Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- College of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences (93)
- Economics (60)
- Environment (25)
- India (22)
- Human rights (20)
-
- Josef Korbel School of International Studies (19)
- Development (14)
- China (13)
- Covid-19 (12)
- Education (10)
- Globalization (10)
- Poverty (9)
- Health (8)
- United States (8)
- Neoliberalism (7)
- Air pollutant (6)
- COVID-19 (6)
- Capitalism (6)
- Economic development (6)
- GDP (6)
- Human health (6)
- Natural resources (6)
- Technology (6)
- Trade (6)
- Climate (5)
- Economic rights (5)
- History of economic thought (5)
- Indian Economy (5)
- Nigeria (5)
- Politics (5)
- Publication Year
- Publication
- Publication Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 337
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Economic Effects Of Pandemic On Us And Indian Economies With Policy Actions In 2019-2023: A Comparative Analysis, Kishore Kukarni Dr., Amitabh S. Dutta
Economic Effects Of Pandemic On Us And Indian Economies With Policy Actions In 2019-2023: A Comparative Analysis, Kishore Kukarni Dr., Amitabh S. Dutta
International Review of Business and Economics
COVID 19 pandemic that started in February/March 2019, with happenings in Yuwan, China spread like a wildfire all over the world. All countries faced one of the worst economic challenges in recent centuries if not ever in the history of the mankind. Early predications were so severe and devastating that some forecasters predicted a death-toll of 100 million all over the world, as the virus was not only spreading fast but also had no solution for its serious fatal effects. It was evident that the patients were dying before getting any effective treatments and many of them were elderly individuals. …
Selecting A Measurement System: Using Measurement System Potential Approval Criteria, Karl D. Majeske
Selecting A Measurement System: Using Measurement System Potential Approval Criteria, Karl D. Majeske
International Review of Business and Economics
This paper presents the results of a manufacturer’s quest to identify a measuring strategy during process development. Standard Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) criteria provide a common framework to evaluate a gauge’s ability to produce data that fairly represents the quality characteristics that describe a part’s fitness for use. Here, MSA criteria, as well as hypothesis tests of precision and bias, are used to compare to two alternative measurement systems. Ultimately, to compare the two systems, measures of MSA criteria are developed that reflect the potential the criteria could reach by eliminating operator-to-operator gauge error.
Misgivings In Measuring Happiness, Sudhanva Char
Misgivings In Measuring Happiness, Sudhanva Char
International Review of Business and Economics
According to a resolution of the UN General Assembly (Resolution 66/281), March 20th is observed annually as International Day of Happiness. A nation’s overall success is measured by people’s happiness, the litmus test. The World Happiness Report (WHR) states there is consensus about measuring happiness, whereas, happiness is idiosyncratic and its connotation differs from culture to culture, language to language, and even person to person. Personal ‘space’ in all spheres matters, and so do democracy or dictatorship, all factors leading to mismeasures of happiness scores. And so, there are paradoxes in happiness rankings in WHR. Economists have yet to …
