Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Study Of The Reactions E+E-→Π+Π-Π0Π0Π0 And Π+Π-Π0Π0Η At Center-Of-Mass Energies From Threshold To 4.35 Gev Using Initial-State Radiation, J. P. Lees, V. Poireau, V. Tisserand, E. Grauges, A. Palano, G. Eigen, D. N. Brown, Yu G. Kolomensky, M. Fritsch, H. Koch, T. Schroeder, C. Hearty, T. S. Mattison, J. A. Mckenna, R. Y. So, V. E. Blinov, A. R. Buzykaev, V. P. Druzhinin, V. B. Golubev, E. A. Kozyrev, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

We study the processes e⁺e⁻ → π⁺π⁻π⁰π⁰π⁰nγ in which an energetic photon is radiated from the initial state. The data are collected with the BABAR detector at SLAC. About 14 000 and 4700 events, respectively, are selected from a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 469 fb⁻¹. The invariant mass of the hadronic final state defines the effective e⁺e⁻ center-of-mass energy. From the mass spectra, the first precise measurement of the e⁺e⁻ → π⁺π^{− …}

Measurement Of The Branching Fraction And Time-Dependent Cp Asymmetry For B0→J/Ψπ0 Decays, B. Pal, A.J. Schwartz, H. Aihara, S. Al Said, D. M. Asner, H. Atmacan, V. Aulchenko, T. Aushev, R. Ayad, I. Badhrees, S. Bahinipati, V. Bansal, P. Behera, C. Beleño, B. Bhuyan, T. Bilka, J. Biswal, A. Bozek, M. Bračko, L. Cao, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

We measure the branching fraction and time-dependent CP-violating asymmetry for B0 → J=ψπ0 decays using a data sample of 711 fb⁻¹ collected on the ϒ(4S) resonance by the Belle experiment running at the KEKB e⁺e⁻ collider. The branching fraction is measured to be B(B⁰ → J/_ψπ⁰) ¼ [1.62 ± 0.11(stat) ± 0.06(syst) × 10⁻⁵, which is the most precise measurement to date. The measured CP asymmetry parameters are S =−0.59 ±0.19(stat) 0.03(syst) and A = −0.15 ± 0.14(stat) ^+0.04 _−0.03 (syst). The mixing-induced CP asymmetry (S) differs …

Positive Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Index And The Risk Of Osteoporosis: Results From The Koges_Health Examinee (Hexa) Cohort Study, Hye Sun Kim, Cheongmin Sohn, Minji Kwon, Woori Na, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hébert, Mi Kyung Kim

Faculty Publications

Previous studies have found that diet’s inflammatory potential is related to various diseases. However, little is known about its relationship with osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and osteoporosis risk in a large-scale prospective cohort study in Korea. This prospective cohort study included 159,846 participants (men 57,740; women 102,106) from South Korea with a mean follow-up of 7.9 years. The DII was calculated through a validated semi-quantitative FFQ (SQFFQ), and information on osteoporosis was self-reported by the participants. Analyses were performed by using a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. …

Measurement Of The Γ*Γ* → Η' Transition Form Factor, J.P. Lees, V. Poireau, V. Tisserand, E. Grauges, A. Palano, G. Eigen, D. N. Brown, Yu G. Kolomensky, M. Fritsch, H. Koch, T. Schroeder, C. Hearty, T. S. Mattison, J. A. Mckenna, R. Y. So, V. E. Blinov, A. R. Buzykaev, V. P. Druzhinin, V. B. Golubev, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

We study the process e⁺e⁻→e⁺e⁻η′ in the double-tag mode and measure for the first time the γ^*γ^*→ η′ transition form factor Fη′ (Q ² ₁ , Q² ₂) in the momentum-transfer range 2< Q ² ₁ , Q² ₂ 60 GeV ² . The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of around 469     fb^{− 1} collected at the PEP-II e ⁺e ⁻ collider with the BABAR detector at center-of-mass energies near 10.6 GeV.

