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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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Articles 1 - 30 of 90
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Animal Minds And Animal Emotions, Marian Stamp Dawkins
Animal Minds And Animal Emotions, Marian Stamp Dawkins
Emotion Collection
The possibility of conscious experiences of emotions in non-human animals has been much less explored than that of conscious experiences associated with carrying out complex cognitive tasks. However, no great cognitive powers are needed to feel hunger or pain and it may be that the capacity to feel emotions is widespread in the animal kingdom. Since plants can show surprisingly sophisticated ‘‘choice’’ and ‘‘decision-making’’ mechanisms and yet we would not wish to imply that they are conscious, attribution of emotions to animals has to be done with care. Whether or not an animal possesses anticipatory mechanisms associated with positive and …
Possible Levels Of Animal Consciousness With Reference To Grey Parrots (Psittacus Erithacus), Irene M. Pepperberg, Spencer K. Lynn
Possible Levels Of Animal Consciousness With Reference To Grey Parrots (Psittacus Erithacus), Irene M. Pepperberg, Spencer K. Lynn
Sentience Collection
Researchers often study nonhuman abilities by assuming their subjects form representations about perceived stimuli and then process such information; why then would consciousness be required, and, if required, at what level? Arguments about nonhuman consciousness range from claims of levels comparable to humans to refutation of any need to study such phenomena. We suggest that (a) species exhibit different levels attuned to their ecological niches, and (b) animals, within their maximum possible level, exhibit different extents of awareness appropriate to particular situations, much like humans (presumably conscious) who often act without conscious awareness of factors controlling their behavior. We propose …
Spontaneous Discrimination Of Natural Stimuli By Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes), David A. Brown, Sarah T. Boysen
Spontaneous Discrimination Of Natural Stimuli By Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes), David A. Brown, Sarah T. Boysen
Sentience Collection
Six chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were presented with pairs of color photographic images of 5 different categories of animals (cat, chimp, gorilla, tiger, fish). The subjects responded to each pair using symbols for "same" and "different." Both within- and between-category discriminations were tested, and all chimpanzees classified the image pairs in accordance with the 5 experimenter-defined categories under conditions of nondifferential reinforcement. Although previous studies have demonstrated identification or discrimination of natural categories by nonhuman animals, subjects were typically differentially reinforced for their responses. The present findings demonstrate that chimpanzees can classify natural objects spontaneously and that such classifications may be …
Arkansas Animal Science Department Report 2000, Zelpha B. Johnson, D. Wayne Kellogg
Arkansas Animal Science Department Report 2000, Zelpha B. Johnson, D. Wayne Kellogg
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series
Animal Science is very much devoted to youth education and development. During the past year, over 20,000 youth were involved in 4-H livestock projects. Two very successful activities that took place last year were the Mid-American Grassland Evaluation Contest and Livestock Judging Camps. The Grassland Contest is designed to teach students about grassland resource management for livestock and wildlife uses. The contest was held in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Firstplace honors in the 4-H division went to White County, and second place honors went to Van Buren County. Two Livestock Judging Camps (Fayetteville and Hope) were conducted this past year. A …
Hybridization Of Dna By Sequential Immobilization Of Oligonucleotides At The Air-Water Interface, Murali Sastry, Vidya Ramakrishnan, Mrunalini Pattarkine, Anand Gole, K. N. Ganesh
Hybridization Of Dna By Sequential Immobilization Of Oligonucleotides At The Air-Water Interface, Murali Sastry, Vidya Ramakrishnan, Mrunalini Pattarkine, Anand Gole, K. N. Ganesh
Faculty Works
The hybridization of DNA by sequential electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding immobilization of single-stranded complementary oligonucleotides at the air-water interface with cationic Langmuir monolayers is demonstrated. The complexation of the single-stranded DNA molecules with octadecylamine (ODA) Langmuir monolayers was followed in time by monitoring the pressure-area isotherms. A large (and slow) expansion of the ODA monolayer was observed during each stage of complexation in the following sequence: primary single-stranded DNA followed by complementary single-stranded DNA followed by the intercalator, ethidium bromide. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of the ODA-DNA complex were formed on different substrates and characterized using quartz-crystal microgravimetry (QCM), Fourier transform infrared …
Misattribution Of Sensory Input Reflected In Dysfunctional Target: Non-Target Erps In Schizophrenia, K. Brown, E. Gordon, L. Williams, H. Bahramali, A. Harris, J. Gray, C. J. Gonsalvez, R. Meares
Misattribution Of Sensory Input Reflected In Dysfunctional Target: Non-Target Erps In Schizophrenia, K. Brown, E. Gordon, L. Williams, H. Bahramali, A. Harris, J. Gray, C. J. Gonsalvez, R. Meares
Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive)
Background. While numerous studies have found disturbances in the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) of patients with schizophrenia linked to task relevant target stimuli (most notably a reduction in P300 amplitude), few have examined ERPs to task irrelevant non-targets. We hypothesize, from current models of dysfunction in information processing in schizophrenia, that there will be less difference between ERPs to targets and non-targets in patients with schizophrenia than in controls.
