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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Research On Artificial Population Generation And Application Based On Genetic Algorithm, Hongli Zhang, Jingshuang Deng
Research On Artificial Population Generation And Application Based On Genetic Algorithm, Hongli Zhang, Jingshuang Deng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: High-precision micro-population data are one of the key basic data for simulation systems such as disease spread, traffic travel, and emergency events. In reality, computer-generated artificial populations are often used for simulation. Due to computational efficiency and standardization of generation steps, the iterative proportional fitting method is currently used for artificial population synthesis. However, it has strict requirements on basic data and faces zero-unit and data representational deviation problems, and it fails to guarantee the fitting at the individual and family levels at the same time. In order to overcome this deficiency, an improved genetic algorithm using a simulated …
Research On Intelligent Optimization Method Of Combat Sos Based On Gabc Algorithm, Hucheng Zhang, Jingyu Yang
Research On Intelligent Optimization Method Of Combat Sos Based On Gabc Algorithm, Hucheng Zhang, Jingyu Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problem that exploratory simulation can not traverse the solution space quickly, and provide the auxiliary decision-making scheme in real time, a genetic algorithm based on classifier is proposed. The framework of simulation optimization method based on the algorithm is established. It can find the optimal solution according to the dynamic changes of key factors and decision targets of the system, which is suitable for such as seeking the best efficiency-cost ratio scheme and the optimization of the optimal power deployment and other systems. Based on the simulation bed system of the National Defense …
Image Center Layout Optimization Method Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Zhijie Li, Haoqi Shi, Changhua Li, Jie Zhang
Image Center Layout Optimization Method Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Zhijie Li, Haoqi Shi, Changhua Li, Jie Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the layout optimization methods of image center being influenced by the subjective factors and low level of automation, a method of combining systematic layout planning(SLP) with the improved genetic algorithm is proposed. The layout scheme generated by SLP improves the initial population of the genetic algorithm and increases the diversity of the initial population. In order to improve the efficiency of optimization, the improved algorithm updates the crossover probability and mutation probability adaptively according to the evolution stages and the fitness value of the individuals. On the basis of the layout area model and multi-objective optimization mathematical …
Order Sorting Optimization For Four-Way Shuttle System Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Xinjie He, Shaowu Zhou, Hongqiang Zhang, Lianghong Wu, Zhou You
Order Sorting Optimization For Four-Way Shuttle System Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Xinjie He, Shaowu Zhou, Hongqiang Zhang, Lianghong Wu, Zhou You
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: During the batch outbound operations of the four-way shuttle system, the different execution order of the system's outbound leads to the different interaction time between the four-way shuttle and the hoist will be different, which will affect the system's outbound operation time. According to the operation process of batch outbound, with the order of batch order outflow as the variable and the system outflow time as the objective function, a system order sort optimization model i established. Based to the characteristics of the model, with the improved genetic algorithm, the optimal order of the system is obtained. By changing …
An Intelligent Method For Rapid Construction Of Time Sensitive Target Strike Chain, Jiabo Lu, Peixing Cheng, Huang Yi, Jinqiang Yao, Xuemeng Yang, Xinqiang Ma, Liu Yong
An Intelligent Method For Rapid Construction Of Time Sensitive Target Strike Chain, Jiabo Lu, Peixing Cheng, Huang Yi, Jinqiang Yao, Xuemeng Yang, Xinqiang Ma, Liu Yong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the construction efficiency of the time sensitive hit chain, optimize the resource allocation in combat, and realize an intelligent method for quickly constructing the time-sensitive strike chain, the simulated annealing algorithm and genetic algorithm are adopted to build a time sensitive hit chain. Simulation experiments show that the method can complete the time sensitive target strike priority sorting, sensor platform-target pairing and weapon platform-target pairing in a short time, and destroy the target within the target time window. The proposed method optimizes the application of sensors and weapons, compensates for the limitations of constructing time-sensitive …
Research On Intelligent Design And Simulation Method Of Screw Machine Process, Guodong Sun, Qichang He
Research On Intelligent Design And Simulation Method Of Screw Machine Process, Guodong Sun, Qichang He