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Transfer Learning With Deep Recurrent Neural Networks For Remaining Useful Life Estimation, Ansi Zhang, Shaobo Li, Yuxin Cui, Zhonghao Liu, Guanci Yang, Jianjun Hu

Faculty Publications

Prognostics, such as remaining useful life (RUL) prediction, is a crucial task in condition-based maintenance. A major challenge in data-driven prognostics is the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient number of samples of failure progression. However, for traditional machine learning methods and deep neural networks, enough training data is a prerequisite to train good prediction models. In this work, we proposed a transfer learning algorithm based on Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) recurrent neural networks for RUL estimation, in which the models can be first trained on different but related datasets and then fine-tuned by the target dataset. Extensive experimental results …

Transfer Learning With Deep Recurrent Neural Networks For Remaining Useful Life Estimation, Ansi Zhang, Honglei Wang, Shaobo Li, Yuxin Cui, Guanci Yang, Jianjun Hu

Faculty Publications

Prognostics, such as remaining useful life (RUL) prediction, is a crucial task in condition-based maintenance. A major challenge in data-driven prognostics is the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient number of samples of failure progression. However, for traditional machine learning methods and deep neural networks, enough training data is a prerequisite to train good prediction models. In this work, we proposed a transfer learning algorithm based on Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) recurrent neural networks for RUL estimation, in which the models can be first trained on different but related datasets and then fine-tuned by the target dataset. Extensive experimental results …

A Time Series Of Water Column Distributions And Sinking Particle Flux Of Pseudo-Nitzschia And Domoic Acid In The Santa Barbara Basin, California, Blaire P. Umhau, Claudia R. Benitez-Nelson, Clarissa R. Anderson, Kelly Mccabe, Christopher Burrell

Faculty Publications

Water column bulk Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and the dissolved and particulate domoic acid (DA) concentrations were measured in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), California from 2009–2013 and compared to bulk Pseudo-nitzschia cell abundance and DA concentrations and fluxes in sediment traps moored at 147 m and 509 m. Pseudo-nitzschia abundance throughout the study period was spatially and temporally heterogeneous (L⁻¹ to 3.8 × 10⁶ cells L⁻¹, avg. 2 × 10⁵ ± 5 × 10⁵ cells L⁻¹) and did not correspond with upwelling conditions or the total DA (tDA) concentration, which was also spatially …

A Time Series Of Water Column Distributions And Sinking Particle Flux Of Pseudo-Nitzschia And Domoic Acid In The Santa Barbara Basin, California, Blaire P. Umhau, Claudia R. Benitez-Nelson, Clarissa R. Anderson, Kelly Mccabe, Christopher Burrell

Faculty Publications

Water column bulk Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and the dissolved and particulate domoic acid (DA) concentrations were measured in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), California from 2009–2013 and compared to bulk Pseudo-nitzschia cell abundance and DA concentrations and fluxes in sediment traps moored at 147 m and 509 m. Pseudo-nitzschia abundance throughout the study period was spatially and temporally heterogeneous (L−1 to 3.8 × 106 cells L−1 , avg. 2 × 105 ± 5 × 105 cells L−1 ) and did not correspond with upwelling conditions or the total DA (tDA) concentration, which was also spatially and temporally diverse (1000 cells L−1 …

Modification Of Asphalt Rubber With Nanoclay Towards Enhanced Storage Stability, Song-Yi Park, Minji Kang, Lynne Wilkens, Yurii Shvetsov, Brook Harmon, Nitin Shivappa, Michael Wirth, James R. Hébert, Christopher Haiman, Loïc Le Marchand, Carol Boushey

Faculty Publications

Asphalt rubber (AR), which is prepared by blending crumb rubber and bitumen, provides various advantages, including superior rutting resistance, lower road-tire noise and longer service life. However, contractors have expressed concerns regarding its poor storage stability, which in turn limits its wider application. This study aims to address the storage stability concern by incorporating nano-montmorillonite (nanoclay). Three types of nanoclay were dispersed into hot AR binder by high shear blending. The rheological properties of nanoclay-crumb rubber modifier (CRM)-modified bitumen were evaluated through Superpave performance grade (PG) tests and the storage stability was characterized by measuring the difference in softening points …

Metallo-Polyelectrolytes As A Class Of Ionic Macromolecules For Functional Materials, Tianyu Zhu, Ye Sha, Jing Yan, Parasmani Pageni, Md Anisur Rahman, Yi Yan, Chuanbing Tang

Faculty Publications

The fields of soft polymers and macromolecular sciences have enjoyed a unique combination of metals and organic frameworks in the name of metallopolymers or organometallic polymers. When metallopolymers carry charged groups, they form a class of metal-containing polyelectrolytes or metallo-polyelectrolytes. This review identifies the unique properties and functions of metallo-polyelectrolytes compared with conventional organo-polyelectrolytes, in the hope of shedding light on the formation of functional materials with intriguing applications and potential benefits. It concludes with a critical perspective on the challenges and hurdles for metallo-polyelectrolytes, especially experimental quantitative analysis and theoretical modeling of ionic binding.

