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Articles 1 - 13 of 13
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Early Evidence For Complex Social Structure In Proboscidea From A Late Miocene Trackway Site In The United Arab Emirates, Faysal Bibi, Brian Kraatz, Nathan M. Craig, Mark Beech, Mathieu Schuster
Early Evidence For Complex Social Structure In Proboscidea From A Late Miocene Trackway Site In The United Arab Emirates, Faysal Bibi, Brian Kraatz, Nathan M. Craig, Mark Beech, Mathieu Schuster
Nathan M Craig
Many living vertebrates exhibit complex social structures, evidence for the antiquity of which is limited to rare and exceptional fossil finds. Living elephants possess a characteristic social structure that is sex-segregated and multitiered, centred around a matriarchal family and solitary or loosely associated groups of adult males. Although the fossil record of Proboscidea is extensive, the origin and evolution of social structure in this clade is virtually unknown. Here, we present imagery and analyses of an extensive late Miocene fossil trackway site from the United Arab Emirates. The site of Mleisa 1 preserves exceptionally long trackways of a herd of …
Geologic Constraints On Rain-Fed Qocha Reservoir Agricultural Infrastructure, Northern Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru, Nathan M. Craig, Mark Aldenderfer, Paul Baker, Catherine Rigsby, :Luis Flores Blanco
Geologic Constraints On Rain-Fed Qocha Reservoir Agricultural Infrastructure, Northern Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru, Nathan M. Craig, Mark Aldenderfer, Paul Baker, Catherine Rigsby, :Luis Flores Blanco
Nathan M Craig
This paper reports new data on qocha ponds from the Rio PucaraeAzángaro interfluvial zone, northern Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru. Qocha are a little known form of Andean agriculture that developed around 800e500 B.C. and remain in use today. Prior estimates suggested that in the study area, there were more than 25,000 qocha. While most Andean sunken beds are excavated to reach groundwater, qocha are rain- fed ponds. How these rain-fed ponds functioned has been an open question, but one that is answered in part by research presented in this paper.We suggest that a thick impermeable stratum of clay that was …
Ground Truthing Of Remotely Identified Fortifications On The Central Coast Of Perú, Margaret Brown Vega, Nathan M. Craig, Gerbert Asencios Lindo
Ground Truthing Of Remotely Identified Fortifications On The Central Coast Of Perú, Margaret Brown Vega, Nathan M. Craig, Gerbert Asencios Lindo
Nathan M Craig
Remote imagery, including freely available satellite images viewed in Google Earth_ and historic aerial photographs, was used to identify anomalies in a 25,000 km2 macroregion encompassing 13 river valleys along the Peruvian coast. These anomalies, located atop hills and mountains, were hypothesized prehispanic fortifications. A sample of remotely identified anomalies was ground truthed in the Huaura and Fortaleza Valleys on the Central Coast of Perú. 140 positive anomalies were documented and assessed using a simple defensibility index. Our results significantly increase the number of fortifications identified in both valleys. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method for locating fortifications in …
Macusani Obsidian From Southern Peru: A Characterization Of Its Elemental Composition With A Demonstration Of Its Ancient Use, Nathan M. Craig, Robert Speakman, R. Popelka-Filcoff, Mark Aldenderfer, Luis Flores Blanco, Margaret Brown Vega, Michael Glasscock, Charles Stanish
Macusani Obsidian From Southern Peru: A Characterization Of Its Elemental Composition With A Demonstration Of Its Ancient Use, Nathan M. Craig, Robert Speakman, R. Popelka-Filcoff, Mark Aldenderfer, Luis Flores Blanco, Margaret Brown Vega, Michael Glasscock, Charles Stanish
Nathan M Craig
Transparent obsidian artifacts have been reported for the northern Lake Titicaca Basin. Based on instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of these artifacts a distinct chemical group was identified. Yet, the location of the source of transparent obsidian in the southern Andes remained unreported in the archaeological literature. This paper reports on the chemical composition and geographic location of a source of transparent obsidian from the Macusani region of Peru. Through the use of INAA and portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) we demonstrate that Macusani obsidian or macusanite comprises (at least) two chemical groups. One of these groups was used for making …
Terminal Archaic Settlement Pattern And Land Cover Change In The Rio Ilave, Southwestern Lake Titicaca Basin, Perú, Nathan M. Craig, Mark Aldenderfer, Paul Baker, Catherine Rigsby
Terminal Archaic Settlement Pattern And Land Cover Change In The Rio Ilave, Southwestern Lake Titicaca Basin, Perú, Nathan M. Craig, Mark Aldenderfer, Paul Baker, Catherine Rigsby
Nathan M Craig
Researchers have argued the modern Altiplano land cover—one of bunch grasses and few indigenous tree species—is an anthropogenic artifact of land use practices initiated after the arrival of Europeans in the sixteenth century a.d. Recent paleoenvironmental studies of the Lake Titicaca Basin challenge this assertion. Archaeological survey and excavation data from the Rio Ilave drainage indicate that settlement aggregation and reduced residen¬tial mobility began in the Late Archaic Period about 3000 cal b.c. Terminal Archaic occupational intensity increased after 2000 cal b.c. and continued up until about 1300 cal b.c., which marks the beginning of the Formative in the basin. …
New Experimental Data On The Distance Of Sling Projectiles, Margaret Y. Brown Vega, Nathan M. Craig
New Experimental Data On The Distance Of Sling Projectiles, Margaret Y. Brown Vega, Nathan M. Craig
Nathan M Craig
