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Articles 1 - 25 of 25
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Do Slow Slip Events Trigger Large And Great Megathrust Earthquakes?, N. Voss, Timothy H. Dixon, Z. Liu, Rocco Malservisi, M. Protti, S. Schwartz
Do Slow Slip Events Trigger Large And Great Megathrust Earthquakes?, N. Voss, Timothy H. Dixon, Z. Liu, Rocco Malservisi, M. Protti, S. Schwartz
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Slow slip events have been suggested to trigger subduction earthquakes. However, examples to date have been poorly recorded, occurring offshore, where data are sparse. Better understanding of slow slip events and their influence on subsequent earthquakes is critical for hazard forecasts. We analyze a well-recorded event beginning 6 months before the 2012 Mw (moment magnitude) 7.6 earthquake in Costa Rica. The event migrates to the eventual megathrust rupture. Peak slip rate reached a maximum of 5 mm/day, 43 days before the earthquake, remaining high until the earthquake. However, changes in Mohr-Coulomb failure stress at the hypocenter were small (0.1 …
Correlates Of Rate Heterogeneity In Avian Ecomorphological Traits, A. M. Chira, C. R. Cooney, Jen A. Bright, E. J. R. Capp, E. C. Hughes, C. J. A. Moody, L. O. Nouri, Z. K. Varley, G. H. Thomas
Correlates Of Rate Heterogeneity In Avian Ecomorphological Traits, A. M. Chira, C. R. Cooney, Jen A. Bright, E. J. R. Capp, E. C. Hughes, C. J. A. Moody, L. O. Nouri, Z. K. Varley, G. H. Thomas
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Heterogeneity in rates of trait evolution is widespread, but it remains unclear which processes drive fast and slow character divergence across global radiations. Here, we test multiple hypotheses for explaining rate variation in an ecomorphological trait (beak shape) across a globally distributed group (birds). We find low support that variation in evolutionary rates of species is correlated with life history, environmental mutagenic factors, range size, number of competitors, or living on islands. Indeed, after controlling for the negative effect of species' age, 80% of variation in species‐specific evolutionary rates remains unexplained. At the clade level, high evolutionary rates are associated …
Impact Of Climate Change On The Transition Of Neanderthals To Modern Humans In Europe, Michael Staubwasser, Virgil Drăgușin, Bogdan P. Onac, Sergey Assonov, Vasile Ersek, Dirk L. Hoffman, Daniel Veres
Impact Of Climate Change On The Transition Of Neanderthals To Modern Humans In Europe, Michael Staubwasser, Virgil Drăgușin, Bogdan P. Onac, Sergey Assonov, Vasile Ersek, Dirk L. Hoffman, Daniel Veres
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Two speleothem stable isotope records from East-Central Europe demonstrate that Greenland Stadial 12 (GS12) and GS10—at 44.3–43.3 and 40.8–40.2 ka—were prominent intervals of cold and arid conditions. GS12, GS11, and GS10 are coeval with a regional pattern of culturally (near-)sterile layers within Europe’s diachronous archeologic transition from Neanderthals to modern human Aurignacian. Sterile layers coeval with GS12 precede the Aurignacian throughout the middle and upper Danube region. In some records from the northern Iberian Peninsula, such layers are coeval with GS11 and separate the Châtelperronian from the Aurignacian. Sterile layers preceding the Aurignacian in the remaining Châtelperronian domain are coeval …
Replacement Times Of A Spectrum Of Elements In The North Atlantic Based On Thorium Supply, Christopher T. Hayes, Robert F. Anderson, Hai Cheng, Tim M. Conway, R. L. Edwards, Martin Q. Fleisher, Peng Ho, Kuo-Fang Huang, Seth G. John, William M. Landing
Replacement Times Of A Spectrum Of Elements In The North Atlantic Based On Thorium Supply, Christopher T. Hayes, Robert F. Anderson, Hai Cheng, Tim M. Conway, R. L. Edwards, Martin Q. Fleisher, Peng Ho, Kuo-Fang Huang, Seth G. John, William M. Landing
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
The measurable supply of 232Th to the ocean can be used to derive the supply of other elements, which is more difficult to quantify directly. The measured inventory of an element divided by the derived supply yields a replacement time estimate, which in special circumstances is related to a residence time. As a proof of concept, Th‐based supply rates imply a range in the replacement times of the rare earth elements in the North Atlantic that is consistent with the chemical reactivity of rare earth elements related to their ionic charge density. Similar estimates of replacement times for the …
