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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Sharing Teaching Resources, Russ Pennell Dec 2007

Sharing Teaching Resources, Russ Pennell

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

UOW established a digital repository (or CMS) in 2006 to manage and deliver digital learning resources, for use initially by the UOW's Graduate School of Medicine (GSM) and delivered through Blackboard Vista. The system (Equella by TLE) is also intended to advance teaching in UOW through the sharing of teaching resources.


Encouraging Role Based Online Learning Environments, Sandra Wills, E. Devonshire, Elyssebeth Leigh, E. Rosser, J. Shepherd, A. Vincent Dec 2007

Encouraging Role Based Online Learning Environments, Sandra Wills, E. Devonshire, Elyssebeth Leigh, E. Rosser, J. Shepherd, A. Vincent

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This paper reports on progress in the first year of a two year project called Project EnROLE (Encouraging Role Based Online Learning Environments) which is funded by the Carrick Institute for Learning & Teaching in Higher Education in Australia. The project aims to link a small but growing number of university teachers who are using online role play, building them into a community via three strategies: developing a repository of sharable/reusable role play learning designs with an associated peer review process; facilitating evaluation and publication of papers about their role plays (for example the role play stream at this conference); …


Updating And 'Future-Proofing' A Rich Computer Aided Language Learning Resource, Ray Stace Nov 2007

Updating And 'Future-Proofing' A Rich Computer Aided Language Learning Resource, Ray Stace

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

A collaborative partnership that endured over nine years resulted in the establishment of a rich computer-based resource of language learning materials. While the linguistic content, the design and the activities did not age, the platform and application used to deliver were both reaching the end of their life-time. In the case of the former, Apple Computer was moving to a new operating System in OS X and at the same time, their HyperCard application was not going to be supported through the OS change and would thus fade away. All CALL resources that had been developed were Apple OS and …


Community Engagement As A Cornerstone Enabling Learning And Teaching And Research In The Post Modern World, Robbie Collins, Owen Curtis, Sue Curtis, Laurie Stevenson Nov 2007

Community Engagement As A Cornerstone Enabling Learning And Teaching And Research In The Post Modern World, Robbie Collins, Owen Curtis, Sue Curtis, Laurie Stevenson

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This paper demonstrates how community engagement can provide a cornerstone enabling research and learning and teaching to meet the challenges of relativity and uncertainty in a post modern world. In the field of education, the question of relevance is a constant criticism. If relevance is to be achieved, research and learning and teaching need to be interwoven with community and community concerns, in ways that enhance the outcomes for all stakeholders. The paper examines an academic’s university community engagement practice from a reflexive and cross disciplinary perspective. It seeks to identify the characteristics and qualities that define successful university community …


Outsourcing Open Access: Digital Commons At The University Of Wollongong, Australia, Helen E. Mandl, Michael K. Organ Nov 2007

Outsourcing Open Access: Digital Commons At The University Of Wollongong, Australia, Helen E. Mandl, Michael K. Organ

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

In October 2005 the University of Wollongong gave approval for the implementation of an institutional repository utilising Proquest’s Digital Commons software, the first such instance in Australia. The project sought, over a 2 year period, to make available online a significant portion of the university’s research output for the years 2000-5. It was envisaged that improved accessibility to journal articles and conference papers would assist in enhancing the research reputation of the university. This paper outlines why Digital Commons, re-branded as Research Online (ro.uow.edu.au), was chosen rather than an open source software solution. Issues arising from the utilisation of an …


Wollongong: From Bunker To Beauty, Felicity Mcgregor Nov 2007

Wollongong: From Bunker To Beauty, Felicity Mcgregor

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

A transformation is taking place at the University of Wollongong Library. An extension to the building is adding 2,000 square metres of space across three floors and visually changing the façade from a heavy bunker to a light-filled, transparent space. As the extension project progresses, the impact on both the exterior and interior are increasingly evident. The pebblecrete slabs that were suspended over the top floor and appeared to press the brick walls into the ground have been removed. A number of small shrubs and trees obscuring the building have gone. A soaring portico roof now provides shade for the …


Major Changes Lead To Customer Satisfaction At Wollongong Uni, Margie H. Jantti, Claire Collett Sep 2007

Major Changes Lead To Customer Satisfaction At Wollongong Uni, Margie H. Jantti, Claire Collett

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

Sustaining Satisfaction, a Quality and Service Excellence program (QSE), conceived in 1994, revitalised the University of Wollongong Library’s approach to the design and delivery of client service. Results of extensive ongoing market research reveal what our clients want and expect from their Library, namely friendly, knowledgeable and responsive staff, and seamless access to information resources. This has driven major change throughout all levels of the organisation, with dramatic and most importantly, sustained service improvements for clients.