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the difficulty during the process design of the automatic screw machines, such as low efficiency and poor quality, a screw machine process design and verification system is developed. Supported by image recognition technology, the system would automatically obtain the quantity and the locations of the screwing holes from the top view. An optimization model will be established to optimize the tightening sequence of the screw according to RSA (Radar Spiral Algorithm) and improved genetic algorithm. An integration is conducted into Tecnomatix to simulate those optimized sequence in case of collision. The results indicate that the …
Cpm-Ga For Multi-Satellite And Multi-Task Simulation Scheduling, Liheng Mao, Deng Qing, Rouni Liu, Xianglong Kong
Cpm-Ga For Multi-Satellite And Multi-Task Simulation Scheduling, Liheng Mao, Deng Qing, Rouni Liu, Xianglong Kong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the increase of the number of satellites and targets, the space for solving satellite task planning increases rapidly. For large-scale multi-satellite and multi-task planning, a hierarchical optimization method, which consists of Critical Path Method (CPM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed. The method decomposes the satellite task planning into two subproblems: task allocation and single-satellite task processing. Task allocation is realized by GA and a task allocation result corresponds to an individual of the population. The CPM is used in the single-satellite task processing to solve the fitness of each individual, which improves the optimization efficiency, ensures the …
Research On Fuzzy Control And Optimization For Traffic Lights At Single Intersection, Jiajia Liu, Xingquan Zuo
Research On Fuzzy Control And Optimization For Traffic Lights At Single Intersection, Jiajia Liu, Xingquan Zuo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the traffic signal control at urban single intersection,a fuzzy control method for traffic lights is presented.The method is based on a four-phase phasing sequence to control the traffic lights at a single intersection.Inputs of the fuzzy controller are the number of vehicles in line and the arrival rate of vehicles,and the output is the green light extension time of the current green light phase.A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize fuzzy rules and membership functions of the fuzzy control system to improve the performance of the fuzzy controller.The fuzzy control method is realized by using …
Research On A Novel Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm Based On Ga, Wang Ning, Lisheng Wei
Research On A Novel Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm Based On Ga, Wang Ning, Lisheng Wei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to further improve the optimization ability of biogeography-based optimization algorithm, a new genetic algorithm is proposed. The selection operation is added before the migration operation, and the migration individual is selected by the method of "roulette", so that the individuals with higher fitness can be preferentially migrated. The mutation operation combines the genetic gaussian mutation method, and the optimization performance of the algorithm is improved. The convergence condition of the method is derived in theory. Five test functions are used in the experiments, and the results prove that the ameliorated algorithm is better at the results of …
Operation Loss Reduction Control For Large-Scale Wind Farm Based On Hybrid Modeling Simulation, Yunqi Xiao, Wang Yi
Operation Loss Reduction Control For Large-Scale Wind Farm Based On Hybrid Modeling Simulation, Yunqi Xiao, Wang Yi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Due to the large number of transformers and collection lines in large-scale wind farms, the losses of collecting system is serious in actual operation. A reactive power/voltage control strategy is proposed, which takes wind turbines as the distributed reactive power sources to optimize the power flow in wind farm and reduce the overall losses of collector system. To improve the efficiency of wind farm modeling and multi-scene loss reduction simulation, a hybrid modeling and simulation scheme based on combining object model configuration and control algorithm programming is proposed. The wind farm model consists of module configuration, and can be …
Simulation Of Grid-Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Based On Fuzzy Pi Controller And Feed-Forward Compensation, Weiliang Liu, Changliang Liu, Huichao Zhang, Yongjun Lin, Liangyu Ma
Simulation Of Grid-Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Based On Fuzzy Pi Controller And Feed-Forward Compensation, Weiliang Liu, Changliang Liu, Huichao Zhang, Yongjun Lin, Liangyu Ma
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Grid-connected solar micro-inverter is a highly nonlinear and time-varying system, so it is difficult to achieve good control effect using traditional PI controller. Small signal analysis model of micro-inverter was established, grid-connected current control strategy composed of fuzzy PI controller and grid voltage feed-forward was put forward, and the initial parameters of PI controller was optimized using the genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that the control strategy has the virtues of good robustness, small dynamic deviation, and could reduce the harmonic content of grid-connected current.