Search For The Lepton-Flavour Violating Decays B0→K∗0Μ ± E ∓, S. Sandilya, K. Trabelsi, A.J. Schwartz, I. Adachi, H. Aihara, S. Al Said, D. M. Asner, H. Atmacan, V. Aulchenko, T. Aushev, R. Ayad, V. Babu, I. Badhrees, S. Bahinipati, A. M. Bakich, V. Bansal, P. Behera, C. Beleño, V. Bhardwaj, B. Bhuyan, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

We have searched for the lepton-flavor-violating decay B⁰ → K^*0μ ^±e∓ using a data sample of 711 fb⁻¹ that contains 772 × 10⁶ B B̅ pairs. The data were collected near the ϒð4SÞresonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy eþe− collider. No signals were observed, and we set 90% confidence level upper limits on the branching fractions of B(B⁰ →K^*0μ⁺e⁻)<1.2×10⁻⁷, B(B⁰ → K^*0μ⁻e⁺) < 1.6 × 10⁻⁷, and, for both decays combined, B(B⁰ → K …

Serpentinization: Connecting Geochemistry, Ancient Metabolism And Industrial Hydrogenation, Martina Preiner, Joana C. Xavier, Fliipa L. Sousa, Verena Zimorski, Anna Neubeck, Susan Q. Lang, H. Chris Greenwell, Karl Kleinermanns, Harun Tüysüz, Tom M. Mccollom, Nils G. Holm, William F. Martin

Faculty Publications

Rock–water–carbon interactions germane to serpentinization in hydrothermal vents have occurred for over 4 billion years, ever since there was liquid water on Earth. Serpentinization converts iron(II) containing minerals and water to magnetite (Fe₃O₄) plus H₂. The hydrogen can generate native metals such as awaruite (Ni₃Fe), a common serpentinization product. Awaruite catalyzes the synthesis of methane from H₂ and CO₂ under hydrothermal conditions. Native iron and nickel catalyze the synthesis of formate, methanol, acetate, and pyruvate—intermediates of the acetyl-CoA pathway, the most ancient pathway of CO₂ fixation. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase …

Tourism Review Sentiment Classification Using A Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network With An Attention Mechanism And Topic-Enriched Word Vectors, Qin Li, Shaobo Li, Jie Hu, Sen Zhang, Jianjun Hu

Faculty Publications

Sentiment analysis of online tourist reviews is playing an increasingly important role in tourism. Accurately capturing the attitudes of tourists regarding different aspects of the scenic sites or the overall polarity of their online reviews is key to tourism analysis and application. However, the performances of current document sentiment analysis methods are not satisfactory as they either neglect the topics of the document or do not consider that not all words contribute equally to the meaning of the text. In this work, we propose a bidirectional gated recurrent unit neural network model (BiGRULA) for sentiment analysis by combining a topic …

End-To-End Convolutional Neural Network Model For Gear Fault Diagnosis Based On Sound Signals, Yong Yao, Honglei Wang, Shaobo Li, Zhongnhao Liu, Gui Gui, Yabo Dan, Jianjun Hu

Faculty Publications

Currently gear fault diagnosis is mainly based on vibration signals with a few studies on acoustic signal analysis. However, vibration signal acquisition is limited by its contact measuring while traditional acoustic-based gear fault diagnosis relies heavily on prior knowledge of signal processing techniques and diagnostic expertise. In this paper, a novel deep learning-based gear fault diagnosis method is proposed based on sound signal analysis. By establishing an end-to-end convolutional neural network (CNN), the time and frequency domain signals can be fed into the model as raw signals without feature engineering. Moreover, multi-channel information from different microphones can also be fused …

Product Innovation Design Based On Deep Learning And Kansei Engineering, Huafeng Quan, Shaobo Li, Jianjun Hu

