Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

The New Gender Panic In Sport: Why State Laws Banning Transgender Athletes Are Unconstitutional, Deborah Brake

Articles

The scope and pace of legislative activity targeting transgender individuals is nothing short of a gender panic. From restrictions on medical care to the regulation of library books and the use of pronouns in schools, attacks on the transgender community have reached crisis proportions. A growing number of families with transgender children are being forced to leave their states of residence to keep their children healthy and their families safe and intact. The breadth and pace of these developments is striking. Although the anti-transgender backlash now extends broadly into health and family governance, sport was one of the first settings—the …

50 Years Of Title Ix And Women's Athletics At Holy Cross, Archives & Distinctive Collections, Lisa Villa

Exhibits

Two major events in 1972 brought major changes to the College of the Holy Cross: the passing of Title IX and the admission of women as students. This exhibit commmemorates the 50th anniversary of Title IX and continues the celebration of the 50th anniversary of coeducation at Holy Cross by highlighting the founding and growth of women’s athletics at the College.

It’S Complicated: Field Hockey And Feminism In The United States, Dara Anhouse

Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal

Only in the United States is field hockey considered a "women's sport," and the story of its unusual transformation of male-dominated “hockey” from the British Isles to women’s-only “field hockey” in America reveals a deeper connection between sport, feminism, and society. A symbol of unlocked freedom for the "New Woman" at the turn of the twentieth century, under Title IX the sport becomes a case study in how gender is reproduced in modern society.

Why So Touchy? Navigating Physical Touch In The Performing Arts, Joseph Skillen, Gretchen Alterowitz, Michelle Reinken

Academic Chairpersons Conference Proceedings

Physical touch is endemic to instruction in the Performing Arts. Two Performing Arts Chairs and the University’s Title IX Coordinator share approaches and solutions to navigating challenges resulting from the use of touch in student-instructor interactions.

On Your Mark, Get Set, Gender, Emilia Vella

Senior Projects Spring 2023

Women in sport is a territory that is seldom included in politics, yet “woman,” as an identity, is one that comes with political meaning. This thesis will be discussing the inadvertent politicality of women in sport, and the legislation, as well as systems that declare the identity as so.

Title Ix's Trans Panic, Deborah L. Brake

Articles

Sport is an agent of social change, but that change does not always track in a progressive direction. Sport can be a site for contesting and reversing the gains of progressive social movements as much as furthering the values of equality and justice for historically marginalized groups. This dynamic of contestation and reversal is now playing out in a new wave of anti-transgender backlash that has gained adherents among some proponents of equal athletic opportunities for girls and women. In this latest twist in the debate over who deserves the opportunity to compete, the sex-separate athletic programming permitted by Title …

Is Title Ix Enough?: Analyzing Feelings Of Institutional Betrayal Among College Students Who Experienced Sexual Assault, Zoe N. Kross

Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Honors Projects

Institutional Betrayal reflects the failures of an institution to accurately prevent or respond to students after sexual violence has occurred. Previous literature shows that survivors of sexual assault are at an increased risk of PTSD and anxiety. The goal of this study was to understand what supportive services Macalester survivors want/need and to analyze if students feel supported by their institution. Grounded in analyses of the domestic violence movement, hookup and rape culture, the neuroscience of trauma, the history of Title IX, and commonly used survivor support services, the goal of this study was to understand what survivors of sexual …

Title Ix: An Analysis Of Its Effects On Collegiate Athletics, Hanna Laube

Honors Projects

Title IX has had a monumental impact on the development of women’s opportunities in sports. I conducted three interviews with women athletes who competed in college from 1967-71, 1995-99, and 2009-2014. I also analyzed some primary research on how female athletes remember Title IX and some secondary research on remembering Title IX. In the interviews I found that all the athletes were very appreciative of Title IX, but did not know much about it and therefore could not think very critically about it. In contrast, scholars were very critical of Title IX and pointed out the shortcomings in the law. …

Sexism In High Level Sports Organizations, Wilma Jalisa Davis

Women’s Leadership

Title IX was implemented in 1972 to counter discrimination against women. This included women throughout various levels and systems including athletics. Title IX states that in order to receive federal funding assistance, programs and organizations must ban sex discrimination in order to do so. While Title IX has progressed participation rates of girls and women in sports, it has done little to increase and elevate women in leadership positions. Despite an unprecedented amount of women participating in college sports, women are not provided the same opportunities to chase positions in sports administration or coaching (Lanser, 2017). There have been almost …

Building Our Own Houses: Aapis In Congress, Daenerys Pineda

CMC Senior Theses

During the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-Asian hate peaked and came to national attention. Given the country-wide scope of this issue, a potential avenue for its address is through federal representatives, and particularly through those representatives who identify as Asian-American. This community’s political participation began long before 2020, and this thesis evaluates how Asian-American representatives have provided meaningful political representation in various situations for a national Asian-American constituency. For the purpose of this thesis, I define substantive representation as an action of a representative, using their particular political powers and privileges, in the interest of their constituents. I conduct three case studies …

