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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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- Keyword
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- Shame (6)
- Hope (4)
- Mental health (4)
- Religiosity (4)
- Resilience (4)
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- Church (3)
- Counseling (3)
- Leadership (3)
- Loneliness (3)
- Religion (3)
- Spirituality (3)
- Abuse (2)
- Anxiety (2)
- Army (2)
- Counselor education (2)
- Deployment (2)
- Disclosure (2)
- Diversity (2)
- Faith (2)
- Forgiveness (2)
- Guilt (2)
- Marital satisfaction (2)
- Marriage (2)
- Mental Health (2)
- Minority (2)
- Moral Injury (2)
- PTSD (2)
- Pastoral Counseling (2)
- Perceived Addiction (2)
- Phenomenology (2)
Articles 1 - 30 of 74
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Moderating Effect Of Shame Proneness On Avoidant God Attachment And On Anxious God Attachment, Tamika Andrews Sirmons
The Moderating Effect Of Shame Proneness On Avoidant God Attachment And On Anxious God Attachment, Tamika Andrews Sirmons
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study’s focus was on examining both anxious and avoidant God attachment and the correlation of each to both positive and negative religious coping as moderated by shame proneness. Participants were 158 individuals ages 18 to 70 years across the United States who proclaim Christianity. They were assessed on their attachment relationship with God, religious coping strategies, and proneness to shame. Correlation analysis already established the relationship between God attachment and religious coping. Regression analysis revealed shame proneness as a moderator of the relationship between the two attachment styles and both positive and negative religious coping. This study had limitations …
All God's Children: An Exploratory Study Of Factors To Promote Inclusion Of Autistic Children Within Local Church Congregations, David John Scott Quel
All God's Children: An Exploratory Study Of Factors To Promote Inclusion Of Autistic Children Within Local Church Congregations, David John Scott Quel
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the gap that exists within the literature concerning the parent’s perspective for incorporating Autistic individuals into the life of the church. The theory guiding this study is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In Maslow’s hierarchy, there are five level of needs. These areas are physical needs, security needs, love and belonging, esteem needs and self-actualization. These are the most basic needs whether someone is disabled, has special needs, or has no problems at all. The problem remains, far too often, those individuals who are on the Autistic spectrum are looked at as …
Premarital Counseling As Foundational To Discipleship, David J. Hollifield
Premarital Counseling As Foundational To Discipleship, David J. Hollifield
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This paper will examine the lasting impact of biblical, pastoral premarital counseling. Couples who have completed this type of program before marriage will be studied. This work will attempt to measure the impact of premarital counseling based on whether couples have used tools explored in their original counseling program in areas such as effective communication, conflict resolution, stewardship of money, and spiritual disciplines. If the tools and resources provided in counseling have never been utilized, this survey will seek to discover reasons the material was never used. The purpose of this study is to determine which areas are most helpful …
The Shared Experiences Of Black Women Faculty In Counselor Education Programs At Predominately White Institutions: A Thematic Analysis, Caitlyn Ybarra
The Shared Experiences Of Black Women Faculty In Counselor Education Programs At Predominately White Institutions: A Thematic Analysis, Caitlyn Ybarra
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Black women faculty (BWF) are underrepresented in university settings when compared to national representation in the population. This underrepresentation of Black women is also seen in counselor education; however, there is a lack of research regarding the factors that influence BWF to pursue and secure tenured positions at predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Given the current underrepresentation of BWF at PWIs, there is a need to examine the factors that would increase the recruitment and retention of a diverse faculty. Prior research has mainly focused on factors that supported the recruitment and retention of Black women doctoral students, but little research …
The Strong Black Woman And Marital Satisfaction: A Mediation Moderation Analysis Of Mental Health And Religiosity, Jessica Christine Wright
The Strong Black Woman And Marital Satisfaction: A Mediation Moderation Analysis Of Mental Health And Religiosity, Jessica Christine Wright