Enhancing Higher Education Through Leadership Capacity Development: Progressing The Faculty Scholars Model, Geraldine E. Lefoe, H. Smigiel, Dominique R. Parrish Jul 2007

Enhancing Higher Education Through Leadership Capacity Development: Progressing The Faculty Scholars Model, Geraldine E. Lefoe, H. Smigiel, Dominique R. Parrish

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This showcase provides an overview of a leadership capacity building initiative for the scholarship of teaching through a faculty-based scholars’ network, which supports strategic change through leadership, activities embedded in authentic learning tasks. The new leaders developed through this initiative will provide a critical mass for extending the network by adopting a cascade model for distributive leadership through mentoring of future implementations within and across institutions. This showcase will provide a review of the literature, and an overview of the work in progress. It will conclude with a presentation of some guiding principles for discussion and a call for expressions …


The Carrick Exchange: Not Just Another Repository, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Meg O'Reilly, Dominique R. Parrish, S. Bennett, M. Keppell, C. Gunn Jun 2007

The Carrick Exchange: Not Just Another Repository, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Meg O'Reilly, Dominique R. Parrish, S. Bennett, M. Keppell, C. Gunn

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

In 2004, the Carrick Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education was established by the Australian government to “promote and advance learning and teaching in Australian higher education.” (Carrick Institute, 2006). One aspect of the role of this institution is to establish the Carrick Exchange, “a new online service that will provide learning and teaching resources and functions to support communication and collaboration across the national and international higher education sector” (Carrick Institute, 2007a). This paper provides an overview of the purpose of the Carrick Exchange and will focus on the research contribution of ascilite, a professional association in …


Applying Authentic Learning To Social Science: A Learning Design For An Inter-Disciplinary Sociology Subject, Fiona Borthwick, Sue Bennett, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Elaine Huber Jun 2007

Applying Authentic Learning To Social Science: A Learning Design For An Inter-Disciplinary Sociology Subject, Fiona Borthwick, Sue Bennett, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Elaine Huber

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

As universities move towards more vocationally oriented courses, students expect pedagogic practices that make closer ties to potential workplaces. The pedagogical approach of authentic learning is well suited to this purpose as it proposes an apprenticeship-type model and a model that brings simulated work tasks into the classroom. In the social sciences, authentic learning is under-utilised and under-theorised as these subject areas do not fit easily into these models. An alternative model of authentic learning aims to offer students opportunities to .enmind. the requirements of a discipline, be critically reflective about that discipline, and to develop the skills to bring …


Light From The Tunnel: Collecting The Archives Of Business And Labour At The Australian National University, 1953-2003 (Review), Michael K. Organ May 2007

Light From The Tunnel: Collecting The Archives Of Business And Labour At The Australian National University, 1953-2003 (Review), Michael K. Organ

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

In May 1986 I was one of a group of 20 University of New South Wales archive diploma students who travelled from Sydney to Canberra for a three day tour of facilities in the nation’s capital. Memorably, the bus pulled up outside the National Film and Sound Archive, an art deco building formerly housing the Institute of Anatomy, but now with yellowing posters of Chips Rafferty, Peter Finch and Dad n’ Dave lining its walls. Next stop was the suitably imposing Australian War Memorial, where we enjoyed an encounter with original war-related maps, diaries, photographs and memorabilia. The National Library …


Measurement And Milestones - Sustaining Improvement, Margie H. Jantti, Felicity Mcgregor Jan 2007

Measurement And Milestones - Sustaining Improvement, Margie H. Jantti, Felicity Mcgregor

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

Collection and interpretation of information and data were key elements in a planned change management strategy which, over a period of six years, transformed the University of Wollongong (UOW) Library’s capacity to deliver sustained organisational improvement. Early initiatives in strategic planning, performance management and staff development had delivered a number of improvements to an essentially conservative organisation. Perceptions of Library services were mostly favourable. Success was difficult to measure and promote, however, due to the lack of robust performance indicators and measures. Performance measurement focussed on inputs and outputs, primarily those considered mandatory for reporting purposes, with little or no …


Ascilite Report 1 For The Carrick Exchange Project: Literature Review, R. Philip, Geraldine E. Lefoe, M. O'Reilly, Dominique R. Parrish Jan 2007