Multiresolution Scene Matching Algorithm For Infrared And Visible Images Based On Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform, Liu Gang, Guangyu Wang, Zhou Heng, Mingjing Wang
Multiresolution Scene Matching Algorithm For Infrared And Visible Images Based On Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform, Liu Gang, Guangyu Wang, Zhou Heng, Mingjing Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at scene matching problem for taking infrared image as the actual data and the visible image as the referenced data, a multiresolution matching algorithm was proposed based on non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT). By using the transform of phase congruency transform, the difference of grayscale and contrast between infrared image and visible light image was weakened. Subsequently, the two types of images were separately transformed into non-subsampled contourlet domain and the proposed method took the Krawtchouk invariant moment as matching feature. The presented method, which used the improved genetic algorithm (GA) as searching strategy which conquered the precocious phenomenon, …
Improved Genetic Algorithm-Based Network Game Path Selection And Simulation, Jianping Gu, Mingmin Zhang, Meiliang Wang
Improved Genetic Algorithm-Based Network Game Path Selection And Simulation, Jianping Gu, Mingmin Zhang, Meiliang Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Traditional optimal path algorithm only sets the shortest path as the target, and it does not consider the network congestion and the number of users in game area for real-time situation, thus resulting in some limitations. According to the actual circumstance of network game, network game path selection model was proposed, and the improved genetic algorithm was employed for simulation. The method pre-processed the game map to get each road weighted length value for a real-time game map, and optimization solution was obtained through the genetic algorithm. A network game path selection method based on improved genetic algorithm was …
Vehicle Routing Optimization Model Of Cold Chain Logistics Based On Stochastic Demand, Xiangguo Ma, Tongjuan Liu, Pingzhe Yang, Rongfen Jiang
Vehicle Routing Optimization Model Of Cold Chain Logistics Based On Stochastic Demand, Xiangguo Ma, Tongjuan Liu, Pingzhe Yang, Rongfen Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The costs of vehicle distribution in the process of cold chain logistics is analyzed and amended; A mathematical model with mixing time window is built to balance the customers' service request with importance level; To minimize the total cost, a mathematical model which uses a factor to make balance between the stability of customer demand fluctuation and the cost increase in the assignment phase is established. Based on MATLAB software, the optical solution is found with adaptive genetic algorithm by taking the background of a distribution center to simulate and analyze.