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between endorsement of the Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema (stoicism and independence subscales), mental health (depression and anxiety), marital satisfaction, and the potential moderating effects of religiosity (negative and positive religious coping) on the strength and direction of this relationship. Participants consisted of four-hundred and thirty-nine married women who were recruited via Qualtrics. The women completed inventories to assess for SBW endorsement, marital satisfaction, depression, anxiety, and both negative and positive religious coping. The results indicated embracing characteristics of SBW-stoicism predicted decreased marital satisfaction and increased anxiety and depression. In …
The Effectiveness Of Faith-Based Group Life Coaching On Stress And Anxiety Levels In Spouses Of Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Esperanza Pilar Guerra Lugo
The Effectiveness Of Faith-Based Group Life Coaching On Stress And Anxiety Levels In Spouses Of Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Esperanza Pilar Guerra Lugo
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Veterans who courageously served in the military are often diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and their spouses are at high risk of suffering in silence from stress and anxiety. Many spouses are also their Veteran’s caregiver which leaves little time for their own self-care needs. Being a Veteran’s 24-hour caregiver can lead to poor physical and mental health, aggravating spouses stress and anxiety levels which is often only treated with medication or goes untreated due to lack of mental health care access and the stigma that comes with it. The literature review explores the research gap of how online faith-based …
An Exploration Of Military Spouse Mental Health: Religion/Spirituality, Resilience, Social Support, Deployment, And Rank, Sharita Gwen Knobloch
An Exploration Of Military Spouse Mental Health: Religion/Spirituality, Resilience, Social Support, Deployment, And Rank, Sharita Gwen Knobloch
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Military spouses (MLSPs) are a vital component of military readiness and resilience, yet they are highly understudied, particularly within the realm of mental health. This study was grounded in resilience theory, investigating relationship interactions between religion/spirituality (R/S) on mental health through resilience (mediator) conditioned at levels of social support, deployment, and rank (moderators). An online survey was distributed via social media, open to MLSPs of all branches and all components (N = 1079). This quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional correlational research design utilized PROCESS Model 58, which found that two R/S subscales, Daily Spiritual Experiences and Religious Coping, exerted indirect effects on …
Vicarious Trauma In Spouses/Intimate Partners Of Law Enforcement Officers And The Relationship Between Trauma And Relationship Functioning, Dortheen Richardson
Vicarious Trauma In Spouses/Intimate Partners Of Law Enforcement Officers And The Relationship Between Trauma And Relationship Functioning, Dortheen Richardson
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The phenomenological study is to understand better the impact of vicarious trauma (VT) on the spouses/intimate partners of law enforcement officers (LEO)s in Alabama and allow researchers to attain a meaningful understanding of real-life events and the complexity of the social phenomenon. The goal is to highlight the inequity in the treatment of spouses/intimate partners of LEOs and develop protocols for mandatory reporting trauma. The theories guiding this study are constructivist self-development theory (CSDT), secondary trauma theory (STT), and family stress theory (FST). The participants were former/current spouses/intimate partners of LEOs who experienced trauma while in the line of duty. …
Counseling Women In Prison On Forgiveness, Guilt, And Shame, Lashawnda Denise Key
Counseling Women In Prison On Forgiveness, Guilt, And Shame, Lashawnda Denise Key
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
There is a lack of adequate counseling on forgiveness, guilt, and shame in the women’s prison. Without effective counseling on those subjects while incarcerated, there is potential for the female offender to reoffend. Adequate counseling could increase the recidivism rate. Counselors in the prison system address behavior issues, acclimation of prison life and rehabilitation programs. Addressing the issues that precipitates criminal behavior and helping the offender understand the factors that lead them to engage in criminal behavior are overly complex. With passable counseling the offenders have the propensity to release the hurt and pain they have lived with and become …
The Effect Of Forgiveness Training In The Attitude Of Forgiveness In Married Couples, Calo Gobea Yarelie
The Effect Of Forgiveness Training In The Attitude Of Forgiveness In Married Couples, Calo Gobea Yarelie