Tracking Submarine Volcanic Activity At Monowai: Constraints From Long‐Range Hydroacoustic Measurements, D. Metz, A. B. Watts, I. Grevemeyer, Mel Rodgers
Tracking Submarine Volcanic Activity At Monowai: Constraints From Long‐Range Hydroacoustic Measurements, D. Metz, A. B. Watts, I. Grevemeyer, Mel Rodgers
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Monowai is a submarine volcanic center in the Kermadec Arc, Southwest Pacific Ocean. In the past, activity at the volcano had been intermittently observed in the form of fallout at the sea surface, discolored water, changes in seafloor topography, and T phase seismicity, but there is no continuous record for more recent years. In this study, we investigated 3.5 years of recordings at a hydrophone array of the International Monitoring System, located near Juan Fernández Islands, for long‐range underwater sound waves from Monowai. Results from direction‐of‐arrival calculations and density‐based spatial clustering indicate that 82 discrete episodes of activity occurred between …
Kinetic Processes And Stable Isotopes In Cave Dripwaters As Indicators Of Winter Severity, Vasile Ersek, Bogdan P. Onac, Aurel Perșoiu
Kinetic Processes And Stable Isotopes In Cave Dripwaters As Indicators Of Winter Severity, Vasile Ersek, Bogdan P. Onac, Aurel Perșoiu
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
We examine how the stable isotope composition of meteoric water is transmitted through soil and epikarst to dripwaters in a cave in western Romania. δ2H and δ18O in precipitation at this site are influenced by temperature and moisture sources (Atlantic and Mediterranean), with lower δ18O in winter and higher in summer. The stable isotope composition of cave dripwaters mimics this seasonal pattern of low and high δ18O, but the onset and end of freezing conditions in the winter season are marked by sharp transitions in the isotopic signature of cave dripwaters of …
Cultural Conundrums In African Land Governance: Agribusiness In Sierra Leone, Fenda A. Akiwumi
Cultural Conundrums In African Land Governance: Agribusiness In Sierra Leone, Fenda A. Akiwumi
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
This paper deals with the disjuncture between recognition of the important role of culture in sustainable development discourse embedded in African regional and state policies and legal instruments and the reality of externally driven neoliberal land-based development agendas in African nations. Using postcolonial theoretical notions of identity, subalterns and representation, and the centuries-old African landlord-stranger institution as an important customary land management system operating at the local level, I explore some inherent conflicts between the landlord-stranger institution and state land governance. I interrogate this dilemma in the context of agribusiness development projects and land grabbing claims in Sierra Leone, West …
The Geotraces Intermediate Data Product 2017, Conwaygeotraces, Tim M. Conway
The Geotraces Intermediate Data Product 2017, Conwaygeotraces, Tim M. Conway
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017 (IDP2017) is the second publicly available data product of the international GEOTRACES programme, and contains data measured and quality controlled before the end of 2016. The IDP2017 includes data from the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Southern and Indian oceans, with about twice the data volume of the previous IDP2014. For the first time, the IDP2017 contains data for a large suite of biogeochemical parameters as well as aerosol and rain data characterising atmospheric trace element and isotope (TEI) sources. The TEI data in the IDP2017 are quality controlled by careful assessment of intercalibration results …
Convergent Evolution In The Euarchontoglires, Philip J.R. Morris, Samuel N.F. Cobb, Philip G. Cox
Convergent Evolution In The Euarchontoglires, Philip J.R. Morris, Samuel N.F. Cobb, Philip G. Cox
