Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
- Keyword
-
- Decay (3)
- Arthropods (2)
- Channel catfish (2)
- Clinoform (2)
- Cyclodextrin (2)
-
- Mortality (2)
- OSB (2)
- Phosphorus (2)
- Termite (2)
- Waterfowl (2)
- 18f-fdg (1)
- 3-D (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D seismic (1)
- AUV (1)
- Acoustic telemetry (1)
- Aerial surveys (1)
- Alaska yellow cedar (1)
- Amdro (1)
- Amino acids (1)
- Anas platyrhynchos (1)
- Anatexis (1)
- Antarctic marine geology (1)
- Antarctic peninsula (1)
- Ants (1)
- Artificial spawning (1)
- Atchafalaya River (1)
- Authigenic carbonates (1)
- BAT-26 (1)
- Bamboo (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 49
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Characteristics Of Hurricane Lili's Intensity Changes, Adele Marie Babin
Characteristics Of Hurricane Lili's Intensity Changes, Adele Marie Babin
LSU Master's Theses
Rapid intensity changes of Hurricane Lili in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) were studied in three distinct ways: climatology, satellite remote sensing, and surface meteorological and oceanographic measurements. Each research methodology provided insight about Hurricane Lili's intensity behavior. A climatology of rapid and explosive intensifications of hurricanes was developed using minimum central pressure observations for the Atlantic tropical cyclone record. Results showed these events were frequent, especially in the GOM. The majority of intensification events occurred ≤ 24 h before landfall, with a third to one-half ≤ 12 h. Lili emerged anomalous as the only hurricane to weaken at a …
Query Of Image Content Using Wavelets And Gibbs-Markov Random Fields, Imtiaz Hossain
Query Of Image Content Using Wavelets And Gibbs-Markov Random Fields, Imtiaz Hossain
LSU Master's Theses
The central theme of this thesis is the application of Wavelets and Random Processes to content-based image query (on texture patterns, in particular). Given a query image, a content-based search extracts a certain representative measure (or signature) from the query image and likewise for all the target images in the search archive. A good representative measure is one that provides us with the ability to differentiate easily between different patterns. A distance measure is computed between the query properties and the properties of each of the target images. The lowest distance measure gives us the best target match for the …
Evaluation Of Growth, Production And Cold Tolerance Of Four Varieties Of Tilapia, Patricio Enrique Paz
Evaluation Of Growth, Production And Cold Tolerance Of Four Varieties Of Tilapia, Patricio Enrique Paz
LSU Master's Theses
As global tilapia production grows, it is important to characterize varieties available for production and generate data on environmental tolerances. This study generated data on tolerances, adaptabilities and production characteristics of four tilapia varieties. Goals of this study were to: (1) compare growth of four tilapia varieties in two types of recirculating systems, (2) evaluate juvenile growth of seven tilapia varieties in fresh and brackishwater mesocosms, and (3) estimate cold tolerance of juveniles of four tilapia varieties in fresh and brackishwater. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), Mississippi commercial strain tilapia (MCS), and Florida red tilapia (FRT) were …
Effects Of Spinning-Wing Decoys On Flock Behavior And Hunting Vulnerability Of Local And Migrant Mallards And Other Ducks In Minnesota, Michael L. Szymanski
Effects Of Spinning-Wing Decoys On Flock Behavior And Hunting Vulnerability Of Local And Migrant Mallards And Other Ducks In Minnesota, Michael L. Szymanski
LSU Master's Theses
Waterfowl managers in Minnesota and other states are concerned that increased kill rates associated with the use of spinning-wing decoys (SWDs) may negatively affect local breeding populations of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). I conducted 219 experimental hunts to evaluate hunting vulnerability of mallards to SWDs during the 2002 duck-hunting season in Minnesota. Following experimental hunts, I asked volunteer hunters to complete post-hunt questionnaires to document their hunting experience, and their use and opinions of SWDs. Finally, I used stable isotope methodology to determine natal origins of HY mallards killed during experimental hunts. I found that mallard flocks (≥1 duck) were 2.91 …
Estimating The Population Of Greater And Lesser Scaup During Winter In Off-Shore Louisiana, Sean David Kinney
Estimating The Population Of Greater And Lesser Scaup During Winter In Off-Shore Louisiana, Sean David Kinney
LSU Master's Theses