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study evaluated the impact on the attitude of forgiveness in married couples participating in a 3-hour forgiveness group that incorporates Everett Worthington’s Forgiveness Model: REACH (Worthington, 2008). The study measured the impact of the REACH-based curriculum from Become a More Forgiving Person in Less Than Two Hours (Worthington, 2020) in 32 couples attending the forgiveness class. The study used a quantitative approach/correlational design exploring the relationship between participation in a forgiveness class and attitude towards forgiveness. The focus was on measuring whether program participation increases an attitude of forgiveness and if the couple’s reported satisfaction influenced the attitude of …
Teachers' Perceptions, Awareness, And Responses To Students With Childhood Trauma, Jonathan James Tomlin
Teachers' Perceptions, Awareness, And Responses To Students With Childhood Trauma, Jonathan James Tomlin
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The role of trauma-informed education is becoming a topic of discussion for many school leaders and administrators during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between trauma training, education, experience, and teacher self-efficacy, and teachers’ self-reported perceptions of student behavior, teaching, and managing behaviors of students with trauma history. Previous research highlighted a lack of teacher input when developing trauma-informed education within school settings. This correlational study investigated factors associated with educator trauma training, education, experience, and self-efficacy. Data were collected from a city school system in a large, urban district in the northeast …
The Effects Of Deployments On Alcohol Use, Stress, Mental Health, And Help-Seeking Behaviors In Military Spouses, Joanne Lorraine Coddington
The Effects Of Deployments On Alcohol Use, Stress, Mental Health, And Help-Seeking Behaviors In Military Spouses, Joanne Lorraine Coddington
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom have kept the United States military engaged in one of the longest wars in the nation’s history. Due to the high operations tempo during that time, both service members and their spouses have endured enormous difficulties as they learned to navigate the challenges brought forth by frequent deployments. The purpose of this research study was to study the alcohol consumption, mental health, stress, and help seeking behaviors of military spouses who have endured deployments, with the hypothesis that alcohol use will not increase during deployment, military spouses will report poorer mental health and …
Pastoral Care Training: Equipping Pastoral Staff To Effectively Minister To The Local Community, Mark Dickerson Mehlig
Pastoral Care Training: Equipping Pastoral Staff To Effectively Minister To The Local Community, Mark Dickerson Mehlig
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This project is designed to train the inexperienced staff at Calvary Church in pastoral care ministry. The critical areas in pastoral care are represented in the acronym H.E.L.P. S., (H) Home and Hospital Visitation, (E) Eclectic and Effective Counseling, (L) Lessons in Marriage and Family, (P) Prayer in Caring Ministry, and (S) Support in Grief and Loss. Chapter one introduces Calvary Church's ministry and presents the research's problem, purpose statement, thesis statement, and limitations. Chapter two presents the literature review with the foundations of pastoral care, which supports the immediate need for training. Chapter three outlines the research conducted to …
A Room With A View: Experiences Of Moms Off Meth Using Heuristic Inquiry, Joey Leigh Gude
A Room With A View: Experiences Of Moms Off Meth Using Heuristic Inquiry, Joey Leigh Gude
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Methamphetamine related consequences continue to darken many families and communities. Multiple service provider types are often overburdened in dealing with the reality of methamphetamine misuse (Brownstein et al., 2012). This research explored the impact of the methamphetamine epidemic with a specific focus on mothers with methamphetamine addiction. Mothers present with a myriad of challenges, and inadequate contextual information exists to address these challenges (Alexander et al., 2018; Bathish et al., 2017; Cunningham & Finlay, 2013). This qualitative heuristic inquiry sought to illuminate experiences of methamphetamine addiction in mothers. The qualitative research questions sought to give a voice to the lived …
Understanding Blended Family Stability: A Phenomenological Study, Marion F. Travers
Understanding Blended Family Stability: A Phenomenological Study, Marion F. Travers