Methods. EEGs were recorded for 40 subjects with schizophrenia and 40 age and sex matched controls during an auditory oddball reaction time task. ERPs to the targets and non-targets immediately preceding the …
Classes Of Logic Programs Which Possess Unique Supported Models, Anthony K. Seda, Pascal Hitzler
Classes Of Logic Programs Which Possess Unique Supported Models, Anthony K. Seda, Pascal Hitzler
Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications
Logic programming is concerned with the use of logic as a programming language. The main manifestation of this computing paradigm is in the various versions of Prolog which are now available, in which computation is viewed as deduction from sets of Horn clauses, although there is also growing interest in the related form known as answer set programming, see [10]. The reference [1] contains a good survey of the growth of logic programming over the last twenty-five years both as a stand-alone programming language and as a software component of large information systems. One advantage a logic program P has …
Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures, Marc Bekoff
Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures, Marc Bekoff
Sentience Collection
No abstract provided.
Environmental Finance Charette, Hyannis Park On Lewis Bay: A Case Study, New England Environmental Finance Center, Environmental Finance Center Of University Of Maryland
Environmental Finance Charette, Hyannis Park On Lewis Bay: A Case Study, New England Environmental Finance Center, Environmental Finance Center Of University Of Maryland
Water
The town of Yarmouth currently has a $30 million septic sludge treatment plant and transport lines in place. The vast majority of the dwellings and businesses in the Hyannis Park area are on septic systems that are viable and Title 5 compliant, regardless of age. Conventional, "non-failing" septic systems, however, were never intended to remove form their effluent nutrients such as nitrogen. These have become recognized as an environmental threat only as our understanding of the impacts of excess nutrients on ecosystems has increased in recent decades.
Semantic Web And Information Brokering: Opportunities, Commercialization, And Challenges, Amit P. Sheth
Semantic Web And Information Brokering: Opportunities, Commercialization, And Challenges, Amit P. Sheth
Kno.e.sis Publications
From the chairs' report published in SIGMOD record: The keynote address entitled 'Semantic Web and Information Brokering: Opportunities, Early Commercializations, and Challenges' was delivered by Amit Sheth (University of Georgia and Taalee Corp). Sheth characterized semantics as the next step in the evolution of the WWW and stressed the importance of semantically organized information for supporting ubiquitous, powerful, accurate and efficient access to this information. Sheth also reviewed proposals for semantic interoperability frameworks such as the DAML(DARPA Agent Mark-Up Language), the Oingo family of tools for defining concepts and extracting knowledge from large databases, as well as several scenarios on …
Exception Handling In Workflow Systems, Zongwei Luo, Amit P. Sheth, Krzysztof J. Kochut, John A. Miller
Exception Handling In Workflow Systems, Zongwei Luo, Amit P. Sheth, Krzysztof J. Kochut, John A. Miller
Kno.e.sis Publications
In this paper, defeasible workflow is proposed as a framework to support exception handling for workflow management. By using the “justified” ECA rules to capture more contexts in workflow modeling, defeasible workflow uses context dependent reasoning to enhance the exception handling capability of workflow management systems. In particular, this limits possible alternative exception handler candidates in dealing with exceptional situations. Furthermore, a case-based reasoning (CBR) mechanism with integrated human involvement is used to improve the exception handling capabilities. This involves collecting cases to capture experiences in handling exceptions, retrieving similar prior exception handling cases, and reusing the exception handling experiences …
Before You Say Yes: A Planning Guide For Speakers, Charles A. Francis, Heidi Carter, Cris Carusi, James W. King
Before You Say Yes: A Planning Guide For Speakers, Charles A. Francis, Heidi Carter, Cris Carusi, James W. King
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications