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Convergence—the independent evolution of similar phenotypes in distantly related clades—is a widespread and much-studied phenomenon. An often-cited, but hitherto untested, case of morphological convergence is that between the aye-aye and squirrels. The aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a highly unusual lemuriform primate that has evolved a dentition similar to that of rodents: it possesses large, ever-growing incisors which it uses to strip the bark from trees in order to feed on wood-boring beetle larvae. Indeed, such is the similarity that some of the earliest classifications of the aye-aye placed it in the squirrel genus Sciurus. Here, we aimed …
Changes Of Ecosystem Service Value In A Coastal Zone Of Zhejiang Province, China, During Rapid Urbanization, Luodan Cao, Jialin Li, Mengyao Ye, Ruiliang Pu, Yongchao Liu, Qiandong Guo, Baixiang Feng, Xiayun Song
Changes Of Ecosystem Service Value In A Coastal Zone Of Zhejiang Province, China, During Rapid Urbanization, Luodan Cao, Jialin Li, Mengyao Ye, Ruiliang Pu, Yongchao Liu, Qiandong Guo, Baixiang Feng, Xiayun Song
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Gains and losses in ecosystem service values (ESV) in coastal zones in Zhejiang Province during rapid urbanization were analyzed in terms of land-use changes. Decision-making on coastal development based on ESV estimation is significant for the sustainable utilization of coastal resource. In this study, coastal land-use changes in Zhejiang Province during rapid urbanization were discussed based on remote-sensing derived land-use maps created in the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. The ESV changes in coastal zones in Zhejiang Province from 1990 to 2010 were estimated by using the established ESV estimation model. The analysis results demonstrate the following: (1) with the …
Caveats To Exogenous Organic Delivery From Ablation, Dilution, And Thermal Degradation, Chris Mehta, Anthony Perez, Glenn Thompson, Matthew A. Pasek
Caveats To Exogenous Organic Delivery From Ablation, Dilution, And Thermal Degradation, Chris Mehta, Anthony Perez, Glenn Thompson, Matthew A. Pasek
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
A hypothesis in prebiotic chemistry argues that organics were delivered to the early Earth in abundance by meteoritic sources. This study tests that hypothesis by measuring how the transfer of organic matter to the surface of Earth is affected by energy-dissipation processes such as ablation and airbursts. Exogenous delivery has been relied upon as a source of primordial material, but it must stand to reason that other avenues (i.e., hydrothermal vents, electric discharge) played a bigger role in the formation of life as we know it on Earth if exogenous material was unable to deliver significant quantities of organics. For …
A New Hybrid Method For Estimating Hydrologically Induced Vertical Deformation From Grace And A Hydrological Model: An Example From Central North America, Makan A. Karegar, Timothy H. Dixon, Jurgen Kusche, Don P. Chambers
A New Hybrid Method For Estimating Hydrologically Induced Vertical Deformation From Grace And A Hydrological Model: An Example From Central North America, Makan A. Karegar, Timothy H. Dixon, Jurgen Kusche, Don P. Chambers
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Hydrologically induced deformation of Earth's surface can be measured with high precision geodetic techniques, which in turn can be used to study the underlying hydrologic process. For geodetic study of other Earth processes such as tectonic and volcanic deformation, or coastal subsidence and its relation to relative sea level rise and flood risk, hydrological loading may be a source of systematic error, requiring accurate correction. Accurate estimation of the hydrologic loading deformation may require consideration of local as well as regional loading effects. We present a new hybrid approach to this problem, providing a mathematical basis for combining local (near …
Investigating The Origin Of Continual Radio Frequency Impulses During Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, S. A. Behnke, H. E. Edens, R. J. Thomas, C. M. Smith, Stephen R. Mcnutt, A. R. Van Eaton, C. Cimarelli, V. Cigala
