Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Articles 1 - 19 of 19
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Rearrangements Of Allyl Aryl Ethers: Mechanisitc And Synthetic Studies, Heidi E. Dimmitt
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Rearrangements Of Allyl Aryl Ethers: Mechanisitc And Synthetic Studies, Heidi E. Dimmitt
WWU Graduate School Collection
Gold catalyzed reactions are an active area of interest for synthetic chemists due to gold's ability to promote formation of carbon-carbon bonds. A mechanistic study of the aromatic Claisen rearrangement of allyl aryl ethers in the presence of a gold catalyst has shed some light on the role of the gold catalyst in this reaction. Studies probing the electronics requirements of the reaction as well as investigation of stereochemical conservation both support a dissociative ionic mechanism. Our data supports that the catalyst interacts primarily with the alkene branch as opposed to the phenoxide oxygen because the E and Z allyl …
Holocene Glaciation Of The Green River Drainage, Wind River Range, Wyoming, Nigel Davies
Holocene Glaciation Of The Green River Drainage, Wind River Range, Wyoming, Nigel Davies
WWU Graduate School Collection
The Wind River Range (WRR) has long been the focus of glacial investigations, yet the Holocene record remains poorly understood. Moraines in the Green River Lakes drainage, on the northwest end of the Wind River Range, preserve a remarkably complete moraine record of late-Pleistocene recession, late-glacial and late-Holocene advances. At last glacial maximum (LGM) the study area supported large valley glaciers that extended beyond the rangefront; in historic times, however, glaciers are restricted to high alpine cirques. The largest remaining active glacier (Mammoth Glacier) has retreated to 2 km2 and is the primary source of meltwater and outwash to the …
The First Pre- And Post-Wildfire Charcoal Quantification Using Peroxide-Acid Digestion, Melissa R.A. Pingree
The First Pre- And Post-Wildfire Charcoal Quantification Using Peroxide-Acid Digestion, Melissa R.A. Pingree
WWU Graduate School Collection
In the summer of 2002, the 200,000-ha Biscuit Wildfire consumed a portion of the 150-ha Long-Term Ecosystem Productivity (LTEP) experiment in the Siskiyou National Forest, Oregon. The wildfire burned previously established 100-year-old conifer control and thinned experimental units, which allows comparison with prescribed burn and unburned units. This research evaluates the O horizon and mineral soil charcoal, a key fire-related soil component that affects physical and chemical properties. Charcoal C was quantified by a peroxide-acid digestion method developed for forest soils. Charcoal C was 17% of the organic C for a reference Australian Vertisol soil and 9% for a German …
Controlled Growth Of Organic Semiconductor Films In Liquid, Daniel W. (Daniel Wainwright) Shaw
Controlled Growth Of Organic Semiconductor Films In Liquid, Daniel W. (Daniel Wainwright) Shaw
WWU Graduate School Collection
Organic molecular crystalline (OMC) films are being investigated for use in a wide range of potential applications, from field effect transistors, to light-emitting diodes, and photovoltaic cells. The ultimate utility of OMC materials for such applications will depend on the degree and type of molecular order in deposited films, as well as the processing costs for preparing them. The goal of this thesis is to develop a method to produce high quality OMC thin films under ambient conditions, to characterize those films, and their growth kinetics. In particular, I will investigate OMC film growth by ambient axisymmetric spray method, a …
The Effects Of Symbiotic State On Heterotrophic Feeding In The Temperate Anemone Anthopleura Elegantissima, Terra C. (Terra Celeste) Hiebert
The Effects Of Symbiotic State On Heterotrophic Feeding In The Temperate Anemone Anthopleura Elegantissima, Terra C. (Terra Celeste) Hiebert
WWU Graduate School Collection
The temperate sea anemone, Anthopleura elegantissima is facultatively symbiotic with at least two distinct algae: zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium muscatinei) and zoochlorellae (Elliptochloris marina). Symbiotic A. elegantissima potentially receive excess photosynthate from their algal partners, which supplements heterotrophic feeding. But asymbiotic individuals must rely solely on heterotrophic food sources. We predicted that asymbiotic A. elegantissima, due to their lack of algal symbionts, would have a more effective heterotrophic feeding strategy. Symbiotic and asymbiotic A. elegantissima were collected from the field and heterotrophic feeding features were measured (i.e., anemone morphology, tentacle adhesive force, nematocyte sensitivity, cnida size, cnida density, ingestion time, digestion time …