Structure Learning Of Fuzzy-Tree Based On Rigorous Binary Tree Code And Genetic Algorithm, Changliang Liu, Ziqi Wang
Structure Learning Of Fuzzy-Tree Based On Rigorous Binary Tree Code And Genetic Algorithm, Changliang Liu, Ziqi Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the problems of information redundancy and low optimization efficiency in the structure learning of fuzzy-tree model, a method based on rigorous binary tree code and genetic algorithm is proposed. The structure of fuzzy-tree model is coded by rigorous binary tree code, which improves the information redundancy of the existing matrix code. Considering the particularity of the code and the convergence of the algorithm, an improved genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize the structure of fuzzy-tree model. The experimental results show that the algorithm has good stability and computing speed on different data sets, and can find a …
3d Printing Orientation Optimization Based On Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm, Dai Ning, Lisong Ou, Renkai Huang, Liu Hao
3d Printing Orientation Optimization Based On Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm, Dai Ning, Lisong Ou, Renkai Huang, Liu Hao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Part orientation is one of the key technologies in 3D Printing,which has important influence on the surface precision, machining time and machining cost of the part. This problem is a research hot point of how to balance the surface precision and machining time. The improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm was proposed to solve the problem of part orientation optimization. The mathematical model of part surface accuracy and machining time were constructed. The chromosome model of part orientation and the adaptive crowding distance were established. The genetic operators of select, crossover and mutation were used to get a set of …
Boiler Combustion Optimization Based On Bayesian Neural Network And Genetic Algorithm, Haiquan Fang, Huifeng Xue, Li Ning, Fei Xi
Boiler Combustion Optimization Based On Bayesian Neural Network And Genetic Algorithm, Haiquan Fang, Huifeng Xue, Li Ning, Fei Xi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Neural network and genetic algorithm have been extensively used in boiler combustion optimization problems. But the traditional Back Propagation neural network's generalization ability is poor. The Bayesian regularization can improve the neural network's generalization ability. A boiler combustion multi-objective optimization method combining Bayesian regularization BP neural network and genetic algorithm （Bayes NN-GA）was researched. A number of field test data from a boiler was used to simulate the Bayesian neural network model. The results show that the thermal efficiency and NOx emissions predicted by the Bayesian neural network model show good agreement with the measured, and the optimal results show …
Optimization Model Of Cis Network Architecture Based On Information Flow, Jianhua Li, Junwei Zhao
Optimization Model Of Cis Network Architecture Based On Information Flow, Jianhua Li, Junwei Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to explore the internal relationship between Command Information System (CIS) network and combat system, a layered combat system model was built, including organizational relationship layer, information interaction layer and communication link layer. Conception of the system coupling intensity was defined, which reflected the influence of network architecture to combat system. An optimization model of CIS network architecture aimed at maximizing the ratio of system coupling intensity to cost coefficient was built. A route programming genetic algorithm was designed and applied into simulation of Air Offensive Campaign (AOC) system network. The results show that the model and algorithm …
Cell Voltage Optimization Of Aluminum Electrolysis Based On Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm, Chenhua Xu, Li Zhi
Cell Voltage Optimization Of Aluminum Electrolysis Based On Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm, Chenhua Xu, Li Zhi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to reduce the production cost of electrolytic aluminum, an optimization extreme method was proposed based on neural network and genetic algorithm, to find the optimal production cell voltage and the corresponding production conditions. Using kernel principal component analysis method to determine the key parameters affecting of aluminum electrolysis production, a neural network model of electrolytic aluminum was established. Using the genetic algorithm, the global optimal value of the cell voltage of the electrolytic aluminum and the corresponding production conditions were found. The simulation results show that the neural network and genetic algorithm can predict the cell …
Study On Aircraft Scheduling Optimization Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Yaohua Li, Wang Lei
