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Articles 1 - 30 of 51
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Implementation Evaluation And Outlook Of Major Function Oriented Zone, Dong Chen, Baoyin Liu, Jie Fan, Daojing Zhou, Rui Guo, Zhao Wang, Jianxiong Wu
Implementation Evaluation And Outlook Of Major Function Oriented Zone, Dong Chen, Baoyin Liu, Jie Fan, Daojing Zhou, Rui Guo, Zhao Wang, Jianxiong Wu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Major Function Oriented Zone (MFOZ), an attempt and exploration aimed at ecological civilization during China’s industrial civilization period which is divided into two stages, the stage of MFOZ planning and the stage of the national strategy and basic institution before and after the 18th Communist Party of China (CPC) National Congress, and the main characteristics of both stages are analyzed. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the strategic thinking of the MFOZ has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, the strategic pattern of the MFOZ has been basically formed, the development of the categorized MFOZ has achieved …
Research On Spatial Collaborative Allocation Of Innovation Chain And Industrial Chain And Regional Economic Layout In China, Jianhui Yu, Wenzhong Zhang, Jiaming Li
Research On Spatial Collaborative Allocation Of Innovation Chain And Industrial Chain And Regional Economic Layout In China, Jianhui Yu, Wenzhong Zhang, Jiaming Li
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The driving force of China’s economic development in the new era is gradually shifting from traditional production factor inputs and export-led growth to scientific and technological innovation-driven development, and technological innovation is increasingly becoming the main engine of China’s economic development. China needs to urgently address difficult issues such as the disconnect between science and technology and the economy, as well as prominent problems such as repeated resource allocation and scattered scientific research forces. Under the complex and volatile development environment, it is necessary to further optimize the spatial collaborative allocation of innovation chains and industrial chains and promote the …
Strategic Priorities Of China's Urbanized Areas During 15th Five-Year Plan Period, Wei Qi, Jie Fan, Jiaming Li, Yu Li
Strategic Priorities Of China's Urbanized Areas During 15th Five-Year Plan Period, Wei Qi, Jie Fan, Jiaming Li, Yu Li
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Urbanized areas are areas whose main function is to provide industrial and service products. During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, the urbanization rate of China’s population will exceed 70 percent, thus entering a long-time stage of high urbanization levels. The strategic positioning of urbanized areas will be defined as county-level administrative districts with a high concentration of scientific and technological innovation resources, new quality productivity, and new-type industrialization. In terms of strategic layout, the scope of urbanized areas will be optimized to promote the concentration of population and economy in urban agglomerations, metropolitan areas, and central cities, and to strengthen …
Suggestions For Layout Adjustment Of China's Agricultural Regions During Fifteenth Five-Year Plan Period, Yong Xu, Hua Yang, Jian Duan
Suggestions For Layout Adjustment Of China's Agricultural Regions During Fifteenth Five-Year Plan Period, Yong Xu, Hua Yang, Jian Duan
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Adjusting and optimizing the strategic paradigm of China’s agricultural regions in the new era is of great significance to the implementation of the “Greater Food” concept and the building of a strong agriculture. This study takes the layout adjustment of China’s agricultural regions during the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan period as its theme, and firstly summarizes the problems that exist in the main agricultural production regions and the layout changes in grain production bases. Then, in conjunction with the new requirements of the national strategies, the functional types of agricultural regions are refined, the different function positions are clarified, the adjusting …
Strengthen And Optimize Professional Talent Team Building To Enhance Effectiveness Of Large-Scale Research Infrastructures, Xiyi Yang, Lingling Zhang, Xielin Liu, Xiaoyu Zhou
Strengthen And Optimize Professional Talent Team Building To Enhance Effectiveness Of Large-Scale Research Infrastructures, Xiyi Yang, Lingling Zhang, Xielin Liu, Xiaoyu Zhou