Student Wins Valley Pitch Contest

St. Norbert Times

News

• Student Wins Valley Pitch Contest
• Our Fragile Democracy: A Conversation
• Music, Movements and Manhood
• Fr. Gregory Boyle Talks Love, Tenderness

Opinion

• The Road to Voting Rights For All
• When Does a Coach Cross the Line
• Why Are You Here?
• In-Person vs. Online College
• The Internal Struggle of Politics
• Top Mental Health Apps of 2020

Features

• SNC Goes Green with Eco Club
• A Fond Farewell to Hessica Horton

Entertainment

• Student Spotlight
• Book Review: “180 Seconds” by Jessica Park
• Three Music Artists For Late Fall and Early Winter
• Hypnosis Mic - Division Rap Battle - Rhyme Anime
• Weekly Review of “The …

Snc Fights Covid-19 Pandemic

St. Norbert Times

• News
  • SNC Fights COVID-19 Pandemic
  • Dining Services Donate Meals
  • A Night of Hope
  • Athletes React to Abrupt Season End
  • SNC’s New Hire: Title IX Coordinator
• Opinion
  • Through the Eyes of a Knight
  • The Podomoro Technique
  • The Unanswerable Question
  • Do We Need All of This?
  • Successful Business during a Pandemic
• Features
  • Absence and Essence
  • Adventures from Home
  • SNC Students Adopt Animals
• Entertainment
  • Student Spotlight
  • Word Search
  • Did You Know???
  • How Disney Hurts the Film Industry
  • Best Non-Disney Animated Movies
  • Five Book Recommendations for Quarantine
  • The Future of the Film Industry
  • New on Netflix
  • Junk Drawer: Catch-up During Quarantine
  • “Parks and Rec” …

Father Ciferni Takes The Chair

St. Norbert Times

• News
  • Father Ciferni Takes the Chair
  • Knight Theater’s Tuck Everlasting
  • Making a Difference
  • College’s Against Cancer’s Hope Dinner
• Opinion
  • America’s Call Out Culture
  • Knowing Useful Stuff
  • Positivity in Social Media
  • Guatemalan Crime and Corruption
  • A Weird Winter Break Experience
• Features
  • What to Do Amidst All the Snow
  • Get Your Hands on ‘Handshake!’
  • Sensenbrenner Goes Co-Ed
• Entertainment
  • Student Spotlight
  • Word Search
  • Did you Know???
  • Music Recommendation: Sammy Rae & The Friends
  • Greatest Movies of the 2010s
  • Favorite Christmas Movies and Music
  • Upcoming Events
  • Movies in Theaters
  • Upcoming Movies
  • Junk Drawer
  • “The Lady and the Tramp” Review
• Sports
  • Men’s Volleyball Falls In …

Reproducing Inequality Under Title Ix, Deborah L. Brake, Joanna L. Grossman

Articles

This article elaborates on and critiques the law’s separation of pregnancy, with rights grounded in sex equality under Title IX, from reproductive control, which the law treats as a matter of privacy, a species of liberty under the due process clause. While pregnancy is the subject of Title IX protection, reproductive control is parceled off into a separate legal framework grounded in privacy, rather than recognized as a matter that directly implicates educational equality. The law’s division between educational equality and liberty in two non-intersecting sets of legal rights has done no favors to the reproductive rights movement either. By …

A Call For Transparency

St. Norbert Times

• News
  • A Call for Transparency
  • Alan Nadel on “The Piano Lesson”
  • Does God Exist?
• Opinion
  • America First
  • Speak Up
  • Intercultural Views on the Family
  • Afghanistan: Fight for Peace
  • Are You an Active Citizen?
  • What’s the Most Wonderful Time of The Year?
• Features
  • College Traditions Revealed
  • Finals 101 for First Years
  • Native American Heritage Month
• Entertainment
  • Student Spotlight
  • Word Search
  • Did You Know???
  • A Review (and Eulogy) of “Lodge 49”
  • Book Review: “Ninth House” by Leigh Bardugo
  • Lionsgate Adapting Tamora Pierce’s “Tortall” Series
  • Junk Drawer: Worst Thanksgiving Food
  • “The Curse of Oak Island”: Top 5 Finds
• Sports
  • Alysa Liu: American Skating …

