Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Does The Fossil Record Of Non-Mammalian Synapsid Digits Show An Increasing "Mammal-Ness"?, Emily Anderson, Matthew A. Mclain

Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism

Non-mammalian synapsids (NMS) are a group of extinct amniotes present in the Carboniferous-Cretaceous geologic systems. NMS are recognized by evolutionary scientists as transitional forms between reptile-like animals and mammals, and are thought to increase in mammal-like characteristics as they progress through the fossil record, especially among the six therapsid subtaxa. Given that Scripture is clear that God created many independent kinds of land animals (Genesis 1:20-25), we sought to investigate the currently accepted evidence which is used to support the claim that NMS are transitional forms. In this study we focused on the NMS hands and feet, which have been …

Testing The Order Of The Fossil Record: Preliminary Observations On Stratigraphic-Clade Congruence And Its Implications For Models Of Evolution And Creation, Kathryn Mcguire, Sophie Southerden, Katherine Beebe, Neal Doran, Matthew Mclain, Todd Charles Wood, Paul A. Garner

Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism

As a key evidence for macroevolutionary change, the fossil record has been the focus of much study as creation scientists have attempted to interpret its patterns in light of the Flood. Despite this importance, only rarely has the order of the fossil record been scrutinized in any detail, by creationists or evolutionists. We therefore conducted the first large-scale study of the congruence of the fossil record with evolutionary predictions in thirty years.

Our method begins with published phylogenies for organisms found in the fossil record. The order of appearance for each taxon on the phylogeny is assigned a rank, then …

Stratigraphy Of The Metamorphic Rocks Of Niğde Massif And New Evidence Of Triassic Rifting Of The Inner Tauride Ocean (Central Anatolia, Türkiye), Mustafa Kemal Özkan, Metin Beyazpi̇ri̇nç, Ali Ekber Akçay, Muhamed Çoban, Osman Candan, Osman Ersin Koralay, Meftun Kerem Sönmez, Halil Yusufoğlu

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Metamorphites of Niğde Massif, which form the basis of the study area covering the Niğde vicinity in Central Anatolia, are composed of Late Devonian Gümüşler, Carboniferous-early Permian Kaleboynu late Permian Kızıldağ formation and unconformable Triassic-Late Cretaceous cover units from bottom to the top, which are separated from each other with unconformities. The Triassic succession (Söğütlüdere formation) of phyllite-marble-schist alternations with common amphibolite levels is first distinguished in this study, unconformably overlies the Paleozoic succession. Thick homogeneous marbles of Jurassic-Cretaceous period, is defined by quartzite at the bottom representing the unconformity at the base, is defined as the Kırtepe formation. The …

Geological Properties Of Güney Formation (Ereğli - Ulukışla Basin, Niğde), Ayfer Özdemi̇r, Nurettin Sonel

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

The aim of this study to determine stratigraphic, sedimentological and petrographic characteristics of the Upper Paleocene - Lower Eocene Güney formation in the Ereğli - Ulukışla Basin based on the lithological and environmental interpretations related to petroleum source and reservoir rock properties of it. For this purpose, the geological characteristics of the Güney formation and its relations with other units were followed by field observations and the unit was investigated by making a stratigraphic cross section from bottom to top. In addition, during the field studies, four (4) scaled stratigraphic sections (OSK) were formed and fifty - two (52) sandstone …

The Stratigraphy Of The Oligocene-Lower Miocene Deposits Of Southern Ukraine, Yuliia V. Vernyhorova, Tamara S. Ryabokon

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Lithostratigraphic units (formation, strata, and beds) and regional stages of the Oligocene-lower Miocene succession of southern Ukraine are described based on the results of comprehensive lithological and paleontological data analysis. The historical perspective on the stratigraphical investigations of the Maikop Group in the Crimean and Kerch Peninsulas and their equivalents in the broader Peri-Black Sea Region were also integrated in this overview. Moreover, a correlation was established between the locally defined regional stages and specific stratigraphic horizons of southern Ukraine, the global Oligocene and Miocene stages (defined by the International Stratigraphic Chart), and the stages of the Eastern Paratethys. The …

Deep Structure Of Central Menderes Massif: Data From Deep Geothermal Wells, Fatma Gülmez, Emre Damci, Umut Bariş Ülgen, Aral Okay