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The construction and operation of large-scale research infrastructures involves not only basic scientific research issues, but also complex engineering and management issues. Therefore, strengthening and optimizing professional talent team-building is a key factor in comprehensively improving the effectiveness of large-scale research infrastructures. However, current management system of these infrastructures pays insufficient attention to professional engineering and technical talents and management talents in terms of financial support, talent evaluation, and incentive system construction, which has seriously reduced the stability and work enthusiasm of these talents, which in turn directly restricts the scientific and social benefits of the infrastructures. By investigating several …
Bottleneck Analysis And Policy Suggestion On Construction Of International Scientific Research Environment, Xiaolin Zhou, Jun Wang, Ziyu Li, Jingru Chi, Fanchao Meng, Yun Yang, Xiaoping Ren
Bottleneck Analysis And Policy Suggestion On Construction Of International Scientific Research Environment, Xiaolin Zhou, Jun Wang, Ziyu Li, Jingru Chi, Fanchao Meng, Yun Yang, Xiaoping Ren
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Strengthening the construction of international scientific research environment is conducive to promoting international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, as well as building an open innovation ecosystem with global competitiveness. Based on research interviews and policy analysis, this study analyzes the blockages and proposes policy recommendations from six aspects: entry and exit of scientific research personnel, cross-border flow of scientific data, cross-border flow of scientific research materials, openness of S&T plans, settlement of international S&T organizations, and services and welfare of foreign talents. The research reveals several problems existing in the current construction of international science and technology environment, such …
Improve Policy System Of Main Functional Zones In National Spatial Planning, Fan Qi, Siqi Qiu, Chengshuangping Zhao, Jianglong Chen, Siyu Shao, Bangrui Liu
Improve Policy System Of Main Functional Zones In National Spatial Planning, Fan Qi, Siqi Qiu, Chengshuangping Zhao, Jianglong Chen, Siyu Shao, Bangrui Liu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
This study analyzes in detail the effectiveness and existing problems of the current policy implementation of the main functional zone in the “multi planning and integration” national land spatial planning system, and proposes an overall idea of systematizing, differentiating, coordinating, and incentivizing the policy system of the main functional zone in the new era of national land spatial governance. From the perspectives of strengthening the top-level design of policy systems, classifying and improving policy tools for the main functional zone, strengthening comprehensive policy coordination, and improving policy implementation evaluation mechanisms, the policy recommendations are proposed for improving and implementing the …
Strategic Pattern And Optimization Of China's Eco-Regions During Fifteenth Five-Year Plan Period, Kan Zhou, Jie Fan, Daojing Zhou, Zhedong Qian, Hu Yu, Hanchu Liu, Jian Zhang
Strategic Pattern And Optimization Of China's Eco-Regions During Fifteenth Five-Year Plan Period, Kan Zhou, Jie Fan, Daojing Zhou, Zhedong Qian, Hu Yu, Hanchu Liu, Jian Zhang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Since the implementation of the major function oriented zoning, the ecological space of key ecological functional areas has continuously expanded, with a significant increase in vegetation coverage. Concurrently, there has been a dual change in population dynamics, characterized by a decrease in total population and an increase in the urban population. Furthermore, significant achievements have been made in economic and social development, and there has been a steady improvement in the functions of ecological security barriers, contributing to an alleviation of tension in human-environment relationships. During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, it is imperative to adhere to the functional orientation …
Research On Cohesion Strategy Of Land-Sea Functional Oriented Zoning Based On Perspective Of Land-Sea Coordination, Chengjin Wang, Zhaoyang He
Research On Cohesion Strategy Of Land-Sea Functional Oriented Zoning Based On Perspective Of Land-Sea Coordination, Chengjin Wang, Zhaoyang He
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The marine-terrestrial interlaced zone serves as a crucial spatial hub linking the functional zoning of both land and sea areas. Optimizing the ecological function, economic function, and national security function of the marine-terrestrial interlaced zone is of significant importance for promoting the coordination between land and sea functional oriented zoning and achieving their mutual beneficial interaction. It also contributes to enhancing the economic, social, and environmental benefits, effectively allocating resources, and advancing social sustainability. Building upon the clarification of the current development status and characteristics of China’s marine-terrestrial interlaced zone, the research systematically examines the key issues existing in the …