Soils As A Source Of Bioavailable Phosphorus In The Lake Whatcom Watershed, Scott Groce
Soils As A Source Of Bioavailable Phosphorus In The Lake Whatcom Watershed, Scott Groce
WWU Graduate School Collection
Lake Whatcom is a warm monomictic lake located east of the City of Bellingham, WA, U.S.A. and serves as the primary drinking water source for approximately 100,000 Whatcom County and City of Bellingham residents. Matthews et al. (2004) noted indicators of increasing algal productivity in the lake. My study quantified the amount of soluble, bioavailable, and total phosphorus in the Lake Whatcom watershed soils to help quantify the major sources of phosphorus entering the lake. In addition, I assessed the influence of soil factors (soil series, size fraction, aspect, elevation, pH, slope, percent organic matter, median particle size, and percent …
Sea Level Rise And Sediment Elevation Dynamics In A Hydrologically Altered Puget Sound Estuary, Kara D. Kuhlman
Sea Level Rise And Sediment Elevation Dynamics In A Hydrologically Altered Puget Sound Estuary, Kara D. Kuhlman
WWU Graduate School Collection
As sea level rise (SLR) accelerates in response to climate change, coastal wetlands must accrete vertically to prevent submergence and habitat loss. Padilla Bay, an estuary in the Puget Sound containing an expansive eelgrass meadow, has been hydrologically altered such that insufficient sedimentation may now prevent vertical accretion, potentially affecting the long-term survival of the eelgrass meadow. The objective of this study was to quantify trends in surface elevation change throughout Padilla Bay. To this end, our research group monitored surface elevation change at 19 sites from 2002-2010 using sediment elevation tables (SET's). Additionally, I explored potential ecogeomorphic relationships between …
The Influence Of Humic Acid And Water Hardness On The Partitioning Of Silver Ions And Nanoparticles Between Fresh Water And Freshwater Algae, Matthew D. Ferguson
The Influence Of Humic Acid And Water Hardness On The Partitioning Of Silver Ions And Nanoparticles Between Fresh Water And Freshwater Algae, Matthew D. Ferguson
WWU Graduate School Collection
Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) containing products are abundant in consumer goods. If trends continue, AgNP levels will continue to rise as innovative applications continue to be realized. These nanoparticles (NPs) can enter the environment as their uses can transport them to natural waters (e.g., washing socks containing AgNPs). Research on the behavior of AgNPs and Ag+ in artificial fresh water is presented in this thesis. Specifically, their sorptive properties between fresh water and freshwater algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindák, as a function of hardness, humic acid (HA) content, and silver type were investigated. The experimental design was modeled after a 23 …
Alternative Foraging Strategies Among Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos) Fishing For Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus Keta) At Mcneil River, Alaska, Ian D. (Ian David) Gill
Alternative Foraging Strategies Among Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos) Fishing For Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus Keta) At Mcneil River, Alaska, Ian D. (Ian David) Gill
WWU Graduate School Collection
Previous research on the fishing behavior of bears (Ursus spp.) along salmon streams suggests that dominant individuals forage more efficiently than their competitors; specifically, large adult males are the most efficient foragers at a given stream due to their ability to dominate the most productive locations. I tested this hypothesis by observing 26 individual brown bears (U. arctos) fishing for chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) at McNeil River, Alaska, over 33 days during the summer of 2010. In contrast with previous findings I did not observe strong relationships between the foraging efficiency of individual bears and the frequency with which they …
Groundwater Response To Precipitation Events, Kalaloch, Olympic Peninsula, Washington, Casey R. Hanell
Groundwater Response To Precipitation Events, Kalaloch, Olympic Peninsula, Washington, Casey R. Hanell