Du Undergraduate Showcase: Research, Scholarship, And Creative Works, Caitlyn Aldersea, Justin Bravo, Sam Allen, Anna Block, Connor Block, Emma Buechler, Maria De Los Angeles Bustillos, Arianna Carlson, William Christensen, Olivia Kachulis, Noah Craver, Kate Dillon, Muskan Fatima, Angel Fernandes, Emma Finch, Colleen Cassidy, Amy Fishman, Andrea Francis, Stacia Fritz, Simran Gill, Emma Gries, Rylie Hansen, Shannon Powers, Jacqueline Martinez, Zachary Harker, Ashley Hasty, Mykaela Tanino-Springsteen, Kathleen Hopps, Adelaide Kerenick, Colin Kleckner, Ci Koehring, Elijah Kruger, Braden Krumholz, Maddie Leake, Lyneé Alves, Seraphina Loukas, Yatzari Lozano Vazquez, Haley Maki, Emily Martinez, Sierra Mckinney, Mykaela Tanino-Springsteen, Audrey Mitchell, Kipling Newman, Audrey Ng, Megan Lucyshyn, Andrew Nguyen, Stevie Ostman, Casandra Pearson, Alexandra Penney, Julia Gielczynski, Tyler Ball, Anna Rini, Christina Rorres, Simon Ruland, Helayna Schafer, Emma Sellers, Sarah Schuller, Claire Shaver, Kevin Summers, Isabella Shaw, Madison Sinar, Claudia Pena, Apshara Siwakoti, Carter Sorensen, Madi Sousa, Anna Sparling, Alexandra Revier, Brandon Thierry, Dylan Tyree, Maggie Williams, Lauren Wols
Du Undergraduate Showcase: Research, Scholarship, And Creative Works, Caitlyn Aldersea, Justin Bravo, Sam Allen, Anna Block, Connor Block, Emma Buechler, Maria De Los Angeles Bustillos, Arianna Carlson, William Christensen, Olivia Kachulis, Noah Craver, Kate Dillon, Muskan Fatima, Angel Fernandes, Emma Finch, Colleen Cassidy, Amy Fishman, Andrea Francis, Stacia Fritz, Simran Gill, Emma Gries, Rylie Hansen, Shannon Powers, Jacqueline Martinez, Zachary Harker, Ashley Hasty, Mykaela Tanino-Springsteen, Kathleen Hopps, Adelaide Kerenick, Colin Kleckner, Ci Koehring, Elijah Kruger, Braden Krumholz, Maddie Leake, Lyneé Alves, Seraphina Loukas, Yatzari Lozano Vazquez, Haley Maki, Emily Martinez, Sierra Mckinney, Mykaela Tanino-Springsteen, Audrey Mitchell, Kipling Newman, Audrey Ng, Megan Lucyshyn, Andrew Nguyen, Stevie Ostman, Casandra Pearson, Alexandra Penney, Julia Gielczynski, Tyler Ball, Anna Rini, Christina Rorres, Simon Ruland, Helayna Schafer, Emma Sellers, Sarah Schuller, Claire Shaver, Kevin Summers, Isabella Shaw, Madison Sinar, Claudia Pena, Apshara Siwakoti, Carter Sorensen, Madi Sousa, Anna Sparling, Alexandra Revier, Brandon Thierry, Dylan Tyree, Maggie Williams, Lauren Wols
DU Undergraduate Research Journal Archive
DU Undergraduate Showcase: Research, Scholarship, and Creative Works
Blessed Are The Peacemakers: The Future Burden Of Intrastate Conflict On Poverty, Jonathan D. Moyer
Blessed Are The Peacemakers: The Future Burden Of Intrastate Conflict On Poverty, Jonathan D. Moyer
Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures: Faculty Scholarship
Intrastate conflict generally undermines human development but its effect on global poverty across different income thresholds remains poorly understood. This paper analyzes how many people will live in poverty due to intrastate civil conflict in 2030, 2050, and 2070 using the International Futures model and shared socioeconomic pathways, forecasting 12 scenarios for 179 countries. A baseline conflict scenario leads to an additional 148.2 million (range: 50.7 to 186.0 million) people living in extreme poverty (Sustainable Development Goal.
Trade Wars, Covid-19, Usmca, And Protectionism: Exogenous Factor Influence On U.S- Mexico Supply Chains In The Automotive Industry, Maria Bustillos
Trade Wars, Covid-19, Usmca, And Protectionism: Exogenous Factor Influence On U.S- Mexico Supply Chains In The Automotive Industry, Maria Bustillos
Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals
This research explores what the impacts of COVID-19, the U.S-China trade war, and the implementation of North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as the United States, Mexico Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement, have had on U.S.-Mexico trade relations, focusing on the automotive industry. With rising trends of protectionism in international trade, this research focuses on the language that Tesla and General Motors company sites in Mexico used from 2021 to March 2023 in their released articles to the public and how frequently the variables of COVID19, the U.S China trade war, USMCA, and protectionism were discussed. Articles in both Spanish and English …
Dr. Paul Sutton, Ayanna Schubert
Dr. Paul Sutton, Ayanna Schubert
DU Undergraduate Research Journal Archive
This interview with Dr. Paul Sutton was conducted by the DUURJ Editor At Large.