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Menderes Massif is a major Alpide metamorphic complex in western Turkey; it is subdivided into southern, central, and northern submassifs by the east-west trending grabens. The basement of the southern Menderes Massif consists of Neoproterozoic micaschists (Selimiye Formation) intruded by Neoproterozoic granites. The basement is overlain by Permo-Carboniferous phyllite, marble, and quartzite (Göktepe Formation), which pass up into a thick sequence of Mesozoic marbles with emery horizons (Milas Marble). The marbles are overlain by latest Cretaceous recrystallized pelagic limestone and Paleocene metaclastics, which are thrusted over by the Lycian nappes. The metamorphism and deformation of the Phanerozoic sequence of …

Global Stratigraphy And The Fossil Record Validate A Flood Origin For The Geologic Column, Timothy L. Clarey, Davis J. Werner

Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism

The geologic column has been under the scrutiny of numerous creationists for many decades. Critics have claimed the column is intimately tied to the evolutionary worldview and deep time, and cannot be trusted or used by creation scientists. Other creation scientists have argued that the geologic column, although incomplete at most locations, can provide useful correlations of rocks and fossils across the globe. This paper examines the sedimentary rocks across three continents in an attempt to test the validity of the global geologic column. We attempted to assess the data primarily from a lithologic viewpoint, and as independent of the …

Historical Survey Of The Floating Mat Model For The Origin Of Carboniferous Coal Beds, Steven Arthur Austin, Roger W. Sanders

Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism

For three hundred years geologists and paleobotanists have been attempting to describe the process that deposited plant material that formed Carboniferous coal beds. Autochthonous and allochthonous explanations in the early Nineteenth Century showed how scientific methodology becomes involved in coal interpretation. Autochthonous modelers used the paleobotany-strata-petrology-environment method to argue that coal is a terrestrial swamp deposit. Allochthonous modelers used the petrology-strata-paleobotany-environment method to describe coal as a subaqueous deposit. The two methodologies are best displayed at the end of the Nineteenth Century in the consensus autochthonists versus the French School allochthonists. Three depositional models have been offered for the origin …

Early Pliocene Molluscs From The Easternmost Mediterranean Region (Se Turkey): Biostratigraphic, Ecostratigraphic, And Palaeobiogeographic Implications, Yeşi̇m Büyükmeri̇ç, Erdoğan Teki̇n, Erdal İbrahi̇m Herece, Koray Sözeri̇, Ni̇hal Akca, Baki̇ Erdoğan Varol

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The mollusc faunas from Pliocene deposits of the Hatay-İskenderun region were investigated at nine localities and complemented with three localities from earlier studies. The Pliocene units were deposited in three adjacent subbasins, Hatay-Samandağ (HS), Altınözü-Babatorun (AB), and İskenderun-Arsuz (İA); the first two are also known as the Hatay Graben. Basin configurations and shape, environmental evolution, and faunal compositions were affected by differential tectonic histories since the Late Miocene. In total 162 species (94 gastropod, 61 bivalve, and 7 scaphopod) are recorded, 80 of which are recorded for the first time from the region. The occurrence of tropical stenohaline benthic taxa …

Middle-Upper Miocene Paleogeography Of Southern Turkey: Insights From Stratigraphy And Calcareous Nannofossil Biochronology Of The Olukpınar And Başyayla Sections (Mut-Ermenek Basin), Paola Cipollari, Eva Halásová, Kemal Gürbüz, Domenico Cosentino

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The age of the marine succession capping the basement rocks of the central Taurides in the Mut-Ermenek Basin is constrained using calcareous nannofossil biochronology. The Olukpınar section, which correlates with the biozones between MNN5a and MNN6b (late Langhian-late Serravallian), represents a deeper marine environment developed lateral to the Ermenek platform. The long-term transgressive-regressive cycle of the Olukpınar section, which corresponds to the middle-upper part of the TB2 supercycle, can be subdivided into 2 large-scale (10^6 years) cycles (TB2.4 and TB2.5) based on the occurrence of 2 major debris flow deposits linked to sea-level drop. The younger late Tortonian Başyayla section …

Origin, Evolutionary Classification, And Biostratigraphic Significance Of The Late Cretaceous Planktic Foraminiferal Directional Lineage Bollitruncana O.A. Korchagin, 2001, Marius Dan Georgescu

Studia UBB Geologia

Taxonomic revision of the genus Bollitruncana O.A. Korchagin, 2001 shows that it accommodates a directional lineage, which consists of two species: B. carpathica (Scheibnerová, 1963) and B. posthelvetica (Hanzliková, 1963). Bollitruncana directional lineage is restricted to Turonian. A new planktic foraminiferal biozone is recognized in the Turonian, namely the Bollitruncana carpathica Biozone.