WWU Graduate School Collection
Tens of thousands of square kilometers of forestland in Washington are managed as working forests, primarily for timber production. The effects of timber harvesting on physical watershed processes continue to be the subject of intense research throughout the Pacific Northwest. Watershed analyses completed in Washington during the mid-1990s resulted in significant modifications to Washington's Forest Practices Act and Rules. These measures mandate rigorous evaluation of potential effects of timber harvesting on slope stability. Although timber harvesting has been linked to an increase in surface erosion and mass wasting in the Pacific Northwest, most studies have focused on shallow landslide processes. …
Derivation Of The Eruption History Of The Prehistoric Ring Creek Lava Flow, Southern British Columbia, Samuel Bruno
Derivation Of The Eruption History Of The Prehistoric Ring Creek Lava Flow, Southern British Columbia, Samuel Bruno
WWU Graduate School Collection
The Ring Creek lava flow is a 10,000 year old, post-glacial dacitic lava flow that originated from Opal Cone, a small cinder cone on the south east flank of Mt. Garibaldi, British Columbia. Disequilibrium texture of amphibole combined with clotting in plagioclase suggests that the Ring Creek magma stalled beneath Opal Cone for at least 440 days before the eruption of the Ring Creek lava flow. Use of an igneous plagioclaseliquid thermo barometer and hygrometer indicate shallow storage conditions of 818 - 868o C, 2.4 - 3.6 kbar, and 0.2 - 2.0 wt% H2O. Surge in plagioclase growth, evidenced by …
Sub-Vertical Fluid Flow During Prograde Metamorphism In The Nason Terrane, North Cascades Crystalline Core, Washington, Perry M. (Perry Martin) Ponshock
Sub-Vertical Fluid Flow During Prograde Metamorphism In The Nason Terrane, North Cascades Crystalline Core, Washington, Perry M. (Perry Martin) Ponshock
WWU Graduate School Collection
The nature of fluid movement through the lower crust during prograde metamorphism is an important but poorly understood part of the global H2O and CO2 cycles on this planet. A broad set of samples from some of the structurally deepest exposures of the Nason terrane in the Cascades crystalline core were used to evaluate fluid movement during peak amphibolite-grade metamorphism. XRF bulk-rock chemical analyses, T-X(CO2) pseudosections, and thin-section petrography were used to identify equilibrium fluid composition for the solid phases in each specimen; these span the gamut of X(CO2) values. The juxtaposition of gneiss and marble-lithologies with differing equilibrium fluid …
Oriented Fluorophore Luminescent Solar Concentrators, Christopher J. (Christopher John) Westcott
Oriented Fluorophore Luminescent Solar Concentrators, Christopher J. (Christopher John) Westcott
WWU Graduate School Collection
Though the sun's energy is the world's most prominent renewable energy resource, technologies such as photovoltaics (PVs) have yet to become a significant factor in the energy market due in part to the sheer cost of unit deployment. Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) have been investigated since the late 1960s as a means of reducing the cost of PV arrays by replacing large areas of expensive PVs with cheaper materials such as glass or plastic. LSCs function by using fluorescent dyes embedded in a host matrix that absorb the sun's rays and redirects the light through total internal reflection to small …
H2o Contents In Olivine-Hosted Melt Inclusions From Primitive Magmas In The Northern Cascade Arc, Steven D. Shaw
H2o Contents In Olivine-Hosted Melt Inclusions From Primitive Magmas In The Northern Cascade Arc, Steven D. Shaw
WWU Graduate School Collection
The subducting Juan de Fuca plate is the hot endmember of slabs worldwide, and its unique thermal character prompts debate about the role of fluid-flux melting versus decompression melting in the Cascade arc. While slow subduction of this hot slab is expected to result in strong dehydration prior to reaching sub-arc depths, there is no consensus on whether the slab is entirely dehydrated at this point, or whether volcanism is the result of water-poor, decompression melting, or fluid-flux melting. I provide the first measurements of pre-eruptive volatile contents in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from primitive magmas in the northern region of …
Glacial And Geothermal Dynamics In Sherman Crater, Mount Baker, Washington, Melissa Park