The Environmental Contingencies, Capital Structure And Firm Performance Of Listed Firms, Sunday Amos Adeusi Dr, Oluwabunmi Akindele Olawaye
The Environmental Contingencies, Capital Structure And Firm Performance Of Listed Firms, Sunday Amos Adeusi Dr, Oluwabunmi Akindele Olawaye
International Review of Business and Economics
Going concerns of business empires is predicated on the externality effect of environmental contingencies that influence the decisions of capital users. And the capability of capital users to circumnavigate both macro and micro environmental contingencies which cumulate to shareholders’ wealth maximization is crucial. Hence, the study aims of dissecting effect of macro and micro environmental contingences on the capital structure and firm performance. Generalized Method Moment (GMM) statistical tool is used to dissect perceived association amidst endogenous and exogenous variables. The results show that micro contingences such debt to equity, debt to assets and short-term liability have negative and statistically …
Free Trade Is Not Free: A Case For Fair Trade, Wardah Javaid Cheema
Free Trade Is Not Free: A Case For Fair Trade, Wardah Javaid Cheema
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
To this day, mainstream economists favor free trade policies as the best way to generate economic development. They do so at the expense of their unjustified romanticization of reductionist classical trade theories. This thesis seeks to comprehend the constraints of traditional trade theories and their inability to be applied to practical contemporary problems. Further, contrary to the fundamental assumption of free trade theory, there is ample evidence of government intervention in free trade agreements. These interventions solely encourage and protect large corporations and investors rather than the actual development and sustainability factors, namely labor and the environment. It all adds …
Systemic Risk And Blockchain Technology, Federico Colombo
Systemic Risk And Blockchain Technology, Federico Colombo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
After the crisis in 2008, blockchain and systemic risk have seen increasing interest. In this thesis I advocate for more research to be conducted on the two topics jointly after noticing a gap in the literature regarding the effects that using a blockchain based financial system could have on systemic risk. The thesis is an attempt to set the stage for future research, by describing the major sources of systemic risk, the most important characteristics of blockchain, and finally suggesting some topics for future research on systemic risk and blockchain in areas where blockchain could have the biggest impact.
Universal Basic Income (Ubi): A Cure-All Or Band-Aid?, Madison Beckner
Universal Basic Income (Ubi): A Cure-All Or Band-Aid?, Madison Beckner
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
With the triple crisis of capitalism looming and, in the U.S., a poorly performing welfare state, Universal Basic Income (UBI) has returned to popular attention. To assess whether this is warranted and, more importantly, to provide answer on the extent to which a UBI can or should be considered a cure-all, this work, first, examines the historical development of UBI proposals including those stemming from European Social Democrats and Libertarians. Next, pilot programs at the local, state, and national level are critically examined for their methodologies and empirical results. Turning, then, to theory on de-commodification, unpaid labor, and the equality-jobs …
Are Debt-Holders Effective Monitoring Agents In Strategic Alliance Formations?, Malika Chaudhuri, Jay J. Janney
Are Debt-Holders Effective Monitoring Agents In Strategic Alliance Formations?, Malika Chaudhuri, Jay J. Janney
International Review of Business and Economics
When undertaking strategic alliances, managers face a fundamental choice to pursue alliances that allow them to exploit the value of current firm assets or alliances that allow them to explore new trajectories for the firm. To answer this question, we tested our proposed theoretical framework using 652 US-based publicly traded pharmaceutical firms between 1990 and 2012. Findings suggest that exploitation alliances have higher impact on firm performance in the short and long run than exploration alliances. Consistent with the debt overhang problem presented by Myers (1977), our findings confirm that high-leverage firms have a higher inclination toward exploitation alliance formations …
Prevalence Of Duesenberry’S Relative Income Hypothesis In Nepalese Economy, Rajendra Adhikari
Prevalence Of Duesenberry’S Relative Income Hypothesis In Nepalese Economy, Rajendra Adhikari
International Review of Business and Economics