The range of stones cast by slings used in the past is debated. In the Central Andes, slings are asserted to be important weapons of prehispanic war, and have been recovered archaeologically. Rolled river cobbles and stones presumed to be slingstones found at fortified hilltop archaeological sites are presented as evidence that slings were used at these fortifications. Yet sling use has not been adequately tested at hillforts. Experiments conducted in Europe by a novice slinger have attempted to illuminate the range of sling cast stones at ancient hillforts. Data acquired from native slingers is necessary to more accurately assess …
Four-Thousand-Year-Old Gold Artifacts From The Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru, Mark Aldenderfer, Nathan M. Craig, Robert J. Speakman, Rachel Popelka-Filcoff
Four-Thousand-Year-Old Gold Artifacts From The Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru, Mark Aldenderfer, Nathan M. Craig, Robert J. Speakman, Rachel Popelka-Filcoff
Nathan M Craig
Artifacts of cold-hammered native gold have been discovered in a secure and undisturbed Terminal Archaic burial context at Jiskairumoko, a multicomponent Late Archaic–Early Formative period site in the southwestern Lake Titicaca basin, Peru. The burial dates to 3776 to 3690 carbon-14 years before the present (2155 to 1936 calendar years B.C.), making this the earliest worked gold recovered to date not only from the Andes, but from the Americas as well. This discovery lends support to the hypothesis that the earliest metalworking in the Andes was experimentation with native gold. The presence of gold in a society of low-level food …
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Of Ochre Artifacts From Jiskairumoko, Peru, Rachel S. Popelka-Filcoff, Nathan M. Craig, Michael D. Glascock, David Robertson, Mark Aldenderfer, Robert J. Speakman
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Of Ochre Artifacts From Jiskairumoko, Peru, Rachel S. Popelka-Filcoff, Nathan M. Craig, Michael D. Glascock, David Robertson, Mark Aldenderfer, Robert J. Speakman
Nathan M Craig
Ochre is very common in the Terminal Archaic-Early Formative archaeological site of Jiskairumoko, (Rio Ilave, Lake Titicaca Basin, southern Peru). Within the site, ochre was found on tools, palettes, and in burials and soil deposits within structures in several contexts, suggesting both symbolic and functional uses of ochre. Variations in the color and contexts imply possibilities for different uses of ochre.. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to analyze the ochre samples found in Jiskairumoko. Multivariate analysis of the elemental data by principal components analysis suggests trends in the data related to the compositional variation of ochres on the site. …
Locational Analysis Of Yanomamö Gardens And Villages Observed In Satellite Imagery, Nathan M. Craig, Napoleon Chagnon
Locational Analysis Of Yanomamö Gardens And Villages Observed In Satellite Imagery, Nathan M. Craig, Napoleon Chagnon
Nathan M Craig
No abstract provided.
Multivariate Visualization And Analysis Of Photomapped Artifact Scatters, Nathan M. Craig, Aldenderfer Mark
Multivariate Visualization And Analysis Of Photomapped Artifact Scatters, Nathan M. Craig, Aldenderfer Mark
Nathan M Craig
Simultaneous analysis of relationships between multiple artifact classes is required for characterization of many types of activity areas. This paper illustrates improved forms of multivariate visualization, spatial analysis and integration of experimental results that are possible with GIS based photomapping. Techniques are demonstrated through analysis of a hearth associated artifact scatter exposed during excavations of a Late Archaic pithouse at Jiskairumoko, Peru. A multivariate density raster is created and additive color visualization is used for simultaneous display of three artifact distributions. Performing unconstrained clustering in a GIS, space is classified by simultaneous relative density relationships between multiple object types.
The Formation Of Early Settled Villages And The Emergence Of Leadership: A Test Of Three Theoretical Models In The Rio Ilave, Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru, Nathan M. Craig
Nathan M Craig
No abstract provided.
Parental Investment And Child Health In A Yanomamö Village Suffering Short Term Food Stress, Hagen H. Edward, Raymond B. Hames, Nathan M. Craig, Matthew T. Lauer, Michael E. Price
Parental Investment And Child Health In A Yanomamö Village Suffering Short Term Food Stress, Hagen H. Edward, Raymond B. Hames, Nathan M. Craig, Matthew T. Lauer, Michael E. Price
Nathan M Craig
The 1998 El Niño significantly reduced garden productivity in the Upper Orinoco region in Venezuela. Consequently, parents were forced to allocate food carefully to their children. Nutrition data collected from village children combined with genealogical data allowed the determination of which children suffered most, and whether the patterns of food distribution accorded with predictions from parental investment theory. For boys, three social variables accounted for over 70% of the variance in subcutaneous fat after controlling for age: number of siblings, age of the mother’s youngest child, and whether the mother was the senior or junior co-wife, or was married monogamously. …
Politywide Analysis And Imperial Political Economy: The Relationship Between Valley Political Complexity And Administrative Centers In The Wari Empire Of The Central Andes, Nathan M. Craig, Justin Jennings
Politywide Analysis And Imperial Political Economy: The Relationship Between Valley Political Complexity And Administrative Centers In The Wari Empire Of The Central Andes, Nathan M. Craig, Justin Jennings
Nathan M Craig
This article tests a model for the political economy of the Wari Empire (AD 600–1000) of Peru. This model divides the empire into core and periphery zones. In the core, Wari political economy was organized to extract surplus agricultural production to feed the capital. In the periphery, the Wari strove to extract prestige goods. We suggest that there is a strong relationship between where the empire chose to locate its centers in the periphery and the political complexity of the local population in which the center was placed. We argue that in areas of low political organization sites should be …