Investigating The Origin Of Continual Radio Frequency Impulses During Explosive Volcanic Eruptions, S. A. Behnke, H. E. Edens, R. J. Thomas, C. M. Smith, Stephen R. Mcnutt, A. R. Van Eaton, C. Cimarelli, V. Cigala
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Volcanic lightning studies have revealed that there is a relatively long‐lasting source of very high frequency radiation associated with the onset of explosive volcanic eruptions that is distinct from radiation produced by lightning. This very high frequency signal is referred to as “continual radio frequency (CRF)” due to its long‐lasting nature. The discharge mechanism producing this signal was previously hypothesized to be caused by numerous, small (10–100 m) leader‐forming discharges near the vent of the volcano. To test this hypothesis, a multiparametric data set of electrical and volcanic activity occurring during explosive eruptions of Sakurajima Volcano in Japan was collected …
Grounding Line Migration Through The Calving Season At Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, Observed With Terrestrial Radar Interferometry, Surui Xie, Timothy H. Dixon, Denis Voytenko, Fanghui Deng, David M. Holland
Grounding Line Migration Through The Calving Season At Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, Observed With Terrestrial Radar Interferometry, Surui Xie, Timothy H. Dixon, Denis Voytenko, Fanghui Deng, David M. Holland
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Ice velocity variations near the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, were observed with a terrestrial radar interferometer (TRI) during three summer campaigns in 2012, 2015, and 2016. We estimate a ∼ 1km wide floating zone near the calving front in early summer of 2015 and 2016, where ice moves in phase with ocean tides. Digital elevation models (DEMs) generated by the TRI show that the glacier front here was much thinner (within 1km of the glacier front, average ice surface is ∼ 100 and ∼ 110m above local sea level in 2015 and 2016, respectively) than ice upstream (average ice …
Bridging The Under-Five Mortality Gap For Africa In The Era Of Sustainable Development Goals: An Ordinary Least Squares (Ols) Analysis, Michael Acheampong, Chukwudi Ejiofor, Abraham A. Salinas-Miranda, Foday M. Jaward, Michael K. Eduful, Qiuyan Yu
Bridging The Under-Five Mortality Gap For Africa In The Era Of Sustainable Development Goals: An Ordinary Least Squares (Ols) Analysis, Michael Acheampong, Chukwudi Ejiofor, Abraham A. Salinas-Miranda, Foday M. Jaward, Michael K. Eduful, Qiuyan Yu
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Background: While Africa achieved significant progress in reducing under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in the MDGs era, it did not achieve the set target and still has the highest average of 81 deaths per 1000 live births compared to a global average of 43 deaths. The SDG number 3 has set a new target of reducing U5MR to 25 deaths per 1000 births in the world, which serves a huge challenge, especially for Africa. Socioeconomic inequities that remain unaddressed across countries account for Africa’s high U5MR. Unless there is adequate prioritization of important socioeconomic, healthcare, and environmental factors, the new SDGs …
The Concept Of Water Storage On Agriculture Lands: Exploring The Notion In South Florida, Kayla Ouellette, Kamal Alsharif, John C. Capece, Hannah Torres
The Concept Of Water Storage On Agriculture Lands: Exploring The Notion In South Florida, Kayla Ouellette, Kamal Alsharif, John C. Capece, Hannah Torres
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Lands in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) can be used for increased water storage in order to relieve coastal estuaries of excess runoff in the rainy season. The goals of this study were: (1) to quantify the environmental and economic tradeoffs of different water storage scenarios using water tolerant sugarcane cultivars; and (2) to quantify the amount of water storage possible in the EAA under different water storage scenarios. A mathematical model was developed to calculate soil depth, soil subsidence, depth to the water table, and water storage for three different sugarcane cultivars with different water tolerances. The …
Synthesis: Plutons: Investigating The Relationship Between Pluton Growth And Volcanism In The Central Andes, M. E. Pritchard, S. L. De Silva, G. Michelfelder, G. Zandt, Stephen R. Mcnutt