Present paper examines the prevalence of Duesenberry’s relative income hypothesis in Nepalese economy during 1974/75-2019/20 through ARDL bound tests under DEF and Davis-SK specifications. The ARDL under DEF specification is found to be not valid. However, the ARDL bound test under Davis-SK specification is found valid. There exists cointegration among average propensity to consume, demonstration effect and ratchet effect. The coefficient of demonstration effect is found to be negative and that of ratchet effect to be positive as reported by ARDL models. The error correction model also implies that short run shocks significantly affect long run relations among the variables. …
Gaining A Better Understanding Of Higher Education: During And Post-Pandemic Scenario, Krati Sethi, Manas Roy
Gaining A Better Understanding Of Higher Education: During And Post-Pandemic Scenario, Krati Sethi, Manas Roy
International Review of Business and Economics
Because of the coronavirus epidemic, faculty as well as the students have had to respond to “out of the ordinary” difficulty by quickly switching from traditional class - room education to online learning forms via “virtual classrooms”. Students facing challenges and continuing facing difficulties for various reasons required to adapt this modification in this delivery of curriculum becoming un attentive. Few solutions have been developed for students to assist them in freely transferring to virtual classrooms and maintaining proper online learning etiquette. A series of recommendations is offered in the present study to help students so that they can explore …
Can Blended Learning Address Indian Academic Issues?, Vijay Joshi, Sukanta K. Baral
Can Blended Learning Address Indian Academic Issues?, Vijay Joshi, Sukanta K. Baral
International Review of Business and Economics
Over the years, India has implemented social reforms aimed at providing education to all. This is observed from the growth in GER (Gross Enrollment Ratio) over the years that has resulted in a decrease in the number of students absent in schools. Coronavirus, nonetheless, has disturbed this scenario and is testing the functions, efficiencies, and practices of India's schooling framework. This research paper, written for stakeholders in government, and the education sector, anticipate the extent to which there is a need of continuing the imparting of education. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the …
Reskilling And Upskilling : To Stay Relevant In Today’S Industry, Rhea Sawant, Bryan Thomas, Swati Kadlag
Reskilling And Upskilling : To Stay Relevant In Today’S Industry, Rhea Sawant, Bryan Thomas, Swati Kadlag
International Review of Business and Economics
The rapid modernization and influx of various new technologies and methodologies currently being employed today greatly and continuously changes the definition of professional competence expected of employees that work for companies that are directly or indirectly impacted because of these advancements or changes, this creates a demand for new jobs requiring new skill sets and so, one finds that in order to keep relevant to the workforce, refreshing and adding to one’s skill set has become a necessity. Candidates thinking about entering the job market need to possess the right kind of skills for the right kind of job and …
Sustainable Rural Development: Is It Possible To Boost Rural Economies While Protecting The Environment?, Jack M. Hempleman
Sustainable Rural Development: Is It Possible To Boost Rural Economies While Protecting The Environment?, Jack M. Hempleman
Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals
Amidst rapid depletion of our carbon budget, the need to change our practices to be more in line with Earth’s limits has become important in every sector of our economy. From advances in renewable energy generation to the growth of urban gardening, people around the world are taking action to change the way they interact with our planet. However, growing concerns have been raised that protections for the environment will disproportionately harm struggling communities. For instance, rural communities in the United States already exhibit disproportionately high poverty rates, income inequality, and unemployment, as well as lower quality healthcare and public …
Trade Liberalization And The Social Determinants Of Health: A Case Study Of Nafta's Impact On Mexico From 1994 To 2005, Maria Trubetskaya
Trade Liberalization And The Social Determinants Of Health: A Case Study Of Nafta's Impact On Mexico From 1994 To 2005, Maria Trubetskaya
Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals