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Most remarriages and blended families dissolve within 1-5 years, and last an average of 3.05 years. The factors that contribute to their dissolution have been defined well in the literature; however, specific protective factors that lead to blended family stability have not. In this study, ‘blended family stability’ refers to individual participants who have remained in their blended family for more than five years and reported more positive than negative factors. This study sought to define the nuclear family and the blended family, and highlight the vast differences across blended families by (1) examining the challenges experienced in remarriage and …
Integrative Narrative Therapy In Counseling: Experiencing Strengthened Spiritual Resiliency: A Phenomenological Study, Marcy Lynn Hill
Integrative Narrative Therapy In Counseling: Experiencing Strengthened Spiritual Resiliency: A Phenomenological Study, Marcy Lynn Hill
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The following DMIN action research project is a phenomenological study that evaluates the correlation between integrative Narrative Therapy approaches in non-clinical counseling and the cultivation of spiritual resilience among suffering Christians. Phenomenological data were generated from three case study subjects, who volitionally participated in interviews, questionnaires, and three, one-hour integrative Narrative Therapy intervention counseling sessions facilitated by the researcher. Each intervention session introduced the participants to specific Narrative Therapy exercises to which they had not been exposed before. All case study participants have experienced previous counseling that did not include Narrative Therapy approaches and were evaluated as ineffective by the …
A Quantitative Study Of Child Sexual Assault Survivors’ Struggles With Poor Marital Satisfaction: Mediated By Loneliness And Depression, Thomas Litzinger
A Quantitative Study Of Child Sexual Assault Survivors’ Struggles With Poor Marital Satisfaction: Mediated By Loneliness And Depression, Thomas Litzinger
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Child sexual assault (CSA) is growing at startling rates in the United States and is related to a staggering number of adult psychosomatic modification problems and outcomes. CSA has been a subject of interest in sexual health research for many years; however, research regarding the sexual health consequences of CSA has been hampered by methodologic changeability. CSA and the sexual victimization of boys and men has been understudied despite its prevalence and potentially detrimental outcomes in the U.S. and worldwide. A large body of research has revealed many adverse psychological and social impacts of CSA in samples of adult male …
Enhancing The Emotional Wellbeing Of Church Leadership At Trinity Baptist Church, Arron David Mcguffee
Enhancing The Emotional Wellbeing Of Church Leadership At Trinity Baptist Church, Arron David Mcguffee
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Effective church leaders are efficient in management of their emotional health. Research has diagnosed that most churches maintain dysfunctional learning environments because of emotionally unhealthy leadership. Dysfunctional environments are conducive to acclimatizing members to ill doctrine: methods instead of the mission, events instead of evangelism, expositors instead of exposures, and promote rituals instead of a righteous Savior. Emotionally unhealthy church leaders’ practice and promote democratic efforts instead of theocratic. Assessment instrumentation was utilized. The assessment implemented two credible tools, one for emotional maturity and the other for discipleship. Research invitations were distributed to twenty church leaders at Trinity Baptist Church …
Enhancing U.S. Navy Chaplain Care For Sufferers Of Post-Traumatic Stress, Moral Injury, And Loss Of Purpose, Jonathan Michael Henderson
Enhancing U.S. Navy Chaplain Care For Sufferers Of Post-Traumatic Stress, Moral Injury, And Loss Of Purpose, Jonathan Michael Henderson
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Currently, there is no standardized screening and counseling model that enables Navy Chaplains to counsel those with post-traumatic stress injury, moral injury, and loss of purpose. The shame associated with these three conditions is a significant contributor to Service Member suicide, mental health problems, and substance abuse. Chaplains are often the first line of care Service Member’s access because of the chaplain’s accessibility and legally protected complete confidentiality. U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Army veterans that completed at least one deployment were solicited to participate in this research thesis. Data was collected through participants’ completion of the Modified Military Moral …
The Impact Of Servant Leadership On God Attachment In Survivors Of Sexual Abuse By Clergy, Jennifer J. Schwirzer
The Impact Of Servant Leadership On God Attachment In Survivors Of Sexual Abuse By Clergy, Jennifer J. Schwirzer