Faculty Publications

Creative product design is becoming critical to the success of many enterprises. However, the conventional product innovation process is hindered by two major challenges: the difficulty to capture users’ preferences and the lack of intuitive approaches to visually inspire the designer, which is especially true in fashion design and form design of many other types of products. In this paper, we propose to combine Kansei engineering and the deep learning for product innovation (KENPI) framework, which can transfer color, pattern, etc. of a style image in real time to a product’s shape automatically. To capture user preferences, we combine Kansei …

Measurement Of The Spectral Function For The Τ− → K−KSΝΤ Decay, J.P. Lees, V. Porieau, V. Tisserand, E. Grauges, A. Palano, G. Eigen, D. N. Brown, Yu G. Kolomensky, M. Fritsch, H. Koch, T. Schroeder, C. Hearty, T. S. Mattison, J. A. Mckenna, R. Y. So, V. E. Blinov, A. R. Buzykaev, V. P. Druzhinin, V. B. Golubev, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

The decay τ−→K−KSντ has been studied using 430 × 10⁶ e+e− → _τ⁺_τ⁻ events produced at a center-of-mass energy around 10.6 GeV at the PEP-II collider and studied with the BABAR detector. The mass spectrum of the K−K_S system has been measured and the spectral function has been obtained. The measured branching fraction B(_τ− → K−K_{Sντ) =}(0.739 ± 0.011(stat) ± 0.020(syst)) × 10⁻³ is found to be in agreement with earlier measurements.

Dietary Inflammatory Index And Biomarkers Of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Inflammation And Glucose Homeostasis In Adults, Catherine Phillips, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hébert, Ivan Perry

Faculty Publications

Accumulating evidence identifies diet and inflammation as potential mechanisms contributing to cardiometabolic risk. However, inconsistent reports regarding dietary inflammatory potential, biomarkers of cardiometabolic health and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk exist. Our objective was to examine the relationships between a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII®), biomarkers of lipoprotein metabolism, inflammation and glucose homeostasis and MetS risk in a cross-sectional sample of 1992 adults. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores derived from an FFQ were calculated. Lipoprotein particle size and subclass concentrations were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Serum acute-phase reactants, adipocytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and white blood cell (WBC) …

Nickel Exposure Reduces Enterobactin Production In Escherichia Coli, Clorissa L. Washington-Hughes, Geoffrey T. Ford, Alsten D. Jones, Kimberly Mcrae, Franklin Wayne Outten

Faculty Publications

Escherichia coli is a well- studied bacterium that can be found in many niches, such as industrial wastewater, where the concentration of nickel can rise to low- millimolar levels. Recent studies show that nickel exposure can repress pyochelin or induce pyo-verdine siderophore production in Pseudomonas aueroginosa. Understanding the mo-lecular cross- talk between siderophore production, metal homeostasis, and metal toxicity in microorganisms is critical for designing bioremediation strategies for metal- contaminated sites. Here, we show that high- nickel exposure prolongs lag phase duration as a result of low- intracellular iron levels in E. coli. Although E. coli cells respond to low- …

Nickel Exposure Reduces Enterobactin Production In Escherichia Coli, Clorissa L. Washington – Hughes, Geoffrey T. Ford, Alsten D. Jones, Kimberly Mcrae, Franklin W. Outten

Faculty Publications

Escherichia coli is a well- studied bacterium that can be found in many niches, such as industrial wastewater, where the concentration of nickel can rise to low- millimolar levels. Recent studies show that nickel exposure can repress pyochelin or induce pyo-verdine siderophore production in Pseudomonas aueroginosa. Understanding the mo-lecular cross- talk between siderophore production, metal homeostasis, and metal toxicity in microorganisms is critical for designing bioremediation strategies for metal- contaminated sites. Here, we show that high- nickel exposure prolongs lag phase duration as a result of low- intracellular iron levels in E. coli. Although E. coli cells respond to low- …

Design, Development And Construct Validation Of The Children’S Dietary Inflammatory Index, Samira Khan, Micheal D. Wirth, Andrew Ortaglia, Christian R. Alvarado, Nitin Shivappa, Thomas Hurley, James R. Hébert

Faculty Publications

Objective: To design and validate a literature-derived, population-based Children’s Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII)TM. Design: The C-DII was developed based on a review of literature through 2010. Dietary data obtained from children in 16 different countries were used to create a reference database for computing C-DII scores based on consumption of macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and whole foods. Construct validation was performed using quantile regression to assess the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and C-DII scores. Data Sources: All data used for construct validation were obtained from children between six and 14 years of age (n = 3300) who participated in …