Ascilite Report 1 For The Carrick Exchange Project: Literature Review, R. Philip, Geraldine E. Lefoe, M. O'Reilly, Dominique R. Parrish

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

To inform the design and development of the Carrick Exchange, the Carrick Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education required research into the prospective user needs, contexts of use and policies necessary to facilitate engagement of the higher education sector with the Carrick Exchange. The data collection and analysis for this research included an extensive literature review, the substance of which forms this report. This document provides an overview of the significant literature relevant to the research conducted by ascilite and should be read in conjunction with the final report. Additional literature can be found in Appendix A: Additional …


Moving Towards A University-Wide Implementation Of An Eportfolio Tool, S. R. Lambert, L. E. Corrin Jan 2007

Moving Towards A University-Wide Implementation Of An Eportfolio Tool, S. R. Lambert, L. E. Corrin

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

The University of Wollongong has been strategically exploring ePortfolios since 2002. Building on lessons learnt from student trials across two different disciplines in 2002/3 and 2006, the project team is on the verge of implementing a university wide ePortfolio tool customisable for all students across all faculties. This paper describes the steps taken on the road thus far, including a description and justification of a new project structure and consultative framework developed to guide the implementation.


Ascilite Report 3 For The Carrick Exchange Project: Themes, Issues And Concerns Emerging Through Focus Groups, R. Philip, Dominique R. Parrish, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Meg O'Reilly Jan 2007

Ascilite Report 3 For The Carrick Exchange Project: Themes, Issues And Concerns Emerging Through Focus Groups, R. Philip, Dominique R. Parrish, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Meg O'Reilly

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This document reports on the findings of three focus groups conducted with key practitioners from the Australian higher education sector for the ascilite sub-project of the Carrick Exchange development. It continues to explore emerging themes, issues and concerns, building on the findings of ascilite Report 1. The analysis is one of several data gathering methods implemented as part of the ascilite Stage 2 sub-project research. The analysis of three focus groups with a total of twenty-two participants, follows the report of individual interviews conducted with a separate group of twenty-nine key practitioners from the higher education sector and the Vocational, …


Ascilite Report 4 For The Carrick Exchange Project: Final Report, R. Philip, Dominique R. Parrish, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Meg O'Reilly Jan 2007

Ascilite Report 4 For The Carrick Exchange Project: Final Report, R. Philip, Dominique R. Parrish, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Meg O'Reilly

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

Whilst the development of repositories for sharing learning and teaching resources has expanded considerably in the last few years in Australia, many repositories have a particular institutional or discipline focus. In Australia there is no dedicated national repository or community available for the higher education sector that provides a cross disciplinary forum for sharing ideas and resources about learning and teaching, and for cross-institutional collaboration. The Carrick Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education is well placed to address this gap by developing the Carrick Exchange (see Phillips, Orrell & Millea, 2007). Utilising the current expansion and availability of …


Community, Exchange And Diversity: The Carrick Exchange, R. Philip, Geraldine E. Lefoe, M. O'Reilly, Dominique R. Parrish Jan 2007

Community, Exchange And Diversity: The Carrick Exchange, R. Philip, Geraldine E. Lefoe, M. O'Reilly, Dominique R. Parrish

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

The Carrick Exchange is a significant new online service that will provide communication and collaboration services, and learning and teaching resources across the Australian and international higher education sectors. The Carrick Exchange is sponsored by the Carrick Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. It is for those who teach, manage and lead learning and teaching in Australian higher education. The Carrick Exchange aims to provide access to quality learning materials and resources; information about new technologies and ideas that impact on teaching practice and student learning; opportunities for academic and support staff to network with others, comment on …


New Technologies, New Pedagogies: Using Scenarios For Staff Development With Mobile Technologies, Geraldine E. Lefoe, I. Olney Jan 2007

New Technologies, New Pedagogies: Using Scenarios For Staff Development With Mobile Technologies, Geraldine E. Lefoe, I. Olney

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This paper explores the staff development process to engage academics in a Faculty of Education to explore new pedagogies required to incorporate the use of mobile learning technologies in teaching and learning activities with their students. Many staff acknowledged the benefits of active learning to meet the needs of millennial learners. This project sought to address ways to incorporate the everyday technologies these learners are using within the assessment process. The staff development process addressed the need for staff to own and use mobile technology in their professional and personal contexts in order to think differently about engaging their students …


Obtaining Library Qualifications Via Workplace Certification: An Innovative Professional Development Program To Inform And Inspire Library Staff, Carolyn Werner Jan 2007