Conversation Over Controversy

St. Norbert Times

• News
  • Conversation Over Controversy
  • The 30^th Tail of the Fox Regatta
  • Run for Lungs
  • Week of Homecoming Recap
  • Tom Kunkel on the Man on Fire
• Opinion
  • Celebrities Are Just Like Us, Right?
  • It’s Okay Not to be Okay
  • Finding Beauty in New Ways
  • The Everlasting Struggle of the Kurdish People
  • Finding Myself
  • War, Revolution and Love
• Features
  • Growing to Our Highest Potential
  • Why Luna=Local
  • Finding Religion Through Art
• Entertainment
  • Student Spotlight
  • Word Search
  • Did You Know??
  • Book Review: “Recursion” by Black Crouch
  • What to Watch This Fall
  • “Destiny 2: Shadowkeep” Review
  • “Civil War”: The Best… in Audio
  • Junk Drawer: …

Title Ix And The Responsibility Of Leadership In Collegiate Athletics, Regan J. Mccomb, Chelsea Kaunert

Honors Theses

Typically, when we hear about Title IX, we think of scholarship dollars, ratio of men’s and women’s sports, and equal funding, but in the past several years we have seen a shift in focus to sexual misconduct. Studies have repeatedly shown that sexual assault rates on college campuses are not on the decline. With one in five college students graduating a victim of sexual misconduct, we must now demand more of those we consider leadership in the university setting. Recently we have seen a trend of prominent women, including female athletes, speaking out about their experience with sexual assault. We …

Joking Hazard Brings Comedy To Snc

St. Norbert Times

• News
  • Joking Hazard Brings Comedy to SNC
  • Honoring Survivors: Sexual Assault Awareness Month
  • Teaching Tunnel: An Oxfam Event
  • Video Games for Charity
• Opinion
  • A Letter to a Letter
  • Sri Lanka and the Easter Bombings
  • Comedic Master
  • Sophomore Year: In Reflection
  • Freshman Year: In Reflection
• Features
  • Senior Reflection: Riley Haas
  • Senior Reflection: Nicole Fellrath
  • Senior Reflection: Caitlin McCauley
  • A College Student’s Guide to Spring Cleaning
  • Let’s Talk Safety: Alertus App
  • Legally Worm
• Entertainment
  • Junk Drawer: Favorite Campus Event This Year
  • Sudoku
  • Trivia
  • The Top Five Episodes of “The 100”
  • Spending Time on a Rainy Day
  • The Unprecedented Game of Thrones Final …

Ix: Story About The Law Of Non-Discrimination - Documentary, Denzel Jenkins

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this project is to provide historical awareness for how Title IX, the anti-gender discrimination law in education, evolved to where it is today and the impact it has on universities in the United States. Strong-willed individuals sought change in the late 1960s and 1970s to prevent gender discrimination in education, thus beginning the creation of the law and making it a powerful tool for women’s rights. As Title IX expanded its reach, universities have been shaped by gender discrimination in athletics, sexual assault, harassment and rape. This project outlines the evolution of Title IX through research based …

"Master Chef" With Chan And Mann

St. Norbert Times

• News
  • “Master Chef” with Chan and Mann
  • Callaghan Speaks as Ambassador of Peace
  • Demand for Clarity of Title IX
  • Roundtable: Opening a Dialogue
  • Dance Marathon Coming up Soon
  • 2018 Academic Honor Code Review
• Opinion
  • Anger Becomes Action
  • #WontBeErased
  • It’s That Time of Year
  • The Importance of Hobbies
  • Wicca
  • Abortion: The Central Issue
• Features
  • Hallowed Haunts of Green Bay
  • Saving Earth One Meeting at a Time
  • Run for Lungs 5K
• Entertainment
  • Event Spotlight
  • Sudoku
  • Trivia
  • What Happened to the Music Industry
  • Album Review: “Birthplace” by Novo Amor
  • Reminiscence of “The Flintstones”
  • “Chronicles of Narnia” Series in the Works at Netflix
  • Junk …

Keeping Safe On Campus

St. Norbert Times

• News
  • Keeping Safe on Campus
  • SNC Political Life: Promoting voting
  • SNC’s Heroes Without Capes
  • Seeing Signs on Campus Plants?
• Opinion
  • Hello, My Name Is…
  • Today, I am Angry
  • The Kavanaugh Accusations
  • Go Vote!
  • Sudoku
  • Trivia
  • “Maximum Ride”
• Features
  • Playing for a Cure
  • Let’s talk about Title IX
• Entertainment
  • Event Spotlight
  • Book Review: “Heretics Anonymous” by Katie Henry
  • “Game of Thrones” Spinoff Prequel
  • Classics Review: “The White Album”- The Beatles
  • Junk Drawer: Fall Films We Want to See
• Sports
  • SNC Football Sets Record
  • Athlete Spotlight: Graceanna Tarsa
  • SNC Radio Features New Sports Talk Shows
  • Athlete Spotlight: Ben Prange
  • Bored?
  • Green Knights …

Ncaa Fbi Probe, Candace N. Means

Student Publications

The article discusses the FBI probe as well as a list of other scandals that have risen from the investigation such as the debate as to whether to pay student athletes, the NCAA's aim to stress academics over athletics, the NCAA's transfer rules, and the one-and-done rule. The article also emphasizes the lack of emphasis on female athletes in the media and unfair treatment in relationship to Title XI.