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Survivors of sexual abuse by religious leaders experience unique forms of trauma demanding unique forms of treatment. Using a nonequivalent control group pretest posttest design, this study examined the effectiveness of one such treatment. The Abuse, Trauma, and Jesus workshop was designed to impart psychoeducation, coping tools, and support to survivors of sexual abuse by clergy. The treatment group added a servant leadership psychoeducation element. Before and after the intervention the participants completed the Primary Care PTSD Screen and the Attachment to God (ATG) Inventory. The research questions asked whether trauma symptoms and avoidant/anxious styles of God attachment would be …
Confidence Or Control: Using Theory Of Planned Behavior To Explore Medical Residents' Intentions To Address Religion And Spirituality In Patient Care, Vanessa I. Saylor
Confidence Or Control: Using Theory Of Planned Behavior To Explore Medical Residents' Intentions To Address Religion And Spirituality In Patient Care, Vanessa I. Saylor
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this study was to explore whether subjective norms moderate the relationship between perceived control and behavioral intention and between self-efficacy and behavioral intention to address religion and spirituality (r/s) in patient care among first- through fifth-year medical residents. The study used a non-experimental design and included a sample of medical residents working in a hospital system in southeastern Pennsylvania during the summer of the 2021 were gathered to respond to the survey questionnaire measuring subjective norms, perceived control and behavioral control and behavioral intention, and self-efficacy variables. The instrument used for this study, Assessing Residents' Intentions to …
Minority Adolescents And School Referral: The Importance Of School Counselors And The Referral System, Samantha Jo Davis
Minority Adolescents And School Referral: The Importance Of School Counselors And The Referral System, Samantha Jo Davis
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this qualitative study was to evaluate a school-based referral system in northwest Missouri that is effectively able to identify students with mental health concerns, help students find treatment options, and provide any follow-up needed. The main focus in this qualitative case study was on what makes one school district in northwest Missouri have an effective and successful mental health referral system. The theory guiding this study was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This motivational theory is a five-tier model of human needs, including physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Without having all these needs met, an …
Entitlement At School: Linking Noncompliance To Academic Entitlement, Lili Michelle Smith
Entitlement At School: Linking Noncompliance To Academic Entitlement, Lili Michelle Smith
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This work examined the relationship between academic entitlement and noncompliance among college students using trauma or adverse childhood experiences to moderate the relationship. Additionally, this study explored how gender, enrollment type (full-time vs. part-time), and type of student (residential vs. online) impacted noncompliance. This study was comprised of 149 participants from Liberty University that were at least 18+ years of age and an undergraduate or graduate student. Using a quantitative research design, participants completed the following self-report measures: demographics questionnaire, HEXACO-PI-R personality domains honesty-humility, and Adverse Childhood Experiences Survey. Logistic regression analyses were conducted, and the results of the study …
Legacy Trail: Photovoice Of African American/Black Women Ces Doctoral Graduates Persistence, Andrea M. Garraway
Legacy Trail: Photovoice Of African American/Black Women Ces Doctoral Graduates Persistence, Andrea M. Garraway
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This qualitative study examined the retrospective experiences of seven African American/Black (AA/Black) women who graduated from a Counselor Education and Supervision (CES) doctoral program, accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). The purpose of the study was to investigate ancestral links to their persistence. This study obtained data from semi-structured individual interviews, a focus group, and PhotoVoice pursuit. Through these different methods of data collection, the validity of the study was increased. The research problem identified was that the CES doctoral degree attrition rate remains stagnated (approximately 50%) and the rate for AA/Black women …
A Phenomenological Study Of The Attitude Of Church Attending Caribbean-Canadian Christians Toward Counseling, Melbourne Webster Turgott
A Phenomenological Study Of The Attitude Of Church Attending Caribbean-Canadian Christians Toward Counseling, Melbourne Webster Turgott