Given the increased transnationalization of borders and economic interdependence between countries in the Global North and South, it is imperative to address how these trends impact the health and well being of the populations involved. The conventional neoliberal economic framework, however, falls short in explaining these dynamics due to its overemphasis of proximal determinants of health as direct consequences of commodification and free market activities. In congruence with those theoretical limitations, there is a limited assessment of more distal determinants – the social determinants of health (SDOH) – that are arguably more consequential for health and are interrelated with the …
Understanding Campus Environmental Sustainability: A Thematic Analysis Of Interviews With Facilities Management Staff And Administrators At The University Of Denver, Alejandro Cerón, Dinko Hanaan Dinko, Izzy Beltran, Madeline Bonner, Mia Glover, Linh Nguyen, Madeline Ohaus, Maren Parchen, Quisi Rodriguez-Oregel, Delanee Taylor, Dani Thompson, Kansas Wood
Understanding Campus Environmental Sustainability: A Thematic Analysis Of Interviews With Facilities Management Staff And Administrators At The University Of Denver, Alejandro Cerón, Dinko Hanaan Dinko, Izzy Beltran, Madeline Bonner, Mia Glover, Linh Nguyen, Madeline Ohaus, Maren Parchen, Quisi Rodriguez-Oregel, Delanee Taylor, Dani Thompson, Kansas Wood
Anthropology: Undergraduate Student Scholarship
This project sought to understand what influences sustainability choices on the University of Denver campus. Universities and colleges play a pivotal and influential role in shaping sustainable future discourse in society. As centers for innovation and research, universities continue to generate new knowledge and skills necessary to create awareness of the negative impact of human activities on the environment and pathways to mitigate these impacts. Over the past decades, there has been a growing transformation of universities from places of knowledge creation to places where created knowledge is implemented. Thus, in the field of environmental change, there is a growing …
Takes Two To Tango: The Fusion Of Slow Fashion And Agroecology To Combat The Fast Fashion Industry, Sejal Krell
Takes Two To Tango: The Fusion Of Slow Fashion And Agroecology To Combat The Fast Fashion Industry, Sejal Krell
Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals
Fast fashion has been around for longer than the world can remember, after all, there has always been a need for clothes. Nonetheless, it has not been until the past 50 years that fast fashion has become a titan within the industry. Many consider it to be the golden child of fashion with its low production costs, mass retailing, and low prices reaching consumers of all socioeconomic levels. However, the realities of this industry – specifically pertaining to the environment, economy, social sphere, and public health – reveal a different story, of injustice. After discussing the history and rise of …
Decision Making In International Supply Chain Investment, Noah Quint Curtin
Decision Making In International Supply Chain Investment, Noah Quint Curtin
Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals
In this paper, supply chain decision-makers where and how to internationally invest into supply chains. I focus on outside institutional factors, and intra-firm behavioral factors that affect where and how they invest. I first review the literature on international investment at large. Later for my part of the research, I conduct a series of semi-structured interviews with international supply chain decision-maker primarily in Denver to better understand their processes. I find that they value business models higher than “hunches”, but also that tacit knowledge and relationships play an important role in their processes.
Would An India-Us Trade Agreement Be Beneficial For India?, Neetu Kaushik, Niloufer Sohrabji
Would An India-Us Trade Agreement Be Beneficial For India?, Neetu Kaushik, Niloufer Sohrabji
International Review of Business and Economics
This paper examines the potential impact of an India-U.S. FTA on India’s trade. We use two approaches to estimate trade effects, compound annual growth analysis and Gravity model estimation. Our sample spans the period from 1992 to 2019 and consists of seven bilateral trade agreements and three multilateral trade agreements which include 24 countries as our treatment group. In both cases we compare the impact on India’s trade following a trade agreement with a control group which we create by including those countries whose trade share exceeds one percent of India’s total trade (in 2019). Our CAGR analysis shows that …
Pathways Of Reform In Education: Evidence From India, Poornima Tapas, Deepa Pillai, Rita Dangre, Kishore Kulkarni
Pathways Of Reform In Education: Evidence From India, Poornima Tapas, Deepa Pillai, Rita Dangre, Kishore Kulkarni
International Review of Business and Economics
No abstract provided.