Glacial And Geothermal Dynamics In Sherman Crater, Mount Baker, Washington, Melissa Park
WWU Graduate School Collection
Although quiescent since a significant thermal event in 1975, Mount Baker, in Washington, continues degassing from fumaroles in Sherman Crater, indicating the presence of a connection to an active magmatic system at depth. The apparent equilibrium condition of the crater glacier between 2003 and 2008, despite lying well above the regional equilibrium line altitude, suggests that melting of basal ice by heat flux from fumaroles and heated ground must balance the glacier's positive surface mass-balance. My investigation of glacial and geothermal dynamics in Sherman Crater between 2009 and 2010 provides the first rigorous quantitative assessment of the Sherman Crater glacier: …
Hydrologic And Geomorphic Assessment Of Ebey's Prairie, Central Whidbey Island, Washington, Michael A. (Michael Allen) Larrabee
Hydrologic And Geomorphic Assessment Of Ebey's Prairie, Central Whidbey Island, Washington, Michael A. (Michael Allen) Larrabee
WWU Graduate School Collection
Ebey's Prairie, Washington, was once bisected by a broad riparian corridor consisting of waterlogged soils, swampy areas, seasonal ponds, and intermittent flows, which helped recharge the local aquifer. By the mid-1900s, agriculture drainage tiles, drainage ditches, and fill were being installed by landowners to increase tillable acreage. The extent and location of these drainage tiles or the effects these tiles have had on surface water and subsequently on aquifer recharge in the area remains uncertain. In this study, I characterized the modern and historic surface hydrologic conditions of Ebey's Prairie and their relationship to the local geomorphology. I used the …
Hydrodesulfurization And Hydrodeoxygenation Over Noble Metal Phosphide Catalysts, Richard H. Bowker
Hydrodesulfurization And Hydrodeoxygenation Over Noble Metal Phosphide Catalysts, Richard H. Bowker
WWU Graduate School Collection
As the demand and price for crude petroleum continues to increase, unconventional sources of petroleum, including tar sands, oil shales, and bio-derived oils have become economically viable feedstocks. Previously, these oil reserves were deemed too costly to process into fuels due to the high impurity content (S, N, O) of the unrefined feedstocks. The decline in conventional oil reserves has focused increasing attention on utilizing these unconventional feedstocks. However, stringent environmental regulations governing fuel impurity content require refineries to remove these impurities in increasing amounts. Current hydrotreatment catalysts are unable to effectively remove theses impurities in sufficient quantities to meet …
Evaluating The Contribution To Toxicity Of Weak Black Liquor In Pulp Mill Effluents, Renee L. Ragsdale
Evaluating The Contribution To Toxicity Of Weak Black Liquor In Pulp Mill Effluents, Renee L. Ragsdale
WWU Graduate School Collection
Weak black liquor (WBL) losses in pulp mills may affect effluent treatment efficiencies and may be linked to aquatic toxicity observed in final mill effluents. Best management practices (BMP) for controlling losses of WBL have been effective at reducing WBL from entering the mill effluent treatment system, but it is unclear at what level WBL may contribute to increased toxicity, or whether specific chemical compounds found in WBL may be consistently responsible. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of WBL in biologically-treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluents to toxicity, and to assess effluent chemical parameters that …
Preparation Of Z-Substituted Styrenes Using Hiyama And Suzuki Cross Couplings: A Synthesis Of Glandulone B, Courtney A. Engles
Preparation Of Z-Substituted Styrenes Using Hiyama And Suzuki Cross Couplings: A Synthesis Of Glandulone B, Courtney A. Engles
WWU Graduate School Collection
The heliannuols are a family of allelochemicals that have been isolated from the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The 8-membered cyclic ether moiety found in many of the heliannuols is a rare motif in nature and provides a challenging synthetic target. It has been found that conformational constraint in the form of a Z olefin helps promote the cyclization of aryl epoxides to the 8-membered cyclic ether. Hiyama couplings of aryl iodides and cyclic vinyl siloxanes produce Z-styrenes in good to excellent yields. Due to the expense of the catalyst used for the synthesis of the siloxanes, an alternate pathway to …