Obtaining Library Qualifications Via Workplace Certification: An Innovative Professional Development Program To Inform And Inspire Library Staff, Carolyn Werner

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

I began working at the University of Wollongong Library 12 years ago in Lending Services. Casual employment soon progressed to a limited term position and after a couple of years I was working full time in Special Collections. Our library has a strong commitment to job enrichment and when the opportunity arose a few years later to undertake a 12 month placement as a Copy Processing Officer my application was successful. Although I had no formal library qualifications, I obtained extensive on-the-job-training and support, gaining skills in copy cataloguing and end processing. A permanent position soon became available and, after …


Using Evidence And Avoiding Plagiarism E-Learning Module: Scaffolding Academic Integrity, Alisa Percy, Venkata Yanamandram, Sandra Humphrey Jan 2007

Using Evidence And Avoiding Plagiarism E-Learning Module: Scaffolding Academic Integrity, Alisa Percy, Venkata Yanamandram, Sandra Humphrey

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This paper describes the collaborative design, implementation and evaluation of a discipline-based eLearning module (eLM). The eLM was piloted as a mandatory but ungraded assessment task in five subjects across all years of study in the Management and Marketing specialisations, four in the Bachelor of Commerce, and one in the Master of Commerce, at the University of Wollongong. The eLM was developed in the subject’s eLearning space within the learning management system, Blackboard Vista and included a streamed lecture which provides a range of instruction and examples of how to use evidence, a link to the University’s Harvard Referencing Guidelines …


Community Engagement As A Cornerstone Enabling Learning And Teaching And Research In The Post Modern World, Robbie Collins, O. Curtis, S. Curtis, Laurie Stevenson Jan 2007

Community Engagement As A Cornerstone Enabling Learning And Teaching And Research In The Post Modern World, Robbie Collins, O. Curtis, S. Curtis, Laurie Stevenson

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This paper demonstrates how community engagement can provide a cornerstone enabling research and learning and teaching to meet the challenges of relativity and uncertainty in a post modern world. In the field of education, the question of relevance is a constant criticism. If relevance is to be achieved, research andlearning and teaching need to be interwoven with community and community concerns, in ways that enhancethe outcomes for all stakeholders. The paper examines an academic’s university community engagement practice from a reflexive and cross disciplinary perspective. It seeks to identify the characteristics and qualities that define successful university community engagement practice …


Providing Language And Academic Skills Support In A Multi-Media And Distributed Learning Environment, Jeannette Stirling, L. Celeste Rossetto Jan 2007

Providing Language And Academic Skills Support In A Multi-Media And Distributed Learning Environment, Jeannette Stirling, L. Celeste Rossetto

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

[extract] This paper examines the role of the language and academic skills (LAS) lecturer in a multi-media and geographically distributed learning environment at the University of Wollongong. By this we mean providing language and academic skills support where subjects comprising various degree programs are taught simultaneously across a range of networked satellite campuses including, at times, the central campus: hence the idea of a ‘distributed learning environment’. Subject delivery to this network of campuses is variously achieved through the use of multi-media teaching and learning technologies such as videoconferencing, web-based resources, online discussion spaces, pod-cast lectures, and face-to-face tutorials. We …


Learning Design Discussions: A Conversation Tool, Elyssebeth Leigh, Wendy Meyers, Elizabeth Rosser Jan 2007

Learning Design Discussions: A Conversation Tool, Elyssebeth Leigh, Wendy Meyers, Elizabeth Rosser

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

We begin with the premise that integrating active learning strategies into previously static modes of presenting knowledge can be complex and difficult. To reduce the complexity of the task we introduce the Learning Design Discussion Model (LDDM) for use at the beginning of collaboration by Learning Designers and Educators considering Role-Based approaches in tertiary subjects. The model helps align the core elements of a) content knowledge, b) learning objectives and c) learning design from the beginning. The model has emerged from efforts to achieve mutual agreement on use of active learning processes to support knowledge acquisition. Early trials indicate the …


E-Teaching Professional Development: Designing A Sustainable Program For Multi-Location Teachers, Wendy Meyers, Dianne Salter Jan 2007

E-Teaching Professional Development: Designing A Sustainable Program For Multi-Location Teachers, Wendy Meyers, Dianne Salter

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This poster informs the community of a project being undertaken at The University of Wollongong (UOW) to develop a program to support teachers involved in multi-location teaching. UOW has incorporated blended and distributed teaching throughout many Courses. These models rely heavily on educational technologies for delivery, as well as part time and sessional staff, for delivery. This project aims to address the needs of these staff. By examining barriers to utilisation, it will develop a professional development program that utilises flexible delivery strategies for delivery.


