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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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- Adsorption (2)
- GIS (2)
- Rice husk (2)
- Thailand (2)
- Acetogens (1)
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- Agricultural Resources Management (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Bangkok (1)
- Bioaccumulation (1)
- Biochar (1)
- Biogas (1)
- Biomass burning (1)
- Box-Behnken Design (BBD) (1)
- Box-Behnken design (1)
- CO2 (1)
- Cashew shell (1)
- Charcoal briquette (1)
- Chemical transportation (1)
- Chiang Rai Province (1)
- Composting (1)
- Constructed wetland (1)
- Cow dung (1)
- Determinants (1)
- Dissection (1)
- Drivers (1)
- Driving speed (1)
- Drynaria quercifolia (1)
- Electronic waste (1)
- Elephant (Elephas maximus); Biomass; E lephant dietar (1)
Articles 1 - 24 of 24
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Analysis Of Air Quality Impacts On Human Health Using The Geoinformatics Application: Chiang Rai Province, Anuttara Hongthong, Yanasinee Suma, Nittaya Pasukphun, Vivat Keawdounglek
Analysis Of Air Quality Impacts On Human Health Using The Geoinformatics Application: Chiang Rai Province, Anuttara Hongthong, Yanasinee Suma, Nittaya Pasukphun, Vivat Keawdounglek
Applied Environmental Research
This research aims to study air pollution dispersion in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. The relationship between air pollutants, meteorology and population health were considered. The levels of air pollutants were used to establish a spatial and temporal analysis by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation from Geographic Information Systems (GIS), involved with occurrences of disease cases in the study area. The average monthly air pollution data were collected from Thailand's Pollution Control Department and data on respiratory disease were collected from Chiang Rai Provincial Public Health Office during 2011 to 2014. The results indicated that monthly average PM10 concentrations started to …
Preliminary Study Of Color Removal From Moh Hom Dyeing Wastewater Using A Low Cost Activated Carbon Derived From Pineapple Waste, Nittaya Pasukphun, Yanasinee Suma
Preliminary Study Of Color Removal From Moh Hom Dyeing Wastewater Using A Low Cost Activated Carbon Derived From Pineapple Waste, Nittaya Pasukphun, Yanasinee Suma
Applied Environmental Research
In Northern Thailand, the folk dress of the culture can still be seen in everyday use, properly called "Moh Hom". The production of Moh Hom is undertaken by small-meduim enterprises (SMEs), which are not subject to regulation to control environmental management. The Moh Hom fabric dyeing produces blue-colored wastewater which is typically discharged untreated into natural waterways, causing water pollution. Activated carbon adsorption offers an interesting option for on-site wastewater treatment for colour removal. Pineapple waste is a widely-available and free source of activated carbon in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand. The current study examined the adsorption characteristics of pineapple …
Preliminary Feasibility Of Using Natural Wetland For University Wastewater Treatment: A Case Study, Nittaya Pasukphun, Yanasinee Suma, Vivat Keawdunglek, Pussadee Laor, Anuttara Hongtong
Preliminary Feasibility Of Using Natural Wetland For University Wastewater Treatment: A Case Study, Nittaya Pasukphun, Yanasinee Suma, Vivat Keawdunglek, Pussadee Laor, Anuttara Hongtong
Applied Environmental Research
Wetlands contribute to water quality improvement and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. As such, wetlands can sequester carbon and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This study utilized a survey as a preliminary investigation of the feasibility of using natural wetlands for university wastewater treatment. A total of 13 natural ponds containing water from rainfall and some discharge from the Rotating Batch Contractor (RBC) in Mae Fah Luang University (MFU) were selected. Of all the 13 ponds, the pond at the stadium was selected as the most suitable, due to the following physical and chemical parameters: slope was < 5%, maximum depth was 3.1 m, mean temperature of 24.5 °C, dissolved oxygen 6.31 mg L-1, pH 7.56, TDS 180 ppt, electrical conductivity 253 µS cm-1, and containing 2.35 % organic matter. Total cost and carbon emissions were compared between RBC and the proposed natural wetland. Construction, operation and maintenance costs of natural wetland were very low compared with RBC due to no chemical, electricity and skilled staff required. Similarly, the lower electrical consumption of the natural wetland resulted in reduced carbon emissions of 102.9 kg CO2eq per year. This preliminary result can be used to select possible options for university wastewater treatment.