Synthesis: Plutons: Investigating The Relationship Between Pluton Growth And Volcanism In The Central Andes, M. E. Pritchard, S. L. De Silva, G. Michelfelder, G. Zandt, Stephen R. Mcnutt
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
The Central Andes is a key global location to study the enigmatic relation between volcanism and plutonism because it has been the site of large ignimbrite-forming eruptions during the past several million years and currently hosts the world’s largest zone of silicic partial melt in the form of the Altiplano-Puna Magma (or Mush) Body (APMB) and the Southern Puna Magma Body (SPMB). In this themed issue, results from the recently completed PLUTONS project are synthesized. This project focused an interdisciplinary study on two regions of large-scale surface uplift that have been found to represent ongoing movement of magmatic fluids in …
City Of Tampa Tree Canopy And Urban Forest Analysis 2016, Shawn M. Landry, Andrew K. Koeser, Robert J. Northrop, Drew Mclean, Geoffrey Donovan, Michael G. Andreu, Deborah Hilbert
City Of Tampa Tree Canopy And Urban Forest Analysis 2016, Shawn M. Landry, Andrew K. Koeser, Robert J. Northrop, Drew Mclean, Geoffrey Donovan, Michael G. Andreu, Deborah Hilbert
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Spatiotemporal Change Patterns Of Coastlines In Zhejiang Province, China, Over The Last Twenty-Five Years, Jialin Li, Mengyao Ye, Ruiliang Pu, Yongchao Liu, Qiandong Guo, Baixiang Feng, Ripeng Huang, Gaili He
Spatiotemporal Change Patterns Of Coastlines In Zhejiang Province, China, Over The Last Twenty-Five Years, Jialin Li, Mengyao Ye, Ruiliang Pu, Yongchao Liu, Qiandong Guo, Baixiang Feng, Ripeng Huang, Gaili He
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Spatiotemporal analysis of coastline land utilization is important for strengthening coastline resource management and promoting sustainable development in coastal zones. In this study, basic spatiotemporal characteristics of coastline land utilization in Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed using remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques. For this case, Landsat Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager remote-sensing image data acquired from 1990 to 2015 were collected and processed. Several indices and metrics used for quantifying and analyzing the coastline utilization in Zhejiang Province were defined and calculated through processing remote sensing data and using GIS tools. They included the intensity index of coastline …
Land Use, Microclimate, And Surface Runoff Linkages: Space-Time Modeling From Rockel-Seli River Basin, Sierra Leone, C. Wilson, B. Liang, S. Wilson, Fenda A. Akiwumi
Land Use, Microclimate, And Surface Runoff Linkages: Space-Time Modeling From Rockel-Seli River Basin, Sierra Leone, C. Wilson, B. Liang, S. Wilson, Fenda A. Akiwumi
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
This study mainly utilized the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) together with SWAT-CUP, both free and open source software (FOSS), to construct a distributed hydrologic flow model for the Rokel-Seli River basin, Sierra Leone, in a bid to spatiotemporally evaluate the role of changes in land use/land cover (LULC) and microclimate on streamflow regimes. The model was informed by LULC data derived from three Landsat satellite images collected in 2002, 2010, and 2016. The LULC data was generated with the aid of several python libraries accessed through the FOSS Anaconda Navigator. LULC change analysis demonstrated that between 2002 and …
Preferential Production And Transport Of Grass-Derived Pyrogenic Carbon In Ne-Australian Savanna Ecosystems, Gustavo Saiz, Iain Goodrick, Christopher Wurster, Paul N. Nelson, Jonathan G. Wynn, Michael Bird
Preferential Production And Transport Of Grass-Derived Pyrogenic Carbon In Ne-Australian Savanna Ecosystems, Gustavo Saiz, Iain Goodrick, Christopher Wurster, Paul N. Nelson, Jonathan G. Wynn, Michael Bird
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