I analyzed data from an experimental aerial transect survey, using stratified random sampling, to estimate wintering populations of greater scaup (Aythya marila) and lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) (hereafter scaup) in off-shore waters along the coast of Louisiana during winters 2000-2002. My objectives were to evaluate anecdotal reports of large numbers of scaup in off-shore waters of Louisiana during winter, and to develop estimates and confidence intervals for numbers of scaup in this area. My analysis yielded estimates of 815,700, 420,600, and 791,000 scaup in off-shore Louisiana for years 2000-2002, respectively. Confidence intervals were 1,087,000 to 545,000, 594,300 to 247,000, and …
Feeding Ecology And Morphometric Analysis Of Paddlefish, Polyodon Spathula, In The Mermentau River, Louisiana, Nicole Adele Smith
Feeding Ecology And Morphometric Analysis Of Paddlefish, Polyodon Spathula, In The Mermentau River, Louisiana, Nicole Adele Smith
LSU Master's Theses
Little is known about the morphometrics and the feeding ecology of paddlefish in Louisiana. I examined the morphometrics and feeding ecology of paddlefish from the Mermentau River, Louisiana from March 2002 to February 2003. Paddlefish were examined morphometrically by taking measurements of eye-fork length (EFL), body cavity length (BCL), girth (G), vent girth (VG), mouth vertical (MTB), mouth horizontal (MSS), and mouth gullet bottom (MGB) to determine which parameters would give a better estimate of weight (W). Regression analysis resulted in a morphometric model of the form: logW = 10.10 + 1.52 (logEFL) + 1.21 (logG) + 0.24 (logVG) (r2 …
Assessing Landscape-Level Impacts Of Red Imported Fire Ants On Native Faunal Communities In Pine-Dominated Forests, Keri Elizabeth Landry
Assessing Landscape-Level Impacts Of Red Imported Fire Ants On Native Faunal Communities In Pine-Dominated Forests, Keri Elizabeth Landry
LSU Master's Theses
Since the accidental introduction of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren, RIFA) into Mobile, Alabama in the 1930’s, the invasion of this species into other areas across the southeast has increased drastically. RIFA have been implicated in the disruption of ecosystems and decreases in biodiversity. Most research on effects of RIFA on vertebrates and invertebrates have focused on small spatial scales and single species. I examined established populations of RIFA in relation to native ground-dwelling arthropods and small mammal communities in longleaf-pine and pine-hardwood forests. I evaluated the efficacy of using Amdro® to control RIFA and determined the effect …
Regional-Scale Eutrophication Models: A Bayesian Treed Model Approach, Angelina Freeman
Regional-Scale Eutrophication Models: A Bayesian Treed Model Approach, Angelina Freeman
LSU Master's Theses
Utilizing Bayesian hierarchical techniques, regional-scale eutrophication models were developed for use in the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) process. The Bayesian tree-based (BTREED) approach allows association of multiple environmental stressors with biological responses, and quantification of uncertainty sources in the water quality model. Simple parametric models are often inadequate for describing complex datasets; the BTREED approach partitions the dataset, and describes the localized subsets of data with linear models, thereby providing a comprehensive representation of stressor and response interactions. Nutrient criteria data for lakes, ponds and reservoirs across the United States were obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) …
Migmatization Of Archean Aluminous Metasediments From The Eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana, U.S.A., Andrew T. Maas
Migmatization Of Archean Aluminous Metasediments From The Eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana, U.S.A., Andrew T. Maas
LSU Master's Theses
Geothermobarometry, mineral compositions and textures, and thermodynamic models suggest biotite dehydration melting occurred in the peraluminous rocks of the eastern Beartooth Mountains. These Archean metapelitic migmatites are metatexites and diatexites, and have typical metamorphic assemblages of Qtz + Pl + Kfs + Bt + Sil +/- Grt +/- Crd. The subsequent in situ crystallization of the magma derived from the biotite dehydration created migmatitic leucosomes in the rocks. These leucosomes are primarily composed of quartz, plagioclase and potassium feldspar. Water derived from the dehydration of biotite was dissolved in the melted phase. Crystallization of the magma reintroduced this water to …
The Effects Of Nutrient Enrichment On The Decomposition Of Belowground Organic Matter In A Sagittaria Lancifolia - Dominated Oligohaline Marsh, Kristen Raye Laursen
The Effects Of Nutrient Enrichment On The Decomposition Of Belowground Organic Matter In A Sagittaria Lancifolia - Dominated Oligohaline Marsh, Kristen Raye Laursen
LSU Master's Theses