Layout Of Comprehensive Functional Regions And Recent Regional Guidelines In China, Fengjun Jin, Zhuo Chen, Jie Fan
Layout Of Comprehensive Functional Regions And Recent Regional Guidelines In China, Fengjun Jin, Zhuo Chen, Jie Fan
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The overall strategy of the “four major sectors”, the regional major strategies and the major functional oriented zoning strategy have strongly supported the regional coordinated development in China. However, it also brings the risk of exacerbating the imbalance and incoordination of regional development due to strategic differences and segmentation. Based on an analysis of the trends in regional coordinated development in China, this study puts forward the layout of China’s comprehensive function regions, which divides the mainland of China into 10 regions: the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region, the middle reaches of Yangtze River basin, the upper reaches …
Establishing Networked Territorial Spatial Pattern To Serve New Development Pattern, Jiaming Li, Jiaoe Wang
Establishing Networked Territorial Spatial Pattern To Serve New Development Pattern, Jiaming Li, Jiaoe Wang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
A networked territorial spatial pattern, centered around major strategic corridors, plays a crucial role in supporting the construction of the new dual-circulation development pattern. The “Two Horizontals and Three Verticals” major strategic corridors that have been formed can effectively promote the concentration of socio-economic factors in major urban agglomerations. However, there exists a mismatch between the north-south vertical strategic corridors and the east-west socio-economic linkages and transportation corridors. Besides, the existing strategic corridors lack sufficient horizontal support for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, and the land and sea corridors exhibit weak horizontal driving effect and insufficient connection with external corridors. “Three …
Comparison Of Open Sharing Modes Of Foreign Large-Scale Scientific Facilities And Implications For China, Dacheng Song, Shuai Xiao, Tianming Li, Ke Wen, Dingyi You, Chen Zhang, Qiang Wei, Runtong Guo
Comparison Of Open Sharing Modes Of Foreign Large-Scale Scientific Facilities And Implications For China, Dacheng Song, Shuai Xiao, Tianming Li, Ke Wen, Dingyi You, Chen Zhang, Qiang Wei, Runtong Guo
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The open sharing of large-scale scientific facilities plays a pivotal role in the ecosystem of open science. This is of great significance for promoting the development of science and technology, enhancing innovation cooperation, and boosting the overall competitive strength of nations. Starting from two dimensions of resource scarcity and sustainability, this study systematically sorts out four open sharing modes of large-scale scientific facilities: the public and inclusive sharing mode, the market response sharing mode, the intensive guarantee sharing mode, and the Strategic Cooperation Sharing Mode. Through the comparison analysis of four foreign large-scale scientific facilities, the study further elaborates the …
Build Regional Strategic Emerging Industry Selection System For Major Scientific And Technological Infrastructure: Structural Framework And Practical Consideration, Lingling Zhang, Congli Huang, Feite Zhou, Xiang Xu, Long Liu
Build Regional Strategic Emerging Industry Selection System For Major Scientific And Technological Infrastructure: Structural Framework And Practical Consideration, Lingling Zhang, Congli Huang, Feite Zhou, Xiang Xu, Long Liu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Under the circumstances of a new wave of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, it has become imperative for the government’s industrial planning to effectively integrate regional resources with scientific and technological innovation capabilities, identify suitable regional strategic emerging industries, and establish clear directions for industrial development. Drawing on various classical theories of industrial selection from the perspectives of industrial economics and management, this research comprehensively considers six dimensions: technical support capacity of facilities, potential for industrial upgrading, regional resource endowment, social demands, government, and opportunities. Based on the Porter Diamond Model, a robust system is developed to select …
Research On Integration Of Innovation Chain, Industrial Chain, Fund Chain, And Talent Chain, Changhong Nie, Feijie Zhao, Chuan Li, Tong Chen
Research On Integration Of Innovation Chain, Industrial Chain, Fund Chain, And Talent Chain, Changhong Nie, Feijie Zhao, Chuan Li, Tong Chen