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand and describe the attitude of church-attending Caribbean-Canadian Christians toward counseling. The two central research questions were, What is the lived experience of Caribbean-Canadian church-attending Christians with counseling? What meaning do Caribbean-Canadian church-attending Christians ascribe to their experience with counseling? The theories guiding this study included expectancy-value and social learning theories. Expectancy-value theory amplifies the belief Caribbean-Canadian Christians have a favorable attitude toward counseling if it aligns with their Christian beliefs. Social learning theory supports the idea that Caribbean-Canadian Christians are shaped by their communal and individual experiencing the world. Data were …
The Relationship Among Religiosity, Childhood Sexual Abuse, And God Attachment On The Development Of Sexual Shame, Derek James Parker
The Relationship Among Religiosity, Childhood Sexual Abuse, And God Attachment On The Development Of Sexual Shame, Derek James Parker
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Religiosity is a very important component to an individual’s overall wellness. Religiosity is typically formed early in life through family religious patterns and expectations. While religiosity may be a protective and healthy component of oneself, it is possible that religiosity may also contribute negatively and enhance maladaptive thoughts. Previous research has explored childhood family religiosity and current religiosity and their relationships with the development of sexual shame. This study aims at continuing to explore the relationship of childhood family religiosity and current religiosity and their relationship to the development of sexual shame. Additionally, childhood sexual abuse and a perceived relationship …
Sexual Identity, Mental, Emotional, And Religious Stability: A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Religious Lived Experiences Of Heterosexual Men Who Once Identified As Gay Or Bisexual, Mccay Martin Moiforay
Sexual Identity, Mental, Emotional, And Religious Stability: A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Religious Lived Experiences Of Heterosexual Men Who Once Identified As Gay Or Bisexual, Mccay Martin Moiforay
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study aims are to fill the gap in research with regards to how to successfully provide religious support to men who once identified as gay or bisexual, who currently identify as heterosexual and religious. The research purpose is to share these men lived experiences regarding their sexual identity journey from gay or bisexual to heterosexual within the religious setting. The research plans to help understand what religious support is needed to provide those who desire sexual identity change from gay or bisexual to heterosexual and how this same religious support can be used in maintaining their heterosexual identity. These …
The Biblical Teaching Of Health Among Pakistani Evangelical Pastors, Benish Dildar Masih
The Biblical Teaching Of Health Among Pakistani Evangelical Pastors, Benish Dildar Masih
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this study is to counsel Pakistani evangelical pastors on the importance of the biblical teaching of health. Pakistani pastors do not consider healthy living as an important factor of Christian living, even though the Bible clearly preaches on living a physically healthy life. Because of the cultural expectations, personal hindrances, lack of biblical teaching on health issues in Pakistani seminaries, and several other obstacles, Pakistani pastors are not well equipped to guide the congregation about the biblical norm. Because Pakistani pastors deem health concerns as unimportant, they do not teach these truths to their congregation, which does …
Prison Behind The Urban Walls Of Church, Walter L. Powell
Prison Behind The Urban Walls Of Church, Walter L. Powell
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The problem is that the men at the Federal Correctional Institution located in Safford, Arizona (FCI-Safford), which is located approximately 168 miles northeast of Phoenix, lack spiritual fulfillment through God. The purpose of this paper is to provide a guide for the men at FCI-Safford to seek and find spiritual fulfillment. The primary investigator conducted qualitative research and analysis through one-on-one interviews with twelve men at FCI-Safford.
Educating The Congregation On The Role Of The Pastoral Counselor, Richard Laverne Wilkins
Educating The Congregation On The Role Of The Pastoral Counselor, Richard Laverne Wilkins
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This thesis project is to educate the church staff, church members, and local surrounding community on the pastoral counseling practices of Good Shepherd United Methodist Church (GSUMC) and a licensed professional counseling center located on the church premises. The purpose is to ensure that those who attend the church, whether on a weekly basis or less frequently, are aware of the counseling services that are offered. Chapter one introduces the church’s ministry context, the thesis statement, purpose statement, and any limitations to the research. A literature review in chapter two discusses the challenges and difficulties for individuals seeking counseling as …