A Study On The Geology Of The Ţaga Region (Cluj District), Ioan MâRza

Studia UBB Geologia

The geological formations from Ţaga area (Cluj District) are Sarmatian in age (in outcrops) and Badenian (under surface). Lithologically, they are represented mainly by sands and sometimes fine sediments (clays, marls), interbedded with volcanic tuffs a low fossil content. The Badenian is the host of gas accumulations, concentrated in dome structures.

A Revision Of The Rona Member, Vlad A. Codrea, Emanoil SăSăRan

Studia UBB Geologia

Lacustrine deposits occurring in the Jibou Formation (Late Maastrichtian – Lutetian) were mentioned in the Rona village area since the first half of the 19th century. Hungarian and Romanian geologists also carried out several researches in the last century, referring to the so-call “Rona Limestone” or “Rona Member”. In the last years, new outcrops resulted as a consequence of works made for the Botanical Garden at Jibou, adding details concerning mainly the base of the lacustrine succession. The new geological section from Jibou Botanical Garden should complete the old stratotype of the "Rona Limestone”, as a hypostratotype.

Tectonics Of The Strandja Massif, Nw Turkey: History Of A Long-Lived Arc At The Northern Margin Of Palaeo-Tethys, Boris Natalin, Gürsel Sunal, Muharrem Satir, Erkan Toraman

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Strandja Massif, Thrace Peninsula, NW Turkey, forms an important link between the Balkan Zone of Bulgaria, which is usually correlated with Variscan orogen in Central Europe, and the Pontides, where Cimmerian structures are the most prominent. The massif is composed of a Palaeozoic basement and a Triassic metasedimentary cover. The basement is made of various granite gneisses, paragneisses, and schists that are intruded by large plutons of monzonitic metagranites. Detrital zircon studies have revealed Ordovician (433 and 446 Ma) and Carboniferous (305 Ma) ages of the metasedimentary rocks. The isotopic age of the granite gneisses is 308-315 Ma (Carboniferous, …

Stratigraphy And Some Structural Features Of The İstanbul Paleozoic, Necdet Özgül

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Palaeozoic rocks crop out across large areas in the İstanbul region. The Palaeozoic sequence starts with the Lower Ordovician fluviatile and lacustrine deposits (Kocatöngel and Kurtköy formations). The area was transgressed by the sea during the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian, represented by the feldspathic quartzwacke and quartz-arenites of the Kınalıada and Aydos formations. The basin became progressively deeper and more stable during the Silurian and Devonian. In this period, micaceous siltstones and sandstones of the Yayalar Formation (Upper Ordovician (?)-Lower Silurian), shelf-type carbonates of the Pelitli Formation (Lower Silurian-Lower Devonian), fossil-rich micaceous shales with rare limestone intercalations representing a low-energy open …

Geology Of The Early Miocene Alaçamdağ (Dursunbey-Balikesi̇r) Magmatic Complex And Implications For The Western Anatolian Extensional Tectonics, Fuat Erkül, Sibel Tatar Erkül

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

Extensional regime in western Anatolia caused development of metamorphic core complexes, NEand E-W-trending basins and emplacement of magmatic rocks since Late Oligocene and Early Miocene. The Alaçamdað magmatic complex, which is located to the west of the Simav metamorphic core complex, includes significant data that highlight the style of extensional regime in western Turkey. It consists of Early Miocene granitic intrusions and volcanic rocks with variable compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite. The granitic intrusions that were emplaced into the basement rocks of the Menderes Massive and Ýzmir-Ankara Zone are divided into two facies based on their lithological and textural …

A Re-Appraisal Of The Stratigraphy, Palaeontology And Dating Of Cow Cave, Chudleigh, Devon, England, Jim W. Simons

International Journal of Speleology

Cow Cave is an important Quaternary paleontological site in Chudleigh Gorge, Devon, UK., now known to have a sequence of cave-earths and stalagmite floors that range in age from Upper Middle Pleistocene (~MIS 7 interglacial) through to the Holocene (Flandrian) and the present day. Excavations in 1927-1934, and again in 1962-3, have provided a rich fauna, with some artefacts. Here, the stratigraphy of the deposits is now more fully described and the faunal remains are considered in their stratigraphical contexts. Data supporting the existence of former cave entrances are presented along with an analysis of the processes of sedimentation and …

Lower Cretaceous Calcareous Nannofossils From The Southern Apuseni Mountains, Romania, Ana-Maria Vulc