Wetlands improve water quality through sedimentation and the uptake of excess nutrients. As human population increases in the coastal zone, wetlands receive greater nutrient inputs. These additional nutrients may accelerate microbial activity, leading to faster decomposition rates. This decomposition could exceed belowground organic matter production, resulting in a net reduction in soil organic matter accumulation and vertical marsh accretion. The effects of nutrient enrichment on belowground organic matter decomposition in subtropical marshes have received little attention. As such, this research examined the effects of four levels of nitrogen combined with two levels of phosphorus enrichment on belowground decomposition through the …
State-Level Environmental Risk Perception: An Analysis Of 20 Comparative Risk Reports, Mandy Green
State-Level Environmental Risk Perception: An Analysis Of 20 Comparative Risk Reports, Mandy Green
LSU Master's Theses
Research was conducted to identify the states that compiled Comparative Risk Reports and the year in which the study was completed. The information relating to the type of committee that compiled the risk report and the final risk rankings was examined. State Comparative Risk Reports were collected for twenty states and the risk rankings that each state compiled were reviewed to determine which states ranked third generation environmental problems and the ranking that those problems were given. The risk reports compiled by each state were also used to determine which states ranked natural resource based problems and the ranking that …
An Economic Analysis Of Private Market Wetland Values In Southwestern Coastal Louisiana, Baifu Xu
An Economic Analysis Of Private Market Wetland Values In Southwestern Coastal Louisiana, Baifu Xu
LSU Master's Theses
Coastal Louisiana wetlands contain more than 30% of the U.S. coastal wetlands, but its wetland loss accounts for about 90% of the continental states. Although the effects of coastal wetlands preservation and restoration never stop since the enactment of CWPPRA in 1990, these regulation projects benefit only a small fraction of the degraded Louisiana coastal wetlands because of the limited budget. The general objective of this study is to provide an understanding of the economic factors which establish property values in coastal wetlands private market in order to devise and implement cost efficient economic incentive mechanisms for private landowners and …
An Examination Of The Relationship Between Environmental Science And Law Due To Emerging Micro-Scale Gas Chromatography Technology, Alfred Ruks Politzer
An Examination Of The Relationship Between Environmental Science And Law Due To Emerging Micro-Scale Gas Chromatography Technology, Alfred Ruks Politzer
LSU Master's Theses
The intersection of science and law is very complex. The two disciplines frequently interact due to environmental issues. Expert testimony is most often the method used to introduce scientific data into the legal system. Advances in technology have allowed scientists to increase the preciseness and reliability of data produced. The development of the gas chromatograph and the recent microFAST gas chromatograph has greatly increased the amounts of data available to the legal system. The legal system has relatively recently developed a set of guidelines with which to evaluate scientific evidence and determine whether it should be admitted into trial. Previously …
Evaluation Of A Desktop Computed Radiography System For Imrt Dosimetry, Ines-Ana Jurkovic
Evaluation Of A Desktop Computed Radiography System For Imrt Dosimetry, Ines-Ana Jurkovic
LSU Master's Theses
Different techniques have been developed and used to evaluate dose distribution calculation accuracy and dose delivery reproducibility as a part of patient-specific IMRT QA – e.q. film dosimetry, ionization chambers, and diode arrays. To verify that the calculated dose distribution is delivered accurately during treatment, film dosimetry is usually used. The accuracy and reproducibility of film optical density as an indicator of dose is influenced by several variables, including the chemical processing and scanning conditions. This study investigates the possibility to use a desktop computed radiography (CR) system for patient-specific intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA). A study …
A Meta-Analysis Of Randomness In Human Behavioral Research, Summer Ann Armstrong
A Meta-Analysis Of Randomness In Human Behavioral Research, Summer Ann Armstrong
LSU Master's Theses
This work analyzes the concept of randomness in binary sequences from three different perspectives: mathematically, statistically, and psychologically and examines the research on human perception of randomness and the question of whether or not humans can simulate random behavior. Generally, research shows that human subjects have great difficulty producing random sequences, even when they are instructed and motivated. We survey some of the literature and present some leading theoretical proposals. Finally, we present some basic statistical tests that can be used to evaluate randomness in a given binary sequence.