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Promoting the integrated development of innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain is of great significance to the high-quality development of the economy, and its essence is to reduce the various barriers faced by the flow of innovation elements across organizational boundaries, improve the allocation efficiency, better stimulate the main role of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, and enhance the overall efficiency of the national innovation system. This study analyzes “four chain” integration and puts forward the following suggestions. First, promote the systematic layout and systematic implementation of scientific and technological innovation policies. Second, explore the construction …
Research On Evolution And Countermeasures Of International Technology Export Controls, Defang He, Guangjian Li, Fuqiang Tang, Fangjuan Yang
Research On Evolution And Countermeasures Of International Technology Export Controls, Defang He, Guangjian Li, Fuqiang Tang, Fangjuan Yang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Imposing strict export control on technologies related to national security and interests is common international practice. In recent years, with the increasingly fierce international competition, developed countries and regions such as the United States, Europe, and Japan are adjusting their technology export control policies. On the basis of summarizing the evolution of technology export control system in major developed countries and regions, this study mainly analyzes the latest trend of technology export control of western countries such as the United States and its impact on China’s science and technology innovation. Finally, countermeasures and policy suggestions are put forward from the …
Policy Research On Allocation Of Science And Technology Funds For State Key Laboratory After Reorganization, Bo Zhang, Xue Wang, Congli Sun
Policy Research On Allocation Of Science And Technology Funds For State Key Laboratory After Reorganization, Bo Zhang, Xue Wang, Congli Sun
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The state key laboratory is an important component of the national strategic scientific and technological strength. The CPC Central Committee made a major decision to reorganize the state key laboratory system, proposed to increase investment in the reorganized state key laboratory, and to reform support policies. Aiming to achieve sci-tech self-reliance and self-strengthening at higher levels, studying the funds allocation of state key laboratory in the new era has important practical and far-reaching significance. In the previous practice, China’s allocation of funds for state key laboratory has 4 problems, such as weak correlation between fund allocation and the mission orientation …
Reflections On Empowering China’S Digital Economy To Enhance International Competitiveness Through Tax System Reform, Yang Xue, Lina Hu
Reflections On Empowering China’S Digital Economy To Enhance International Competitiveness Through Tax System Reform, Yang Xue, Lina Hu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
At present, promoting the continuous improvement of the international competitiveness of the digital economy has become a new track for countries to compete. The study stands that the tax reform in the digital economy era is based on the accelerated evolution from the industrial economy to the digital economy, the wider application scenarios of digital technology, and the continuous improvement of the breadth and depth of digital infrastructure coverage. This study analyzes the problems arising from the development of the digital economy at this stage, such as the decline in the regulatory role of traditional tax functions, the loss of …
Cultivation Of Scientific And Technological Innovation Talents For The Belt And Road Initiative: China’S Advantages, Challenges And Critical Paths, Jin Qin, Shixin Tan, Yizhu Shen, Liuzhu Gong, Jianxun Chu, Liangchen Fan, Xinhe Bao
Cultivation Of Scientific And Technological Innovation Talents For The Belt And Road Initiative: China’S Advantages, Challenges And Critical Paths, Jin Qin, Shixin Tan, Yizhu Shen, Liuzhu Gong, Jianxun Chu, Liangchen Fan, Xinhe Bao
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Scientific and technological talents are critical resources to China and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Although China is the most favorable destination country for overseas students in Asia, it is facing increasing global competition for talents, especially from the developed countries that have introduced policies to attract international students and scientific and technological innovation talents, China highly needs to figure out how to attract more high-quality foreign students and talents, and how to cultivate more innovation talents to serve the Belt and Road development. This study first evaluates science and education rankings of the Belt and Road countries and …