The Evolution Of Peer Mentoring At The University Of Western Sydney, Joanne Dearlove, Helen Farrell, Neera Handa, Cristina Pastore Jan 2007

The Evolution Of Peer Mentoring At The University Of Western Sydney, Joanne Dearlove, Helen Farrell, Neera Handa, Cristina Pastore

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

No abstract provided.


Reviewing The Progress Of A Campus-Wide E-Portfolio Rollout, Sarah R. Lambert Jan 2007

Reviewing The Progress Of A Campus-Wide E-Portfolio Rollout, Sarah R. Lambert

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This poster updates the community on the progress of the campus-wide e-portfolio rollout at the University of Wollongong, since it was reported on at the ASCILITE 2006 conference. During 2007 additional Faculties have come on board to develop a Faculty or program customised template and to release this to their students, and additional Careers Service programs have also developed e-portfolios. By August 2007 around 1200 eportfolios have been released to students and around 150 have been released to staff. 2 early adopters (teachers) have been interviewed to discuss how they integrated the eportfolio into the context of their particular subjects, …


1st, 2nd And 3rd Generation Implementations Of An Elearning Deign: Re-Use From Postgraduate Law To Block/Online Engineering Course, S. R. Lambert, C. J. Brewer Jan 2007

1st, 2nd And 3rd Generation Implementations Of An Elearning Deign: Re-Use From Postgraduate Law To Block/Online Engineering Course, S. R. Lambert, C. J. Brewer

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

In order to meet the demands of postgraduate students who were time poor and unable to regularly attend face-to-face classes, one lecturer in the Faculty Law at the University of Wollongong (UOW) sought the assistance of a Learning Designer to redesign the Postgraduate Practical Legal Training (PLT) program into a flexible blended learning format, using a block/online approach. The program used an authentic workplace-simulated model that took advantage of emerging technologies to enable effective online teaching and learning. This learning design was reused to redesign two subjects within the Postgraduate Engineering Management course. To monitor the effectiveness of this approach …


Ascilite Report On Key Practitioner Interviews For The Carrick Exchange Project, R. Philip, Dominique R. Parrish, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Meg O'Reilly Jan 2007

Ascilite Report On Key Practitioner Interviews For The Carrick Exchange Project, R. Philip, Dominique R. Parrish, Geraldine E. Lefoe, Meg O'Reilly

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This report is one of several data gathering processes implemented as part of Stage 2 of the ascilite research (January to September 2007). Full details of the ascilite project are provided in the ascilite/Carrick Exchange Proposal and Project Plan 2007. (See also reports by Phillips, Orrell and Millea (2007), and Lefoe, O'Reilly, Parrish, Bennett, Keppell and Gunn (2007)). For this segment of the research, ascilite conducted twenty-nine phone interviews with key practitioners drawn from Australian higher education, the Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector and a number of international projects. The data was analysed within a design-based research methodology. The …


Introducing Mobile Technologies: Preparatory Staff Development Issues, Ian Olney, Geraldine E. Lefoe Jan 2007

Introducing Mobile Technologies: Preparatory Staff Development Issues, Ian Olney, Geraldine E. Lefoe

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

This paper explores some of the staff development issues relating to the implementation of a mobile technology project involving academics and students in a Faculty of Education at a regional university. This project has been established to explore new pedagogies that may be associated with the use of mobile learning technologies in teaching and learning activities. The staff development process was approached through the provision of opportunity for staff to own and use mobile technology in their professional and personal contexts prior to their engagement with students. These provided a lead-up time for staff to think differently about how they …


Towards More Flexible Internal Workflow Change: Weakly Equivalence Concept For Inter-Organizational Workflow Design, Geng Liang, S. Lau Jan 2007

Towards More Flexible Internal Workflow Change: Weakly Equivalence Concept For Inter-Organizational Workflow Design, Geng Liang, S. Lau

Senior Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) - Papers

Business process management system such as workflow management system has attracted increasing research attentions in e-commerce, especially from an inter-organizational workflow perspective. When designing inter-organizational workflow, it is important to consider soundness of the workflow, which identifies whether a workflow terminates properly. The principle of local criteria ensuring global soundness can be applied to allow the soundness of the entire inter-organizational workflow to be achieved without knowing the detail workflow of every participating organization. However, this principle sometime can become too restrictive when we attempt to ensure the overall workflow is sound while changes are made to the workflow. It …