Study On The Termiticidal Components Of Juniperus Virginiana, Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis And Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Yaojian Liu
Study On The Termiticidal Components Of Juniperus Virginiana, Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis And Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Yaojian Liu
LSU Master's Theses
Termites cause serious damage to wood and wood products. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to extractives from naturally decay resistant trees. In this study, we compared the termiticidal and antifungal effects of extractives from Alaska yellow cedar (AYC), Port-Orford cedar (POC), and Eastern red cedar (ERC). Pentane and Hexane-Acetone extractives from YC and POC, and pentane extractives from ERC were most favorable in terms of termite protection among the extractives we got. Weight loss of strips treated with 5000 ppm pentane extractives from Eastern red cedar, was significantly lower than those treated with solutions of pentane extractive …
Investigation Of Accuracy In Quantitation Of 18f-Fdg Concentration Of Pet/Ct, Yuri Ishihara
Investigation Of Accuracy In Quantitation Of 18f-Fdg Concentration Of Pet/Ct, Yuri Ishihara
LSU Master's Theses
The PET/CT scanner has been recognized as a powerful diagnostic imaging modality in oncology and radiation treatment planning. Traditionally, PET has been used for quantitative analysis, and diagnostic interpretations of PET images greatly relied on a nuclear medicine physician’s experience and knowledge. The PET data set represents a positron emitter’s activity concentration as a gray scale in each pixel. The assurance of the quantitative accuracy of the PET data is critical for diagnosis and staging of disease and evaluation of treatment. The standard uptake value (SUV) is a widely employed parameter in clinical settings to distinguish malignant lesions from others. …
Nature And Dynamics Of Late Miocene/Early Pliocene Ice-Sheet Grounding Events On The Pacific Margin Of The Antarctic Pennisula Outer Continental Shelf, David C. Egan
LSU Master's Theses
Package-3 unconformities identified by Bart and Anderson (1995) were mapped to evaluate their glacial unconformity interpretation using a regional grid of single channel seismic data from the Antarctic Peninsula outer continental shelf. Detailed correlations show many crosscutting relationships within Package 3 such that the unconformities and units they bound are not regionally continuous across the margin. Comparison of Package-3 unconformities with the modern bathymetry reveals that cross-shelf trough and bank morphology is absent, which indicates that ice streams probably did not exist on the shelf during Package-3 time. On the continental shelf, only the middle part of Package 3 is …
Comparative Analysis Between Different Flood Assessment Technologies In Hazus-Mh, Jennifer Carol Meyer
Comparative Analysis Between Different Flood Assessment Technologies In Hazus-Mh, Jennifer Carol Meyer
LSU Master's Theses
Natural disasters devastate the United States through both economic loss and loss of life. The world wide economic damage that results from natural disasters has more than tripled in the last thirty years. Of these natural disasters, floods are the most chronic and costly disasters, comprising an average $5 billion dollars of damage each year. FEMA has released a new software program called HAZUS-MH, which attempts to capture economic losses caused by flooding before losses occur and predict losses from real-time events. This estimate is accomplished through the coupling of flood hazard modeling with local data. FEMA’s goal is that …
Complexity And Nekton Use Of Marsh Edge Habitats In Barataria Bay, Louisiana, Timothy W. Birdsong
Complexity And Nekton Use Of Marsh Edge Habitats In Barataria Bay, Louisiana, Timothy W. Birdsong
LSU Master's Theses
This study examined the effects of intrahabitat variability on marsh edge use by fishes and decapod crustaceans. The objectives were to (1) identify quantitative measures of habitat complexity that describe the structural design of marsh edge habitats, and (2) examine differences in nekton use between cut-bank and gently sloping marsh edge habitats. The study was conducted in Barataria Bay, Louisiana at 75, 10-m marsh edge study sites. Monthly seining was conducted in fall 2003 and spring 2004 and measures of habitat complexity were recorded at each sample location. Indices of tidal inundation and site exposure to wind and wave action …