Innovation Ecosystem Of Future Industry: Structure And Path, Junkai Li, Fei Gao, Yi Gong
Innovation Ecosystem Of Future Industry: Structure And Path, Junkai Li, Fei Gao, Yi Gong
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The innovation ecosystem of future industry faces great challenge in multiple dimensions such as systematic structure, function, and path for the continuous emergence and breakthrough of cutting-edge basic knowledge. Based on the theories of natural ecosystem and innovation system, this study builds a future industrial innovation ecosystem structure framework consisting of frontier knowledge creation community, application scenario transformation community, and industrial value realization community with consideration of the characteristics and evolution laws of future industry. In such innovation ecosystem, promising government and entrepreneurial spirit are important entity and key element, and policies for incubating and developing future industry should focus …
Strengthen Basic Research Capacity Of Enterprises And Make Up For Shortcoming Of National Innovation System, Xielin Liu, Xinzhi Chang, Peipei Yang
Strengthen Basic Research Capacity Of Enterprises And Make Up For Shortcoming Of National Innovation System, Xielin Liu, Xinzhi Chang, Peipei Yang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Basic research is the source of technological innovation, and currently, public research entities are the main force behind basic research. However, demand-driven research in the Pasteur quadrant and Edison quadrant requires firms to play a major role. The experience of the United States has shown that large firms can directly bridge the gap between science and industrial demand, improve industrial competitiveness, and the key lies in improving their scientific capabilities. Encouraging large firms to invest in demand-driven basic research can accelerate the transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements, increase the industrialization of basic research, and fill the demand-side …
Path And Required Environment For Growth Of Innovative Talents In The New Era, Tao Dai, Jie Song, Bo Zhang, Weiqiang Chen, Kaihua Chen
Path And Required Environment For Growth Of Innovative Talents In The New Era, Tao Dai, Jie Song, Bo Zhang, Weiqiang Chen, Kaihua Chen
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
From Strategic Emerging Industries To Future Industries: New Directions, New Problems And New Ideas, Jiaofeng Pan, Xiaoming Wang, Junbo Xue, Hua Shen
From Strategic Emerging Industries To Future Industries: New Directions, New Problems And New Ideas, Jiaofeng Pan, Xiaoming Wang, Junbo Xue, Hua Shen
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The development from strategic emerging industries to future industries reflects the development trend of global science and technology frontier, and it is more a new need to build a new engine for industrial upgrading and build a new development pattern in China. In the process of gradual development and breeding of future industries, strategic emerging industries continue to open up new directions and expand new fields, while they also bring new problems and new requirements for original innovation, factor market and industrial ecology. Focusing on these new requirements and problems, this study puts forward policy recommendations, namely enhancing the original …
Construction Of Talent Highland And Modernization Of Science And Technology In China, Yongnian Zheng
Construction Of Talent Highland And Modernization Of Science And Technology In China, Yongnian Zheng
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
Layout And Suggestions On China’S Science And Technology Innovation Centers At Different Levels, Wenzhong Zhang
Layout And Suggestions On China’S Science And Technology Innovation Centers At Different Levels, Wenzhong Zhang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Science and technology innovation center plays an important role in transforming the mode of economic development and enhancing industrial competitiveness. The formation and development of science and technology innovation center depend on the gathering of innovative talents, the support of first-rate universities and research institutions, and the cooperation and mutual promotion between innovation organizations and enterprises. In the course of future development, China should build a multi-level network system of science and technology innovation centers with international centers which can connect to global innovation networks, national centers which are capable of leading national science and technology research and development and …
Follow Principles Of Research And Grow Up By Practicing—On Growth Of Young Talents In Science And Technology, Yungang Bao
Follow Principles Of Research And Grow Up By Practicing—On Growth Of Young Talents In Science And Technology, Yungang Bao
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