We need guidelines to help us decide whether to accept invitations to speak, whether to a class on campus or a special interest group outside. As educators and workshop organizers, we could also use suggestions on how to approach potential speakers. This article describes a single-page format that can be used to guide the planning process. Essential elements include contact information, location and organization of the activity, audience, learning goals, expected content, conclusions, and evaluation. Use of this planning sheet can give organization to an often haphazard process of planning, and enhance the potential of achieving the learning goals of …
Dimensionality Reduction Using Genetic Algorithms, Michael L. Raymer, William F. Punch, Erik D. Goodman, Leslie A. Kuhn, Anil K. Jain
Dimensionality Reduction Using Genetic Algorithms, Michael L. Raymer, William F. Punch, Erik D. Goodman, Leslie A. Kuhn, Anil K. Jain
Kno.e.sis Publications
Pattern recognition generally requires that objects be described in terms of a set of measurable features. The selection and quality of the features representing each pattern affect the success of subsequent classification. Feature extraction is the process of deriving new features from original features to reduce the cost of feature measurement, increase classifier efficiency, and allow higher accuracy. Many feature extraction techniques involve linear transformations of the original pattern vectors to new vectors of lower dimensionality. While this is useful for data visualization and classification efficiency, it does not necessarily reduce the number of features to be measured since each …
Primate Numerical Competence: Contributions Toward Understanding Nonhuman Cognition, Sarah T. Boysen, Karen I. Hallberg
Primate Numerical Competence: Contributions Toward Understanding Nonhuman Cognition, Sarah T. Boysen, Karen I. Hallberg
Sentience Collection
Nonhuman primates represent the most significant extant species for comparative studies of cognition, including such complex phenomena as numerical competence, among others. Studies of numerical skills in monkeys and apes have a long, though somewhat sparse history, although questions for current empirical studies remain of great interest to several fields, including comparative, developmental, and cognitive psychology; anthropology; ethology; and philosophy, to name a few. In addition to demonstrated similarities in complex information processing, empirical studies of a variety of potential cognitive limitations or constraints have provided insights into similarities and differences across the primate order, and continue to offer theoretical …
Primate Numerical Competence: Contributions Toward Understanding Nonhuman Cognition, Sarah T. Boysen, Karen I. Hallberg
Primate Numerical Competence: Contributions Toward Understanding Nonhuman Cognition, Sarah T. Boysen, Karen I. Hallberg
Sentience Collection
Nonhuman primates represent the most significant extant species for comparative studies of cognition, including such complex phenomena as numerical competence, among others. Studies of numerical skills in monkeys and apes have a long, though somewhat sparse history, although questions for current empirical studies remain of great interest to several fields, including comparative, developmental, and cognitive psychology; anthropology; ethology; and philosophy, to name a few. In addition to demonstrated similarities in complex information processing, empirical studies of a variety of potential cognitive limitations or constraints have provided insights into similarities and differences across the primate order, and continue to offer theoretical …
A New Fixed-Point Theorem For Logic Programming Semantics, Anthony K. Seda, Pascal Hitzler
A New Fixed-Point Theorem For Logic Programming Semantics, Anthony K. Seda, Pascal Hitzler
Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications
We present a new fixed-point theorem akin to the Banach contraction mapping theorem, but in the context of a novel notion of generalized metric space, and show how it can be applied to analyse the denotational semantics of certain logic programs. The theorem is obtained by generalizing a theorem of Priess-Crampe and Ribenboim, which grew out of applications within valuation theory, but is also inspired by a theorem of S.G. Matthews which grew out of applications to conventional programming language semantics. The class of programs to which we apply our theorem was defined previously by us in terms of operators …
Issues Associated With New Developments And Transfers: A West Slope Perspective, Eric Kuhn
Issues Associated With New Developments And Transfers: A West Slope Perspective, Eric Kuhn
Water and Growth in the West (Summer Conference, June 7-9)
8 pages.