Study On Aircraft Scheduling Optimization Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Yaohua Li, Wang Lei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aircraft scheduling was studied, and an optimization model of aircraft assignment based on the objective function of maximize total profit was suggested. It considered its cost and benefits by combining fleet and aircraft. In the view of the feature of this model, the innovation of genetic algorithm chromosome was carried on, and these chromosomes formatted chromosome groups. The groups interior could cross over and mutate, and the probability of crossover and mutation could dynamically adjust in accordance with adaptive values to accelerate the convergence speed, the model was resolved fast in this way. In the process of simulation with …
Integrated Dynamic Equivalent Model Of Super Capacitor Energy Storage System, Xinran Li, Tingting Xu, Shaojie Tan, Xingting Cheng, Xiaojun Zeng
Integrated Dynamic Equivalent Model Of Super Capacitor Energy Storage System, Xinran Li, Tingting Xu, Shaojie Tan, Xingting Cheng, Xiaojun Zeng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: As a high-power energy storage device, super capacitor (SC) is applied in micro-grid energy storage, secondary frequency regulation and peak load shifting in power system, and the research of which has become a hotspot. A second-order model of SC monomer suitable for the grid simulation was established, and the parameter identification using the charge and discharge experiment data under constant current and constant power modes was conducted based on genetic algorithm. A SC energy storage system has been set up in Simulink/Matlab based on the established second-order model of SC. The integrated dynamic equivalent model of SC energy storage …
Research On Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem For Energy Consumption, Chen Chao, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Research On Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem For Energy Consumption, Chen Chao, Wang Yan, Dahu Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problem of uneven load and energy consumption under disturbance, a flexible job shop scheduling model with average flow time and energy consumption was constructed. Aiming at the above model, a genetic and simulated annealing algorithm (GASA) was designed, which is based on the genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm. A new group of individuals were generated by genetic algorithm. And then the individual simulated the annealing process, in order to avoid falling into the local optimal. Aiming at the dynamic flexible job shop scheduling problem, the rolling window technique and GASA algorithm were …
Modeling And Simulation Of Mooring Force Prediction Based On Improved Ga-Bp Network, Shifeng Li, Zhanzhi Qiu
Modeling And Simulation Of Mooring Force Prediction Based On Improved Ga-Bp Network, Shifeng Li, Zhanzhi Qiu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the mooring security and early warning control requirement of the large open sea terminal, a ship mooring force prediction model based on genetic algorithm and BP network was studied. Environmental dynamic factors were considered and a model structure was determined by a weight statistics method; the learning method was improved by individual parent information and contemporary individual local gradient information; according to the improved model, a ship mooring force prediction method of the open sea terminal was proposed. The simulation results show that the performance of the prediction model has improved in the iteration number, …
Genetic Algorithm For Solving Multi-Objective Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling, Wang Chun, Zhang Ming, Zhicheng Ji, Wang Yan
Genetic Algorithm For Solving Multi-Objective Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling, Wang Chun, Zhang Ming, Zhicheng Ji, Wang Yan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the scheduling problem of mold workshop in a toy factory with dynamic and flexible features, a mathematical model was established by introducing virtual operation and virtual working hours. Based on the strategies of periodic scheduling combined with dynamic event scheduling as well as the rolling window scheduling operation technology, dynamic scheduling was transformed into several continuous static scheduling windows, under which multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to solve the model. The priority of operation scheduling was given in different dynamic events. In addition, the encoding and anti-encoding of chromosome's operation sequence were made based on the proposed …
Research On Intelligent Clustering Algorithm For Complex Water Wireless Network Surveillance, Hua Xiang, Hongtao Liang, Zhaoxin Dong, Wang Zhao, Hongjuan Yao, Baohua Li, Bingqing Jiang
Research On Intelligent Clustering Algorithm For Complex Water Wireless Network Surveillance, Hua Xiang, Hongtao Liang, Zhaoxin Dong, Wang Zhao, Hongjuan Yao, Baohua Li, Bingqing Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The clustering of irregular networks will cause load imbalance, which results in the phenomenon of “energy hot zone”. Aiming at the unreasonable topology of irregular network clustering, an intelligent clustering algorithm based on genetic strategy is proposed for the wireless network surveillance of complex water system. An irregular complex water topology model and an energy consumption model are built, and a genetic clustering strategy is designed via the principle of minimum energy consumption. The P matrix coding method is given, which avoids the squared increment of data calculation. Simultaneously, an adaptive genetic operator and a fuzzy modified operator are …