Understanding the main factors driving fire regimes in grasslands and savannas is critical to better manage their biodiversity and functions. Moreover, improving our knowledge on pyrogenic carbon (PyC) dynamics, including formation, transport and deposition, is fundamental to better understand a significant slow-cycling component of the global carbon cycle, particularly as these ecosystems account for a substantial proportion of the area globally burnt. However, a thorough assessment of past fire regimes in grass-dominated ecosystems is problematic due to challenges in interpreting the charcoal record of sediments. It is therefore critical to adopt appropriate sampling and analytical methods to allow the acquisition …
Assessing Effects Of Horizontal And Vertical Urban Vegetation Structures On Land Surface Temperature Using Multisensor Remote Sensing Data, Qiuyan Yu, Shawn M. Landry
Assessing Effects Of Horizontal And Vertical Urban Vegetation Structures On Land Surface Temperature Using Multisensor Remote Sensing Data, Qiuyan Yu, Shawn M. Landry
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
A New Approach To Probabilistic Lava Flow Hazard Assessments, Applied To The Idaho National Laboratory, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, Usa, Elisabeth Gallant, Jacob Richardson, Charles Connor, Paul Wetmore, Laura Connor
A New Approach To Probabilistic Lava Flow Hazard Assessments, Applied To The Idaho National Laboratory, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, Usa, Elisabeth Gallant, Jacob Richardson, Charles Connor, Paul Wetmore, Laura Connor
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
We present a new probabilistic lava flow hazard assessment for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Idaho National Laboratory (INL) nuclear facility that (1) explores the way eruptions are defined and modeled, (2) stochastically samples lava flow parameters from observed values for use in MOLASSES, a lava flow simulator, (3) calculates the likelihood of a new vent opening within the boundaries of INL, (4) determines probabilities of lava flow inundation for INL through Monte Carlo simulation, and (5) couples inundation probabilities with recurrence rates to determine the annual likelihood of lava flow inundation for INL. Results show a 30% probability of …
Archean Phosphorus Liberation Induced By Iron Redox Geochemistry, Barry Herschy, Sae Jung Chang, Ruth Blake, Aivo Lepland, Heather Abbott-Lyon, Jacqueline Sampson, Zachary Atlas, Terence P. Kee, Matthew A. Pasek
Archean Phosphorus Liberation Induced By Iron Redox Geochemistry, Barry Herschy, Sae Jung Chang, Ruth Blake, Aivo Lepland, Heather Abbott-Lyon, Jacqueline Sampson, Zachary Atlas, Terence P. Kee, Matthew A. Pasek
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
The element phosphorus (P) is central to ecosystem growth and is proposed to be a limiting nutrient for life. The Archean ocean may have been strongly phosphorus-limited due to the selective binding of phosphate to iron oxyhydroxide. Here we report a new route to solubilizing phosphorus in the ancient oceans: reduction of phosphate to phosphite by iron(II) at low (°C) diagenetic temperatures. Reduction of phosphate to phosphite was likely widespread in the Archean, as the reaction occurs rapidly and is demonstrated from thermochemical modeling, experimental analogs, and detection of phosphite in early Archean rocks. We further demonstrate that the higher …
Volcanic Unrest And Hazard Communication In Long Valley Volcanic Region, California, David P. Hill, Margaret T. Mangan, Stephen R. Mcnutt
Volcanic Unrest And Hazard Communication In Long Valley Volcanic Region, California, David P. Hill, Margaret T. Mangan, Stephen R. Mcnutt
School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications
The onset of volcanic unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California, in 1980 and the subsequent fluctuations in unrest levels through May 2016 illustrate: (1) the evolving relations between scientists monitoring the unrest and studying the underlying tectonic/magmatic processes and their implications for geologic hazards, and (2) the challenges in communicating the significance of the hazards to the public and civil authorities in a mountain resort setting. Circumstances special to this case include (1) the sensitivity of an isolated resort area to media hype of potential high-impact volcanic and earthquake hazards and its impact on potential recreational visitors and the local …