Development Of The Strategic Framework For Sustainable Development Of The Special Economic Zones In Asean Economic Community: A Case Study Of Savannakhet - Mukdahan, Kantachon Siwapimon, Thavivongse Sriburi
Development Of The Strategic Framework For Sustainable Development Of The Special Economic Zones In Asean Economic Community: A Case Study Of Savannakhet - Mukdahan, Kantachon Siwapimon, Thavivongse Sriburi
Applied Environmental Research
The study proposes a strategic sustainable development (SD) framework for the special economic zones in the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by investigating 11 key factors to the success of SD, using the concepts of Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA) and Sustainability Assessment (SA). The key factors are 1) public education, 2) educational system, 3) international SDstandard, 4) policy, 5) management structure, 6) environmental management, 7) zoning, 8) expenditure, 9) public participation, 10) public health and 11) local business protection. The study use qualitative methods including a literature review as well as collection of primary data through a semi-structured interview form by …
Assessment Of Elephant Dietary Biomass At The Adjoining Area Of Kaeng Krachan Natural Park, Thailand, Luechai Kroutnoi, Thavivongse Sriburi, Saowanee Wijitkosum, Kamol Nuanyai
Assessment Of Elephant Dietary Biomass At The Adjoining Area Of Kaeng Krachan Natural Park, Thailand, Luechai Kroutnoi, Thavivongse Sriburi, Saowanee Wijitkosum, Kamol Nuanyai
Applied Environmental Research
This study investigated the dietary diversity and biomass of the elephants (Elephas maximus) ranging in the area adjoining Kaeng Krachan Natural Park, Pa Deng Sub-district, Kaeng Krachan District, Petchaburi Province, Thailand. The investigation was conducted by recon-naissance survey transect (Recce) combined with concentric sample plots with 3 different radii to observe vegetation and collect data on trees, saplings, seedlings, and undergrowth from 89 locations in the study area. Six transects along elephant feeding trails were surveyed at 200 m intervals within 15 m from the center of both sides of each line. The vegetation comprised in all 57 families and …
Assessing The Sustainability Level Of Municipal Solid Waste Management In Bangkok, Thailand By Wasteaware Benchmarking Indicators, Bokham Chanhthamixay, Sujitra Vassanadumrongdee, Suthirat Kittipongvises
Assessing The Sustainability Level Of Municipal Solid Waste Management In Bangkok, Thailand By Wasteaware Benchmarking Indicators, Bokham Chanhthamixay, Sujitra Vassanadumrongdee, Suthirat Kittipongvises
Applied Environmental Research
The rapid increase in waste volume leads to numerous and widespread impacts on sustainable development including social, economic and environmental dimensions. This study applied Wasteaware benchmarking, which is a set of international indicators, to evaluate the effectiveness and sustainability of municipal solid waste management in Bangkok. The indicators allowidentification of strengths and weaknesses of the urban waste management system, providing evidence-based guidance for further improvement. Structured questionnaires were developed based on the indicators and its manual for in-depth interviews with key stakeholders from Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). The data were analyzed using wasteaware datasheet under Microsoft Excel with score coding, …
Spatial Seasonal Distribution Of Climatological Precipitation Over The Middle Of The Indochina Peninsula, Nattapon Mahavik
Spatial Seasonal Distribution Of Climatological Precipitation Over The Middle Of The Indochina Peninsula, Nattapon Mahavik
Applied Environmental Research
Rainfall intensity and frequency are important parameters in agricultural development and water resource management. The middle of the Indochina peninsula climate is characterized by rainfall variability associated with complex terrains. The present study focuses on spatial seasonal extreme precipitation trends over the middle of the Indochina Peninsula for the 30 year period from 1978-2007. Daily gridded precipitation data obtained at 0.5° horizontal grid resolution from APHRODITE (Asian Precipitation-Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources) was used to detect the spatial trends with the use of the Man-Kendall and Theil-Sen approach. Extreme precipitation indices were selected from the …