Studia UBB Geologia

We investigated Lower Cretaceous calcareous nannofossils from Southern Apuseni Mts. The studied section from Bucium Cerbu quarry is characterized by flysch deposits (rhythmical interbedded marls and sandstones), which were assigned to the Căbeşti Formation. The studied nannofossil assemblages yielded a high diversity. The Early Aptian age of the studied deposits was assigned based on both the Tethyan and Boreal calcareous nannofossil zonations. Several reworked Valanginian nannofossils were also observed in the Early Aptian in situ nannofloras. The nannofloras are dominated by tethyan and cosmopolitan species. Besides Boreal species are also present. The presence of boreal taxa (e.g. Kokia borealis, K. …

Biostratigraphy Of The Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary In The Eastern Carpathians (Dâmboviţa Valley): Preliminary Observations, Claudia Cetean, Ramona Balc, Michael A. Kaminski, Sorin Filipescu

Studia UBB Geologia

Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal assemblages from an Upper Albian to Lower Turonian interval in the East Carpathians were investigated in a well and in an outcrop from the Stoeneşti – Cetăţeni area (Dâmboviţa Valley), Romania. The benthic foraminiferal extinction that occurred at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary and the first stage of the faunal recovery are documented here for the first time in the Romanian Carpathians. Bioevents and changes in the foraminiferal record from this area show that low oxygen conditions occured already in the Late Cenomanian, as suggested by the presence of radiolarian-rich shales. Impoverished assemblages of small, thin walled agglutinated …

Late Cenozoic Sedimentary Evolution Of The Antalya Basin, Southern Turkey, Atti̇la Çi̇ner, Mustafa Karabiyikoğlu, Olivier Monod, Max Deynoux, Sevi̇m Tuzcu

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Late Cenozoic Antalya Basin developed unconformably on a foundered basement comprising Mesozoic autochthonous carbonate platform(s) overthrust by the Lycian Nappes, the Antalya Nappes and the Alanya Massif metamorphics within the Isparta Angle, southern Turkey. The present configuration of the basin consists of three distinct parts, referred herein as the Aksu, Köprüçay and Manavgat sub-basins, respectively, which are divided by the north-south-trending Kırkkavak Fault and the westward-verging Aksu Thrust. The Miocene fill of each sub-basin is characterized by thick accumulations of non-marine to marine clastics with locally developed coralgal reefs and reefal shelf carbonates. Based on lithostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic considerations, …

Stratigraphy And Geochronology Of The Early Miocene Volcanic Units In The Bigadiç Borate Basin, Western Turkey, Fuat Erkül, Cahi̇t Helvaci, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Western Turkey has undergone an intense deformation which has given rise to two types of basins since the Late Oligocene: NE-trending and E-W-trending basins situated on the basement rocks of the Menderes Massif, the Sakarya Zone, the Lycian nappes and the Bornova Flysch Zone. One of the NE-trending basins, the Bigadiç borate basin, is located in the Bornova Flysch Zone - a 50-90-km-wide zone between the Sakarya Zone and the Menderes Massif. Lower Miocene successions are dominated by lacustrine, fluvial, evaporitic sedimentary rocks and numerous NE-trending volcanic centres which produced considerable amounts of lava and volcaniclastic detritus in the Bigadiç …

Revised Stratigraphy And Facies Analysis Of Palaeocene-Eocene Supra-Allochthonous Sediments (Denizli, Sw Turkey) And Their Tectonic Significance, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

A non-metamorphosed sedimentary sequence of Late Palaeocene-Eocene age exposed to the south of Dereköy Village (east of Denizli) was formerly interpreted as the uppermost part of the Menderes Massif. However, detailed field data indicates that the Dereköy succession rests unconformably on the Lycian ophiolitic mélange and thus cannot be accepted as a part of the Menderes sequence. The Dereköy succession consists of shelf to sub-marine sedimentary deposits that begin with a transgressive basal conglomerate, followed by limestone and then grading upward into clastic turbidites. The clastic beds have intra-basinal and extra-basinal fragments derived from carbonate lenses and the Lycian thrust …

Mid-Ordovician (Late Darriwilian) Conodonts From The Southern-Central Taurides, Turkey: Geological Implications, Hüseyi̇n Kozlu, M. Cemal Göncüoğlu, Graciela N. Sarmiento, M. Ali̇ Gül

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Tekmen Member of the Seydişehir Formation of the Silifke-Aydıncık Nappe is exposed between the towns Silifke and Aydıncık, in the central Taurides, southern Turkey. The member is composed of sandy limestones with interbeds of reddish shales. Distinctive depositional features of the carbonates and associated siliciclastics are suggestive of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic tempestite-type deposition in a shelf environment. The conodont fauna from the Tekmen Member includes taxa that are known from the Baltoscandian region and are referred to the Darriwilian, being the first Middle-Ordovician finding from Turkey. A late Darriwilian (late Lasnamägian to Uhakun) age migth be attributed to the …