Overlap Zones, Growth Faults, And Sedimentation: Using High Resolution Gravity Data, Livingston Parish, La, Carrie Alison Cazes
Overlap Zones, Growth Faults, And Sedimentation: Using High Resolution Gravity Data, Livingston Parish, La, Carrie Alison Cazes
LSU Master's Theses
In south Louisiana, parallel to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, are belts of east-to-west trending, listric-normal faults with associated contemporaneous sedimentation and fault movement. The Tepetate-Baton Rouge Fault system in south-central Louisiana contains individual fault segments which are arcuate and overlap each other in map view, as seen on LiDAR data. Gravity survey data, with a sample spacing of 20 to 50 m, was collected across normal fault scarps. Structural ramps may form in the area between overlapping normal fault segments creating an east-to-west gradient. This gradient change may divert streams and provide areas for coarse-grained sediments to …
Comparison Of The Efficiency Of Utilization Of Amino Acids From Intact Protein And Amino Acids In Crystalline Form By Channel Catfish, (Ictaluras Punctatus), Amogh Arun Ambardekar
Comparison Of The Efficiency Of Utilization Of Amino Acids From Intact Protein And Amino Acids In Crystalline Form By Channel Catfish, (Ictaluras Punctatus), Amogh Arun Ambardekar
LSU Master's Theses
Two laboratory feeding trials were conducted to quantify differences in the digestibility and absorption of dietary amino acids provided in intact protein or in purified amino acid mixtures. In the first experiment, 36 channel catfish (346 ± 47 g) were force-fed one of six practical feed ingredients (blood meal, corn meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, soybean meal or wheat middlings), or a mixture of crystalline amino acids designed to duplicate the amino acid composition of each of the practical ingredients. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were calculated for 15 amino acids in each practical ingredient and in each amino …
Transport And Deposition Of Fluid Mud Event Layers Along The Western Louisiana Inner Shelf, Kristina Anne Rotondo
Transport And Deposition Of Fluid Mud Event Layers Along The Western Louisiana Inner Shelf, Kristina Anne Rotondo
LSU Master's Theses
The western Louisiana inner shelf along the Chenier Plain coast has experienced fluid mud deposition in response to increased fine sediment supplied by the Atchafalaya River since ~1950’s. The goal of this project is to assess the characteristics comprising the sedimentary strata and stratigraphic architecture that result from mud deposition on the inner shelf. Recent time-series cores collected from the inner shelf along the Chenier plain coast show the region is subject to transient fluid mud deposition, leading to high long-term accumulation rates. Sediment cores were collected in May 2001, March and May 2002 from the inner shelf landward of …
Individual And Landscape-Level Effects Of Selective Herbicides, Mowing, And Prescribed Fire On Habitat Quality For Northern Bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus), Charles Lynn Kitts
Individual And Landscape-Level Effects Of Selective Herbicides, Mowing, And Prescribed Fire On Habitat Quality For Northern Bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus), Charles Lynn Kitts
LSU Master's Theses
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations have been declining throughout their range during the past 30 years primarily because of a result of loss of early successional habitat. Specifically, intensive silviculture practices and reduction in the use of prescribed fire has led to this loss. I studied effects of management practices (selective herbicides, mowing, and prescribed fire) on male and covey distribution, and brood-rearing habitats on Jackson-Bienville Wildlife Management Area (JBWMA). Specifically, I used calling surveys to assess landscape characteristics associated bobwhite distribution. I also measured vegetation and arthropod response, using imprinted bobwhite chicks, pitfalls, and sweep nets, to different habitat …
Determining Epigenetic Instability In Normal And Diseased Human Vulva, Kirk Hutchinson
Determining Epigenetic Instability In Normal And Diseased Human Vulva, Kirk Hutchinson
LSU Master's Theses