Investigation Of Formaldehyde In Gross Anatomy Laboratory: Area-Based And Exposure Levels, Ventilation, Health Risk And Clinical Symptoms, Kritsana Homwutthiwong, Maneerat Ongwandee
Investigation Of Formaldehyde In Gross Anatomy Laboratory: Area-Based And Exposure Levels, Ventilation, Health Risk And Clinical Symptoms, Kritsana Homwutthiwong, Maneerat Ongwandee
Applied Environmental Research
Formaldehyde is commonly used in embalming solution in medical fields to preserve tissues. Formaldehyde vapor released from cadavers during dissection practice can adversely affect students and instructors in gross anatomy laboratories. Therefore, this study investigated formaldehyde concentrations in a gross anatomy laboratory of Mahasarakham University, Thailand. Area-based sampling was conducted for three scenarios: (1) a laboratory cleaning period, (2) three periods of teaching classes and (3) a non-teaching class period. Personal samples were also collected for five consecutive working days from two anatomy lab instructors and a non-lab instructor. Measurements were conducted during May to October 2016 using cartridges filled …
Mineralogical And Chemical Characteristics Of Gossan Waste Rocks From A Gold Mine In Northeastern Thailand, Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij, Christoph Hauzenberger, Chakkaphan Sutthirat
Mineralogical And Chemical Characteristics Of Gossan Waste Rocks From A Gold Mine In Northeastern Thailand, Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij, Christoph Hauzenberger, Chakkaphan Sutthirat
Applied Environmental Research
The mineralogical and chemical compositions of various ocher gossans from a gold mine in northeastern Thailand were investigated, including some heavy metals and other toxic elements. Mineralogical characteristics were carried out using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) whereas chemical compositions were analyzed using Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA). These ocher gossans can be classified, initially based on Munsell color, into five types: type-I (pale-yellow color), type-II (brownish-yellow color), type-III (yellowish-brown color), type-IV (dusky-red color) and type-V (red color). The primary silicate minerals (i.e., quartz, garnet epidote and amphibole) are found in type -I, -II, -III and -IV. They …
Solid Waste Generation, Composition And Management In Paro Hotel Industry, Choni Zangmo, Alice Sharp
Solid Waste Generation, Composition And Management In Paro Hotel Industry, Choni Zangmo, Alice Sharp
Applied Environmental Research
Management of solid waste has become an increasingly important global issue as a result of population growth, as well as increasing individual needs, changes in lifestyle and growth in tourism. This waste management problem has become severe in the Paro region of Bhutan, driven by growth in tourism, changes in consumption patterns and growth in GDP. This research aimed to study the amount of waste sent to landfill, and the current status of solid waste management systems and waste composition in Paro District hotels. The current composition of solid waste from hotels comprises organic waste (53 %), glass (14 %), …
Bioaccumulation Of Heavy Metals Using Selected Organisms Isolated From Electronic Waste Dumpsite Of Two South-Western States In Nigeria, Akintokun K. Aderonke, Onatunde O. Oladimeji, Olufunke B. Shittu, Itunu C. Okeyode, Michael O. Taiwo
Bioaccumulation Of Heavy Metals Using Selected Organisms Isolated From Electronic Waste Dumpsite Of Two South-Western States In Nigeria, Akintokun K. Aderonke, Onatunde O. Oladimeji, Olufunke B. Shittu, Itunu C. Okeyode, Michael O. Taiwo
Applied Environmental Research
Heavy metals from electronic wastes can accumulate to alarming concentrations in soils, causing significant detrimental impacts on human life and the environment. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by bacteria and fungi has been a major focus of most bioremediation studies owing to the excellent metal-binding properties. The current study was conducted to isolate the most promising Zn, Cu and Pb tolerant microorganisms from contaminated soils, and to assess their metal accumulating abilities. Bacillus licheniformis, B. polymyxa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger and A. flavus were selected for the bioaccumulation study, based on their known tolerance to heavy metals. Bacillus licheniformis …