Size Optimization Method Of 6r Manipulator Based On Global Maneuverability, Xianhua Li, Xuesong Shi, Lü Lei, Leigang Zhang, Song Tao
Size Optimization Method Of 6r Manipulator Based On Global Maneuverability, Xianhua Li, Xuesong Shi, Lü Lei, Leigang Zhang, Song Tao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the six-DOF manipulator of service robot, the structure size parameters are optimized and analyzed. The global manipulability index of the manipulator workspace is defined, the coordinate system of the position and attitude is established, and the reachability of the position and attitude is calculated with the inverse solution of the manipulator, and the global manipulability index of the manipulator is proposed. Taking the maximum value of this index as the optimization target, the size parameters of the connecting rod of the manipulator are optimized by genetic algorithm, the size of the optimized connecting rod and the global …
Path Planning For Mobile Sink Based On Enhanced Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm In Wireless Sensor Networks, Shanshan Ji
Path Planning For Mobile Sink Based On Enhanced Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm In Wireless Sensor Networks, Shanshan Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To reduce the energy consumption and sink mobile distance of mobile sink wireless sensor networks simultaneously, a path planning algorithm for mobile sink based on enhanced ant colony optimization algorithm in wireless sensor networks is proposed. Genetic operators are introduced to ant colony optimization algorithm in order to prevent ant colony optimization premature. The non-uniform of data distribution is considered as the constraint condition, the network lifetime and sink mobile distance are considered as a multi-objective problem, and the enhanced ant colony optimization is adopted to search the Pareto sub-optimal sets of rendezvous points. The simulation results show that …
Ads-B In Based Conflict Prediction And Conflict-Free Trajectory Planning For Multi-Aircraft, Siyuan Zhang, Xianying Li, Xiaoyun Shen
Ads-B In Based Conflict Prediction And Conflict-Free Trajectory Planning For Multi-Aircraft, Siyuan Zhang, Xianying Li, Xiaoyun Shen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For free flight of future, it is necessary to continuously detect conflicts and plan safe flight paths. Through in-depth analysis of detection principle of TCAS, combined with the characteristics of ADS-B data, the target within the scope of ADS-B IN surveillance is classified and given a risk factor, and the TCAS function is implemented in the ADS-B IN simulation software. For complex conflict scenarios with multi-aircraft, by meshing the conflict region and discretizing the flight procedure, the genetic algorithm is then used to calculate the optimal conflict-free trajectory based on risk factors. Two common multi-aircraft conflict scenarios are …
Multi-Channel Transmission Optimization Of Campus Internet Of Things Based On Pheromone Genetic Algorithm, Zhiyong Chen, Liu Hao
Multi-Channel Transmission Optimization Of Campus Internet Of Things Based On Pheromone Genetic Algorithm, Zhiyong Chen, Liu Hao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the difficulty in selecting and optimizing the multi-path transmission of campus Internet of Things information, an optimization algorithm of network multi-path transmission based on intelligent optimization algorithm is proposed. Based on the standard genetic algorithm and the concept of pheromone concentration in ant colony algorithm, this algorithm improves the global optimization ability and convergence efficiency by controlling the evolution direction of individuals, and designs and constructs an evaluation index mathematical model which conforms to the characteristics of multi-channel information transmission optimization in the Internet of Things. The mathematical model of the evaluation index realizes the multi-channel comprehensive …
Multi-Objective Operation Scheduling Optimization Of Shipborne-Equipment Based On Genetic Algorithm, Jinsong Bao, Zhiqiang Li, Yaqin Zhou
Multi-Objective Operation Scheduling Optimization Of Shipborne-Equipment Based On Genetic Algorithm, Jinsong Bao, Zhiqiang Li, Yaqin Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Multi-objective operation scheduling of shipborne equipment is a complex combinational optimization problem under multi-task system. Existing research focuses mainly on single-objective optimization while several other objectives need to be considered during real operation such as path, duration, resource, etc. Considering the operation scheduling before exporting of an amphibious landing ship as the research object, both scheduling duration and resource requirement under the precedence constraint are optimized. The mathematical model of this multi-objective operation scheduling is established and solved using genetic algorithm. A fitness function which can be self-adaptively adjusted is designed; an adapting encoding strategy, a crossover operator, and …