Environmental Accounting And Financial Performance Of Listed Family-Owned Companies In Nigeria, Charles Segun Ilelaboye, Muyiwa E. Alade
Environmental Accounting And Financial Performance Of Listed Family-Owned Companies In Nigeria, Charles Segun Ilelaboye, Muyiwa E. Alade
International Review of Business and Economics
This study examines the effect of environmental accounting on the performance of family-owned companies in Nigeria using restoration cost, community development costs and health & security costs as surrogates. The study used ex-post facto research design. The population of the study consisted of all 12 family-owned companies across industrial and oil & gas sectors that were quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Purposive sampling technique was used to select six (6) family-owned companies that disclosed environmental information. Data were gleaned from the annual reports of the sampled companies covering 2012-2020. The study used descriptive statistics, correlation and Ordinary Least …
Africa's Knowledge Economy And Links To India, Anand Kulkarni
Africa's Knowledge Economy And Links To India, Anand Kulkarni
International Review of Business and Economics
Competitive advantage for economies, both developed and developing, will be increasingly based on knowledge in all its forms, including science and technology, smart entrepreneurship, and new business and organizational development models. Due to COVID-19, the need for innovative solutions to health and economic disruptions has never been as keenly felt. This paper is structured in five parts. The first part examines the extent to which various countries in Sub-Saharan Africa participate in the global knowledge economy. Data is drawn from the UN Knowledge Index and canvases knowledge economy parameters such as research and development, value-added industrial production and knowledge-intensive services, …
Can Blended Learning Address Indian Academic Issues?, Vijay D. Joshi, Sukanta K. Baral
Can Blended Learning Address Indian Academic Issues?, Vijay D. Joshi, Sukanta K. Baral
International Review of Business and Economics
No abstract provided.
The Treasury Single Account System And Financial Stability In Nigeria, Olusola Esther Igbekoyi
The Treasury Single Account System And Financial Stability In Nigeria, Olusola Esther Igbekoyi
International Review of Business and Economics
This study investigates the effect of the treasury single account system on financial stability in Nigeria. Specifically, we hoped to find out if speculation of government regarding government debt and stock market performances are met. The study utilized data published in the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin for a period of 2011-2020. The time series data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that the TSA system had a negative impact on government debt performance, with significant negative impact on advances from commercial banks and external debt finance charges. However, it had an insignificant negative …
Corporate Characteristics And Implementation Of Integrated Reporting Framework Of Listed Oil And Gas Firms In Nigeria, Muyiwa E. Alade, Olubunmi M. Odugbemi
Corporate Characteristics And Implementation Of Integrated Reporting Framework Of Listed Oil And Gas Firms In Nigeria, Muyiwa E. Alade, Olubunmi M. Odugbemi
International Review of Business and Economics
The demand for better corporate information by various stakeholders across the globe has necessitated a paradigm shift from the traditional financial reporting to more comprehensive financial and non-financial information in a single report, known as integrated reporting. The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the effect of corporate characteristics (firm size, board size, share ownership structure and profitability) on the implementation of integrated reporting framework in listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. A census sampling technique was adopted, using the total population of eleven (11) oil and gas firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange as of …
Cost Of Menstrual Hygiene Practices In Gujarat, India, Smruti Bulsari, Kiran Pandya, Jayesh Desai
Cost Of Menstrual Hygiene Practices In Gujarat, India, Smruti Bulsari, Kiran Pandya, Jayesh Desai
International Review of Business and Economics
Menstrual cycles are an integral part of a nearly two-third of a woman’s life, and occur every month. Menstruation is a public health concern because irrespective of whether a woman can afford hygienic absorbents or not, she undergoes menstruation phase every month. Therefore, menstruation requires to be examined from public health policy perspective. Choice of menstrual products is not only subject to budget constraint but also to “other regarding preferences”, as can be explained by behavioural economics theories. This study therefore, seeks to get insights into the determinants of choice of menstrual product. The study attempts to devise a method …
Us Financial Expansions And Exchange Rate Determination, Matthew Brill
Us Financial Expansions And Exchange Rate Determination, Matthew Brill
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this thesis is to explore how US financial activity influences the exchange rates of foreign nations. Starting off by building on Currency Hierarchy and Minskyan dynamics, I look at how financial cycles generated in the US, the key economy, transmit liquidity towards economies on the periphery. Additionally, I use the increase in shadow banking asset accumulation relative to commercial banking asset accumulation as indicative of financial expansions in the US, and the driving force of financial cycles. Using vector autoregression (VAR) analysis I test the relationships between the ratio of US shadow banking assets relative to commercial …