Potential Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria From Pharmaceutical Wastewater Using Simple Screening Methods In South-West, Nigeria, Aderonke K. Akintokun, Seun O. Adebajo, Caroline A. Akinremi
Potential Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria From Pharmaceutical Wastewater Using Simple Screening Methods In South-West, Nigeria, Aderonke K. Akintokun, Seun O. Adebajo, Caroline A. Akinremi
Applied Environmental Research
merging multiple opportunities for industrial production and environmental applications have focused increasing research attention on biosurfactants in recent years. Hydrocarbon-polluted soils have proved a major source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. In this study an alternative method of producing biosurfactants was established, based on pharmaceutical effluents. Pharmaceutical effluents are a rich source of complex organic compounds with potential as a substrate for micro-bial biosurfactant production. A successful biosurfactant screening assay is achieved when a com-bination of different methods are employed. Biosurfactant producing bacteria were isolated from pharmaceutical effluent and identified by biochemical methods. The best biosurfactant producer was identified by a molecular …
Kaolin Modified Nano Zero Valent Iron Synthesis Via Box-Behnken Design Optimization, Pummarin Khamdahsag, Wannakan Thongkao, Apichart Saowapakpongchai, Visanu Tanboonchuy
Kaolin Modified Nano Zero Valent Iron Synthesis Via Box-Behnken Design Optimization, Pummarin Khamdahsag, Wannakan Thongkao, Apichart Saowapakpongchai, Visanu Tanboonchuy
Applied Environmental Research
Nano zero valent iron (NZVI) has been extensively studied for its application to treat pollutants, particularly in contaminated water. This research studies enhancement of the reducing power of NZVI using kaolin as a supporter and ethanol as a medium. Kaolin modified nano zero valent iron (K-NZVI) was synthesized under three different parameters including ethanol content (0-100 v%), ratio of kaolin to NZVI (0-1.5), and dropping rate of NaBH4 (4-10 mL/min). The Box-Behnken Design was used to design the experimental conditions, and Reactive Red 120 was used as an organic pollutant probe to quantify the reducing power of the synthesized K-NZVI. …
A Gis Model For Pm10 Exposure From Biomass Burning In The North Of Thailand, Borworn Mitmark, Wanida Jinsart
A Gis Model For Pm10 Exposure From Biomass Burning In The North Of Thailand, Borworn Mitmark, Wanida Jinsart
Applied Environmental Research
Human exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 µm (PM10) is found to be associated with biomass burning in Thailand. Recent investigations confirm that primary sources of PM10 are natural forest fires and agricultural waste burning. Incidence of atmospheric haze increases significantly during the dry season from January to April. PM10 exposure in eight provinces in Northern Thailand were determined using GIS through spatial interpolation. Daily average ambient PM10 concentrations from 10 monitoring stations were used as the input data for the GIS model. Three interpolation techniques: Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Kriging and Spline, were compared. The …
Dominant Root Associated Fungi (Raf) From Drynaria Quercifolia L. Either Induce Or Retard Growth Of Psb Rc10 Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) In Gibberellic Acid-Inhibited Medium, Jomar L. Aban, Racquel C. Barcelo, Evelyn E. Oda, Gaudelia A. Reyes, Teodora D. Balangcod, Rosemary M. Gutierrez, Roland M. Hipol
Dominant Root Associated Fungi (Raf) From Drynaria Quercifolia L. Either Induce Or Retard Growth Of Psb Rc10 Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) In Gibberellic Acid-Inhibited Medium, Jomar L. Aban, Racquel C. Barcelo, Evelyn E. Oda, Gaudelia A. Reyes, Teodora D. Balangcod, Rosemary M. Gutierrez, Roland M. Hipol
Applied Environmental Research
The testing and use of microorganisms for in vitro growth promotion of agriculturally significant crops such as rice has increased but remains underexploited. The current study aims to explore growth-enhancing mechanisms of dominant root-associated fungi (RAF) isolates from Drynaria quercifolia and test their effects on rice. The most abundant RAF on five tree-collection sites were cultured in vitro. Genomic DNA of the RAF were extracted and the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region of the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were sequenced and molecularly identified. Two RAF isolates significantly increased the plant shoot/total length (Meyerozyma guilliermondii: 10.29±4.18/13.46±4.18 cm; Trichoderma simmonsii: 10.33±1.38/13.23+1.58 cm), …