Groundwater And Growth Management In The New West: Evolving Law And Practice, A. Dan Tarlock
Groundwater And Growth Management In The New West: Evolving Law And Practice, A. Dan Tarlock
Water and Growth in the West (Summer Conference, June 7-9)
13 pages.
Agenda: Water And Growth In The West, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center, The William And Flora Hewlett Foundation
Agenda: Water And Growth In The West, University Of Colorado Boulder. Natural Resources Law Center, The William And Flora Hewlett Foundation
Water and Growth in the West (Summer Conference, June 7-9)
1 v. (various pagings) : ill., maps ; 29 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) + supplement (207 p. ; 29 x 24 cm.)
"Conference co-sponsor The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation."
Conference moderators included University of Colorado School of Law professors Gary C. Bryner, James N. Corbridge, Jr., David H. Getches, Douglas S. Kenney, Kathryn M. Mutz, Peter D. Nichols and Charles F. Wilkinson.
Accompanied by: CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) and supplement (xiv, 140, [49] p.)
Includes bibliographical references
The event will cover a breadth of issues, including demographics and water-use trends, improved planning and efficient use, implementation …
Key Trends In Population And Land Use In The West, William E. Riebsame
Key Trends In Population And Land Use In The West, William E. Riebsame
Water and Growth in the West (Summer Conference, June 7-9)
9 pages (includes illustrations and maps).
Contains 1 page of references.
Mixing At Young Ages Reduces Fighting In Unacquainted Domestic Pigs, Anton D. Pitts, Daniel M. Weary, Edmond A. Pajor, David Fraser
Mixing At Young Ages Reduces Fighting In Unacquainted Domestic Pigs, Anton D. Pitts, Daniel M. Weary, Edmond A. Pajor, David Fraser
Agonistic Behavior Collection
Under normal farming practices, piglets from different litters are often mixed around the time of weaning, and a high incidence of fighting and minor injuries often occur. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of age on the incidence of fighting in piglets mixed before weaning, at different ages between 5 and 26 days. We found no significant relationship between age and the likelihood that a pair of piglets would fight during the first 75 min after mixing. However, the duration of the first fight observed increased from 101±38 s at 5 days to 621±278 s at …
On-Line Bayesian Speaker Adaptation By Using Tree-Structured Transformation And Robust Priors, Shaojun Wang, Yunxin Zhao
On-Line Bayesian Speaker Adaptation By Using Tree-Structured Transformation And Robust Priors, Shaojun Wang, Yunxin Zhao
Kno.e.sis Publications
This paper presents new results by using our previously proposed on-line Bayesian learning approach for affine transformation parameter estimation in speaker adaptation. The on-line Bayesian learning technique allows updating parameter estimates after each utterance and it can accommodate flexible forms of transformation functions as well as prior probability density functions. We show through experimental results the robustness of heavy tailed priors to mismatch in prior density estimation. We also show that by properly choosing the transformation matrices and depths of hierarchical trees, recognition performance improved significantly.
Asm Archives [Comments And News], Hugh H. Genoways
Asm Archives [Comments And News], Hugh H. Genoways
University of Nebraska State Museum: Mammalogy Papers
Biographical blurb about American Society of Mammalogists founder, Hartley H.T. Jackson, and his wife, Anna M. Jackson. Includes photograph from the ASM Archives, donated by Victor B. Scheffer.