Epigenetics is defined as the study of heritable changes of DNA. One such component of epigenetic regulation is DNA methylation in humans. In neoplastic cells epigenetic controls are often dysregulated, especially in the promoter region of CpG islands. Global hypomethylation along with region specific hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter region of tumor suppressor is often indicative of neoplastic cells. In cancer, CpG island cytosine hypermethylation has been observed in more than fifty genes, including known tumor suppressor and DNA repair genes. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), lichen sclerosis (LS), and adjacent normal tissues were obtained by radical vulvectomies of …
Stormwater Diversion As A Potential Coastal Wetland Restoration Method, Jennifer Howard Woods
Stormwater Diversion As A Potential Coastal Wetland Restoration Method, Jennifer Howard Woods
LSU Master's Theses
The Barataria-Terrebonne estuary has been eroding at a rate of up to 103.6 km2 yr-1 for several decades. If the current rate of loss is not reduced, an additional 2,550 km2 of coastal wetlands will be lost by the year 2050. Currently, stormwater in Terrebonne Parish is pumped into canals, ultimately discharging into the Gulf of Mexico. An opportunity exists to use this stormwater for wetland restoration; however, the ecological impacts of stormwater diversions on wetlands are unknown. The objectives of this project were to 1) to investigate the seed banks of a degraded marsh to determine if a viable …
Properties Of Borate-Treated Strandboard Bonded With Pmdi Resin, Yiqiang Zhou
Properties Of Borate-Treated Strandboard Bonded With Pmdi Resin, Yiqiang Zhou
LSU Master's Theses
Random strandboards from mixed southern wood species were manufactured using calcium borate (CB) and zinc borate (ZB) as chemical additives and polymeric methylene diphenylmethane disocyanate (pMDI) as resin. There were four target levels of borate loading and two levels of resin content. Panel properties, including modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond (IB) strength, linear expansion (LE), thickness swelling (TS), leachability, and swelling and strength retention properties under cyclic relative humidity, were measured. The influence of borate content, borate type, and resin content on various properties was analyzed. It was found that the addition of borate negatively …
Software Architecture: Styles And Representational Schemes, Somo Subro Banerjee
Software Architecture: Styles And Representational Schemes, Somo Subro Banerjee
LSU Master's Theses
Software architecture is being widely used today to describe a very high-level design methodology of large software systems. Software architecture represents the overall structure of a system in an abstract, structured manner. A good architectural representation scheme holds the key to the effectiveness of a software architecture description and usage. In this work we look at architectural styles and architectural representation schemes. We propound the idea that the layered architectural model is a suitable candidate for a generalized architectural style and that it can cater to many different problem domains, other than the message-passing systems it has traditionally been used …
Enhanced Flushing With Cyclodextrin For The Remediation Of Creosote Contaminated Soil, Monalisa Dutta
Enhanced Flushing With Cyclodextrin For The Remediation Of Creosote Contaminated Soil, Monalisa Dutta
LSU Master's Theses
Past practices of applying creosote and coal tar preservatives to wood, such as unlined pits and trenches, have resulted in contamination of the surface and ground water at thousand of sites. The low aqueous solubility, volatility and bioavailability of many these constituents limit their degradation by natural attenuation and standard remediation techniques such as ground water flushing, soil vapor extraction, and bioremediation. While research has shown that cyclodextrin solutions have the ability to enhance the solubility of some of the components of creosote, additional work is needed to evaluate its potential as a remedial agent for these sites. Equilibrium batch …
Which Mean Do You Mean?: An Exposition On Means, Mabrouck K. Faradj
Which Mean Do You Mean?: An Exposition On Means, Mabrouck K. Faradj
LSU Master's Theses
The objective of this thesis is to give a brief exposition on the theory of means. In Greek mathematics, means are intermediate values between two extremes, while in modern mathematics, a mean is a measure of the central tendency for a set of numbers. We begin by exploring the origin of the antique means and list the classical means. Next, we present an overview of the theories of binary means and n-ary means. We include a general discussion on axiomatic systems for means and present theorems on properties that characterize the most common types of means.