Microbial Dynamics And Biogas Production During Single And Co-Digestion Of Cow Dung And Rice Husk, Aderonke K. Akintokun, Wasiu A. Abibu, Moses O. Oyatogun
Microbial Dynamics And Biogas Production During Single And Co-Digestion Of Cow Dung And Rice Husk, Aderonke K. Akintokun, Wasiu A. Abibu, Moses O. Oyatogun
Applied Environmental Research
Anaerobic digestion is achieved by the combined effort of hydrolytic, acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. Microbial dynamics and biogas production during anaerobic digestion of cow dung and rice husk were studied in this research. The experiment lasted for 30 days using a 10 L scale bio-digester. All proximate parameters reduced significantly after digestion for CD (cow dung), RH (rice husk), and CD:RH (cow dung and rice husk) except moisture content, which increased for all substrates. Ash content (1.08-1.67 mg) and crude fibre (1.27-1.96 mg) increased in CD only. The pH ranges for the substrates were CD (7.0-7.5), RH (6.1-7.6), and CD:RH …
Potential Of Using Surfactants To Enhance Ammonium And Nitrate Adsorption On Rice Husk And Its Biochar, Lada Mathurasa, Seelawut Damrongsiri
Potential Of Using Surfactants To Enhance Ammonium And Nitrate Adsorption On Rice Husk And Its Biochar, Lada Mathurasa, Seelawut Damrongsiri
Applied Environmental Research
Inorganic nitrogen fertilizers are widely and heavily used in agriculture. Leaching of these fertilizers is a cause of eutrophication in water bodies. This study examines the use of rice husk and its biochar, their efficiency in adsorption of ammonium and nitrate and the potential of using surfactants, sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), to increase adsorption. Physical and chemical properties of adsorbents were examined through BET, SEM-EDX, and CEC value, respectively. The equilibrium batch adsorption was conducted. The result showed that rice husk was lower in surface area, total pore volume, pore diameter, silica and oxygen …
The Utilization Of Cashew Shell Residues And Grease Waste For Charcoal Briquette Production, Supaporn Pongthornpruek
The Utilization Of Cashew Shell Residues And Grease Waste For Charcoal Briquette Production, Supaporn Pongthornpruek
Applied Environmental Research
This study aims to investigate appropriate utilization of mixing grease waste (GW) from a canteen's grease trap with cashew shell charcoal (CSC) to produce briquette fuel by weight (GW:CSC) in the ratio 1:2, 2:2, 3:2 and 4:2. All different mixing ratios used starch paste as binding agent. The physical and chemical properties of briquette fuel were analyzed to verify its heating value components as specified by the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). In addition, in terms of heat utilization efficiency and pollution aspects, the content of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from combustion were measured. The result of this …
Comparison Of Co2 Emissions From Vehicles In Thailand, Sutthicha Nilrit, Pantawat Sampanpanish, Surat Bualert
Comparison Of Co2 Emissions From Vehicles In Thailand, Sutthicha Nilrit, Pantawat Sampanpanish, Surat Bualert
Applied Environmental Research
Emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, from typical passenger vehicles in Thailand was investigated using a chassis dynamometer in the Automotive Emission Laboratory. The vehicle running method was controlled under the standard Bangkok driving cycle. CO2 emissions were measured at three different speeds for the following four vehicle types commonly used in Thailand: heavy duty diesel (HDD), light duty diesel (LDD), and light duty gasoline (LDG) vehicles and motorcycles (MC). HDD vehicles had the highest average CO2 emission rate, followed by LDD, LDG and MC at 1,198.8±93.1, 268.4±21.3, 166.1±27.7 and 42.5±6.1 g km-1, respectively; all values were significantly …
Manganese Removal From Aqueous Solution By Ozonation Process Designed By Box-Behken Design (Bbd), Sunisa Jongdee, Tinnakorn Kumsaen, Kitirote Wantala
Manganese Removal From Aqueous Solution By Ozonation Process Designed By Box-Behken Design (Bbd), Sunisa Jongdee, Tinnakorn Kumsaen, Kitirote Wantala
Applied Environmental Research