Local Properties Of Query Languages, Guozhu Dong, Leonid Libkin, Limsoon Wong
Local Properties Of Query Languages, Guozhu Dong, Leonid Libkin, Limsoon Wong
Kno.e.sis Publications
In this paper we study the expressiveness of local queries. By locality we mean — informally — that in order to check if a tuple belongs to the result of a query, one only has to look at a certain predetermined portion of the input. Examples include all relational calculus queries. We start by proving a general result describing outputs of local queries. This result leads to many easy inexpressibility proofs for local queries. We then consider a closely related property, namely, the bounded degree property. It describes the outputs of local queries on structures that locally look “simple.” Every …
Research Ethics: An Introduction, Tom Regan
Research Ethics: An Introduction, Tom Regan
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
Research Ethics: an Introduction focuses both on how Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) fits into the field of applied ethics and on procedures for making decisions that have a moral component. Tom Regan presents “Morally Relevant Questions: A Check List” with the central theme of balancing conflicting obligations. We expand this discussion with several classic resources by well known experts in research ethics that articulate critical topics. We present a Case Study from The Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. We consider the question of professional codes and think about the toll of making the right decision. In the Additional …
The Mentoring Of Graduate Students, Margaret King
The Mentoring Of Graduate Students, Margaret King
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
The Mentoring of Graduate Students presents basic issues that face both mentors and their protégés. Margaret King, the Graduate School, is our faculty guide for this module. We focus on some of the ethical values most central to the mentoring process such as justice and the idea of contracts. One of the challenges of the mentoring experience is that it involves rules and practices both tangible and intangible. Dr. King explores some of these intangibles- Right Attention, Right Balance, Right Empowerment and Right Boundaries- in the central essay and we focus on them additionally in our Central Theme section. We …
Responsible Authorship And Peer Review, James Wilson
Responsible Authorship And Peer Review, James Wilson
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
Responsible Authorship and Peer Review presents the basic issues facing researchers at the publication stage of research. We focus on some of the ethical values particularly relevant to publication: honesty, objectivity, trust, collegiality, and the problem of power differentials. We present Jim Wilson’s Guidelines for Authors and the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) Guidelines: ORI has also posted extensive materials on authorship and peer review issues. We present a Case Study from The Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. We consider the challenges of peer review, especially in terms of innovation in research. In the Resources section, you will find …
Professional Responsibility And Codes Of Conduct, Nell Kriesberg
Professional Responsibility And Codes Of Conduct, Nell Kriesberg
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
Professional Responsibility and Codes of Conduct presents an overview of major issues concerning professionalism as they relate to the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR). Joe Herkert emphasizes both the micro (between individuals) and macro (between professionals and society) ethical dimensions of professional responsibility and codes of conduct. We compare ethical codes with aspects of moral theory, expanding the discussion with some of the classical readings for this topic. We present a case study from the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. We consider the complex issue of whistle-blowing. We close with a sampling of additional resources.
Human Subjects In Research, Matt Ronning
Human Subjects In Research, Matt Ronning
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
Human Subjects in Research presents basic ethical issues that face researchers when doing work with human participants. Matt Ronning, Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research Administration Sponsored Programs and Regulatory Compliance, (SPARCS) is our guide for this module. In the Overview section we review chapters from two well known textbooks on Research Ethics. In the Applied Ethics section we focus on the consent form as a contract and comment upon the recurring topics of Justice and Honesty as they apply particularly to human subjects. In the Central Theme section we review institutional guidelines, both at the national and institutional level, utilizing …
Rightdoing And Misconduct In Research, Rebeca Rufty, Nell Kriesberg
Rightdoing And Misconduct In Research, Rebeca Rufty, Nell Kriesberg
Ethics in Science and Engineering National Clearinghouse
Rightdoing and Research presents the major issues concerning research integrity and misconduct; we intend this to be more of a reference handbook than the other modules in the series. Our faculty expert for this module is Becky Rufty, the Graduate School. Concepts of Rightdoing and integrity are discussed, and we expand the discussion with several key articles in the evolution of research ethics literature. Ethical concerns about ambiguity and trust are explored, as is the idea of micro and Macroethics. We focus on the resources at NC State University for promoting research integrity, as well as national guidelines. We present …