Essence, Alienation And Regression Of Title Of Scientific And Technological Talents, Qiang Bai
Essence, Alienation And Regression Of Title Of Scientific And Technological Talents, Qiang Bai
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The management and use of the title of scientific and technological talents is related to the strategic planning of building a strong country in science and technology. In recent years, people have been widely criticized for the problems in the use of the titles of scientific and technological talents, and the whole society has been deeply worried about the management of many titles of scientific and technological talents. Therefore, it has important theoretical and practical value to systematically study the historical origin, connotation essence, and alienation of the title of scientific and technological talents, and find the way to return …
Research Of S&T And Financing Integration Development From Innovation Chain Perspective, Yingming Li, Qian Li, Ying Wang
Research Of S&T And Financing Integration Development From Innovation Chain Perspective, Yingming Li, Qian Li, Ying Wang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
S&T and financing integration contributes to improve innovation efficiency and expand profit margin of financial capital. With the shortening transformation period from basic research into practical productive force, this integration extends to the front of the innovation chain. Dominant position in foundation innovation is becoming the focus of major country competition. From the perspective of innovation chain, this study puts forwards a logical framework of S&T and financing integration. For different innovation stages, the study analyzes the technology innovation goals, industrial development characteristics, and the rules of capital operation. Based on the co-evolution processes of S&T and financing, suggestions of …
Constructing Supportive Institutional System To Attract Social Investments To Fund Scientific Research, Ying Wang, Jialing Lyu, Yingming Li, Wei Xue
Constructing Supportive Institutional System To Attract Social Investments To Fund Scientific Research, Ying Wang, Jialing Lyu, Yingming Li, Wei Xue
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Innovation always originates from scientific research (basic research and applied research). Investing in scientific research can create new products and new industries, and bring continuous and huge profit. It appeals to a wide range of social investment from market to fund scientific research in recent years. Such economical return, however, is often thwarted by the high risk and uncertainty of scientific research. The main obstacle to the social investments funding scientific research is analyzed in this paper and then some examples are presented as well. It illustrates that it is crucial for public policy to shorten the gap between the …
Deepen Combination Of Science, Technology And Finance To Empower Enterprises To Carry Out High-Quality Innovation, Wei Xue, Beibei Hu, Shijie Wei
Deepen Combination Of Science, Technology And Finance To Empower Enterprises To Carry Out High-Quality Innovation, Wei Xue, Beibei Hu, Shijie Wei
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
China has been promoting the combination of science, technology and finance for more than 40 years. A sci-tech finance system covering different links of enterprise technological innovations has been built. However, considering the new situation in the new era of highquality development in China, sci-tech finance is facing major challenges and growing problems, and urgently needs to be further upgraded and developed. This study puts forward four suggestions. First, it suggests improving the financial system based on the law of innovation, so as to build a sci-tech finance system with differentiated positioning and integrated links. Second, it recommends innovating the …
Research On Strategic Transformation Of Consumer Goods Standardization For The New Development Stage, Shengnan Ma, Xuhua Wang, Ximin Sun, Yanbing Du, Ling Yan, Yi Sun
Research On Strategic Transformation Of Consumer Goods Standardization For The New Development Stage, Shengnan Ma, Xuhua Wang, Ximin Sun, Yanbing Du, Ling Yan, Yi Sun
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Small products and large integration of consumer goods is a tangible carrier reflecting a country's innovation capacity, manufacturing capacity and international competitiveness, and a physical embodiment of meeting people's needs for a better life. The marketization of China's consumer goods industry developed early and has played a leading role in stimulating the domestic cycle and promoting the international cycle for a long time. The standardization of consumer goods and industrial practice have been coordinating with each other and making mutual adaptations from the beginning, and have gone through the stages from scratch, to fast development and to sound development. This …