The aim of this research was to investigate interactions in the removal of manganese from contaminated water by oxidation through an ozonation process. The manganese oxidation was used to oxidize manganese ions (Mn2+) in solution to manganese dioxide (MnO2) in its brown solid form, in order to reduce levels of manganese ions in the water to below the acceptable limit for drinking water (0.05 mg L-1). In this study, the independent effects such as the initial concentration of manganese (5, 10 and 15 mg L-1), initial pH of solutions (3, 4 and 5) and ozone concentrations (10.970, 21.945 and 32.920 …
Prevalence Of Fatigue And Its Determinants Among Chemical Transportation Drivers In Chonburi, Sujee Phatrabuddha, Thitima Wonginta, Nantaporn Phatrabuddha
Prevalence Of Fatigue And Its Determinants Among Chemical Transportation Drivers In Chonburi, Sujee Phatrabuddha, Thitima Wonginta, Nantaporn Phatrabuddha
Applied Environmental Research
Driver fatigue is a recognized risk factor for commercial road transport industry drivers. The aim of this cross-sectional research was to assess the fatigue and its determining factors among 99 chemical transportation drivers in Chonburi. Driving fatigue was assessed by both subjective questionnaire (n = 99) and flicker fusion instrument (n = 88). The association between driving fatigue and related factors were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and Chi-square (?2). The results revealed that the prevalence of fatigue as assessed by critical flicker fusion analyzer, subjective fatigue question and either one of the instruments were 32.32 %, 16.16 % and 43.43 …
Assessment Of Water Usage And Water Management In Mae Fah Luang University, Yanasinee Suma, Nittaya Pasukphun, Anuttara Hongthong, Vivat Keawdounglek
Assessment Of Water Usage And Water Management In Mae Fah Luang University, Yanasinee Suma, Nittaya Pasukphun, Anuttara Hongthong, Vivat Keawdounglek
Applied Environmental Research
A university may be compared by its size of population and activities to a small city, with high water consumption and in need of effective water conservation strategies. This study presents the results of a study of water consumption on the Mae Fah Luang University campus in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Consumption was classified by activity type, water usage and water saving behavior of students and staff. The results suggest strategies for water conservation on campus. With a water conservation plan focusing on residential areas (halls and homes), which accounted for the highest levels of consumption on the campus. The study …
Land - Water - Population Model: Developing An Agricultural Resources Management In The Upper Part Of Pranburi Watershed, Jirattinart Thungngern, Thavivongse Sriburi, Saowanee Wijitkosum
Land - Water - Population Model: Developing An Agricultural Resources Management In The Upper Part Of Pranburi Watershed, Jirattinart Thungngern, Thavivongse Sriburi, Saowanee Wijitkosum
Applied Environmental Research
This research proposes the application of the Land-Water-Population (LWPM) concept in the upper part of the Pranburi Watershed. The objective of the study is to develop a model for agricultural resources management under the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP). The methodology is divided into three parts; 1) evaluate the soil quality in agricultural areas, 2) analyze water quality in agricultural land; and 3) assess farmer practice in agricultural resources management using a questionnaire. The study findings point to problems in soil and water conservation, suggesting that in the area should prioritize agricultural management, as advocated under the SEP, which provides guidelines …
Treatment Of Piggery Wastewater By Three Grass Species Growing In A Constructed Wetland, Supaporn Pongthornpruek
Treatment Of Piggery Wastewater By Three Grass Species Growing In A Constructed Wetland, Supaporn Pongthornpruek
Applied Environmental Research
The study aimed to investigate the efficiency of piggery wastewater treatment by the surface flow constructed wetland with three different grass species; bulrush (Scirpus spp.), cattail (Typha angustifoliaL.), and vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.). All pilot units were used for wastewater treatment by the flowing surface water system, giving a system carrying capacity of several 0.18 m3 d-1 of HLR with a 5 day hydraulic retention time (HRT). The results showed that the cattail pilot showed improvement in several wastewater quality indicators: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) with efficiencies of 80.59, 84.11 …