World Conference on Women and the Cairo Conference of Population and Development. Since that time, there has been a systematic and strategic movement against LGBT human rights and sexual and reproductive health and rights. The religious Right influence UN discourse, documents, and global policy in favor of their agenda. This conflict manifests in a frenzied media and policy battle …
Un Trust Funds As Agent To Fulfill The Norm Adapting And Diffusing Functions, Mikiko Sawanishi
Un Trust Funds As Agent To Fulfill The Norm Adapting And Diffusing Functions, Mikiko Sawanishi
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This thesis focuses on existing large-scale general trust funds at the United Nations (UN) Secretariat, as one example of the important transformations of the UN. They were created around the 1990s amid a paradigm shift in international relations after the end of the Cold War. They function as autonomous entities to carry out specific mandates to tackle emerging global issues in responding to the requests of a limited number of UN member states that provide voluntary contributions of significant sum. The thesis explores answers to the questions of why such general trust funds were created within the UN Secretariat, and …
The Role Of The United Nations In The Prevention Of Genocide, Teresa Haller
The Role Of The United Nations In The Prevention Of Genocide, Teresa Haller
Honors Theses
Why is it that since its founding the UN has failed countless times, and continues to fail, in preventing genocide and mass murder? This thesis will address this question by a close look at the structural dynamics of the UN that impede its ability to prevent genocide. The record of the UN on genocide prevention is a clear failure. This points to the need for significant reform to address the problems with the specific structural components that are essential to the UN addressing genocide.
Contesting Human Rights Defenders At The Un Human Rights Council, M. Joel Voss
Contesting Human Rights Defenders At The Un Human Rights Council, M. Joel Voss
Biennial Conference: The Social Practice of Human Rights
Human rights defenders are being increasingly targeted across the globe. The rise of nationalist, populist regimes is of great concern to both human rights defenders and those that advocate for the rights of defenders. The problem is not only of domestic concern. The UN Human Rights Council, the UN’s preeminent human rights institution, is also seeing an increasing number of attacks on defenders, both in formal settings like discussions on resolutions and the Universal Periodic Review process and informally, through threats to participants at the Council.
This paper attempts to better understand and predict which states will both try to …
Ferguson To Geneva: Bringing An American Movement For Racial Justice To The World, Joel Pruce
Ferguson To Geneva: Bringing An American Movement For Racial Justice To The World, Joel Pruce
Biennial Conference: The Social Practice of Human Rights
In December 2014, nearly four months after the shooting of Michael Brown, a delegation that included Brown's parents testified in front of the Committee against Torture in Geneva, Switzerland. While protest continued on the ground in Ferguson, Missouri (USA), this team delivered a report to the Committee that articulated the human rights claims of protestors to the international community. But, why? What did the delegation hope to accomplish that could not be satisfied through domestic channels, especially in a liberal democracy? Drawing on interviews with delegates and primary source research, I will examine rationales that may explain the political strategy …
Multi-Level Governance Of Climate Change Adaptation: United Nations Negotiations And Adaptation Project Implementation In Nicaragua And Samoa, Anna E. Mcginn
Multi-Level Governance Of Climate Change Adaptation: United Nations Negotiations And Adaptation Project Implementation In Nicaragua And Samoa, Anna E. Mcginn
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The rapid entry into force of the Paris Agreement reaffirmed, with certainty, that the international community would continue its efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change impacts opening a new era of international cooperation on climate change. This thesis explores how both negotiations around climate change adaptation and adaptation project implementation have evolved in this post-Paris Agreement era (from adoption in December 2015 to present). Using the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) Adaptation Fund as the central lens, the chapters explore international negotiations around the Fund as well as two Adaptation Fund funded …
Analyzing The United States’ Limited Response To The Syrian Refugee Crisis, Carolina Romero
Analyzing The United States’ Limited Response To The Syrian Refugee Crisis, Carolina Romero
Political Analysis
The Syrian refugee crisis can be described as one of the biggest, if not largest, humanitarian crisis of the 21st century. The crisis is a result of an ongoing civil war between rebel groups and the government forces of the Assad regime. Since the beginning of the war in 2011, over 400,000 have been killed and a combined 11 million have been displaced either internally or externally from their homes (Human Rights Watch, World Report 2018). The United Nations and the international community have openly expressed discontent with the dealings of the Assad regime, and as a result, have attempted …
How Two Sunken Ships Caused A War: The Legal And Cultural Battle Between Great Britain, Canada, And The Inuit Over The Franklin Expedition Shipwrecks, Christina Labarge
How Two Sunken Ships Caused A War: The Legal And Cultural Battle Between Great Britain, Canada, And The Inuit Over The Franklin Expedition Shipwrecks, Christina Labarge
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
No abstract provided.
International Institutions And Inertia: Unsc Behavior On Myanmar’S Internal Ethnic Conflicts, Matthew Peerboom
International Institutions And Inertia: Unsc Behavior On Myanmar’S Internal Ethnic Conflicts, Matthew Peerboom
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
Since the resurgence of Rakhine State's conflict in 2017, and the resulting 750,000 refugees, Myanmar has received increased scrutiny by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). However, some of Myanmar's ethnic conflicts have been continuous since independence in 1948, and thus begs the question: what explains the difference in attention? Three analytical lenses will be utilized to examine UNSC behavior: Bureaucratic Institutionalism, Geopolitics, and the null hypothesis of sheer Magnitude. In the end, it appears Institutionalism has come out as the strongest driver of Council action escalation on Myanmar. For Kayin’s low action period, it met two of the conditions …
Un Peacebuilding Efforts In Post-Conflict Situations, Zag Legrand Kimpolo-Nkaya
Un Peacebuilding Efforts In Post-Conflict Situations, Zag Legrand Kimpolo-Nkaya
Dissertations and Theses
This thesis analyzes the work of the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission, Fund, and UN Family organizations in ensuring stability and development in underdeveloped and developing countries during post-conflict situations. This work defines and examines peacebuilding and development using data from the PBC, PBF, Polity IV, the Human Development Index Report, and other sources, including UN documents. Three case studies where chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of peacebuilding missions in accordance with the PBC priorities: Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, and Central African Republic. The UN work has contributed to development in these cases; however, improvements were needed in some areas as …
Unsc Legitimacy As A Tool For Misdirection, Medha Monjaury
Unsc Legitimacy As A Tool For Misdirection, Medha Monjaury
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
In the months leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Bush administration made clear to the American people that the United States was prepared to go to war if Iraq failed to comply with Resolution 1441 and disarm. However, during the process of drafting and passing Resolution 1441, the U.S. expended considerable time and energy maintaining to the United Nations Security Council that it would not use the resolution as a pretext to strike Iraq. Moreover, it appears that the Security Council was convinced of the U.S.’ stated intentions when it passed Resolution 1441 unanimously in November 2002, …