One Team: A Historical Analysis Of Inequalities Between Men's And Women's Professional Soccer, Allyson O. Braciska

Gender, Sexuality and Women's Studies Student Scholarship

The United States Soccer Federation (U.S.S.F.) governs the sport of soccer at the youth recreational, teen elite, and adult professional levels, and is one of the few organizations in the country that governs both the men’s and women’s sides of the respective sport. This paper examines differences between U.S. men's and women's soccer at the adult professional and identifies areas of discrimination based on gender. Inequalities experienced by women coaches and players include wage disparity, a lack of television broadcasting space, differences in sponsorships and media portrayal of players, unequal playing and living conditions, a shortage of women in positions …

A Historical Case Study Of Title Ix In Nevada: An Excellent Investment In Our Youth, Jason Clark

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The purpose of this study was to examine and document the history of Title IX in the American West, specifically at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), and at Clark County School District (CCSD) in Las Vegas, Nevada. This thesis contends that since the late nineteenth-century, women have utilized sports as a method to shed discriminatory stereotypes, fight for inclusion, and promote gender equality. In addition, the progressive actions of educational administrators and community leaders regarding Title IX make both UNR and CCSD exceptional institutions for gender equality. This thesis contains six chapters including the introduction and conclusion. Chapter 1 …

"Female Athlete" Politic Title Ix And The Naturalization Of Sex Difference In Public Policy, Elizabeth Sharrow

Elizabeth Sharrow

A Content Analysis Of Gender-Specific Media Coverage Of Sport: Ncaa Athletic Department Home Webpages, Margo R. Malik

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Studies have found that media coverage of women’s sports is inadequate when compared with coverage of men’s sports. The results of these studies have revealed inadequacies in terms of amount of coverage as well as type of coverage. Findings demonstrate that there is a certain way media frame female athletes when they are covered. Female athletes are often portrayed in overly sexualized images, as feminine role models, as passive rather than active, and in sports that are considered gender-appropriate. These types of portrayals can perpetuate gender bias and stereotypes, undermine the true athletic ability of female athletes, and give the …

The Trouble With 'Bureaucracy', Deborah L. Brake

Articles

Despite heightened public concern about the prevalence of sexual assault in higher education and the stepped-up efforts of the federal government to address it, new stories from survivors of sexual coercion and rape, followed by institutional betrayal, continue to emerge with alarming frequency. More recently, stories of men found responsible and harshly punished for such conduct in sketchy campus procedures have trickled into the public dialogue, forming a counter-narrative in the increasingly polarized debate over what to do about sexual assault on college campuses. Into this frayed dialogue, Jeannie Suk and Jacob Gersen have contributed a provocative new article criticizing …

Lessons From The Gender Equality Movement: Using Title Ix To Foster Inclusive Masculinities In Men's Sport, Deborah L. Brake

Articles

This article was written for a symposium issue in Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice on the topic of LGBT inclusion in sports. The symposium, which was held at the University of Minnesota Law School in November of 2015, was precipitated by the controversy that erupted when NFL player Chris Kluwe sued and settled with the Minnesota Vikings for allegedly firing him over his outspoken support for marriage equality. The article situates the Chris Kluwe controversy in the broader context of masculinity in men’s sports. At a time when support for LGBT rights has resulted in striking …

Consent, Culpability, And The Law Of Rape, Kimberly Kessler Ferzan

All Faculty Scholarship

This Article explores the relationship between consent and culpability. The goal is to present a thorough exposition of the tradeoffs at play when the law adopts different conceptions of consent. After describing the relationship between culpability, wrongdoing, permissibility, and consent, I argue that the best conception of consent—one that reflects what consent really is—is the conception of willed acquiescence. I then contend that to the extent that affirmative consent standards are aimed at protecting defendants, this can be better achieved through mens rea provisions. I then turn to the current victim-protecting impetus for affirmative expression standards, specifically, requirements that the …

Running Through Gender: Exploring The Effects Of Hegemonic Masculinity And Femininity On Gettysburg Cross Country Athletes, Olivia D. Powell

Student Publications

The general consensus regarding athletic participation is that it is beneficial to a person’s overall well being. The Women’s Sports Foundation states that girls and women who play sports have higher levels of confidence and self-esteem, lower levels of depression, a more positive body image, and experience higher states of psychological well-being than girls and women who do not play sports. In fact, girls who play sports are more likely to get better grades in school, and are more likely to graduate than girls who do not play sports.1 These statements are circulated as being universal truths. Despite many studies …