An Ensemble Stacked Convolutional Neural Network Model For Environmental Event Sound Recognition, Shaobo Li, Yong Yao, Jie Hu, Guokai Liu, Xuemei Yao, Jianjun Hu

Faculty Publications

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with log-mel audio representation and CNN-based end-to-end learning have both been used for environmental event sound recognition (ESC). However, log-mel features can be complemented by features learned from the raw audio waveform with an effective fusion method. In this paper, we first propose a novel stacked CNN model with multiple convolutional layers of decreasing filter sizes to improve the performance of CNN models with either log-mel feature input or raw waveform input. These two models are then combined using the Dempster–Shafer (DS) evidence theory to build the ensemble DS-CNN model for ESC. Our experiments over three …

Evolving Paradigms In Biological Carbon Cycling In The Ocean, Chuanlun Zhang, Hongyue Dang, Farooq Azam, Ronald Benner, Louis Legendre, Uta Passow, Luca Polimene, Carol Robinson, Curtis A. Suttle, Nianzhi Jiao

Faculty Publications

Carbon is a keystone element in global biogeochemical cycles. It plays a fundamental role in biotic and abiotic processes in the ocean, which intertwine to mediate the chemistry and redox status of carbon in the ocean and the atmosphere. The interactions between abiotic and biogenic carbon (e.g. CO₂, CaCO₃, organic matter) in the ocean are complex, and there is a half-century-old enigma about the existence of a huge reservoir of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) that equates to the magnitude of the pool of atmospheric CO₂. The concepts of the biological carbon pump (BCP) …

An Implementation Strategy To Quantify The Marine Microbial Carbon Pump And Its Sensitivity To Global Change, Carol Robinson, Douglas Wallace, Jung-Ho Hyun, Luca Polimene, Ronald Benner, Yao Zhang, Ruanhong Cai, Rui Zhang, Nianzhi Jiao

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Identifying Prevalent Mathematical Pathways To Engineering In South Carolina, Eliza Gallagher, Christy Brown, D. Andrew Brown, Kristin Kelly Frady, Patrick Bass, Michael A. Matthews, Thomas T. Peters, Robert J. Rabb, Ikhalfani Solan, Ronald W. Welch, Anand K. Gramopadhye

Faculty Publications

National data indicate that initial mathematics course placement in college is a strong predictor of persistence to degree in engineering, with students placed in calculus persisting at nearly twice the rate of those placed below calculus. Within the state of South Carolina, approximately 95% of engineering-intending students who initially place below calculus are from in-state. In order to make systemic change, we are first analyzing system-wide data to identify prevalent educational pathways within the state, and the mathematical milestones along those pathways taken by students in engineering and engineering-related fields. This paper reports preliminary analysis of that data to understand …

Facially Amphiphilic Polyionene Biocidal Polymers Derived From Lithocholic Acid, Mitra S. Ganewatta, Md Anisur Rahman, Louis Mercado, Tinom Shokfai, Alan W. Decho, Theresa M. Reineke, Chuanbing Tang

Faculty Publications

Bacterial infections have become a global issue that requires urgent attention, particularly regarding to emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria. We developed quaternary amine-containing antimicrobial poly(bile acid)s that contain a hydrophobic core of lithocholic acid in the main-chain. Interestingly, by choosing appropriate monomers, these cationic polymers can form core-shell micelles. These polymers exhibited biocidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. It is demonstrated that the micelles can deliver hydrophobic antibiotics that functionally have dual antimicrobial activities. Cytotoxicity assays against HeLa cells showed dosage-dependent toxicity for polymers with longer linkers.

Numerical Methods For A Two-Species Competition-Diffusion Model With Free Boundaries, Shuang Liu, Xinfeng Liu

Faculty Publications

The systems of reaction-diffusion equations coupled with moving boundaries defined by Stefan condition have been widely used to describe the dynamics of spreading population and with competition of two species. To solve these systems numerically, new numerical challenges arise from the competition of two species due to the interaction of their free boundaries. On the one hand, extremely small time steps are usually needed due to the stiffness of the system. On the other hand, it is always difficult to efficiently and accurately handle the moving boundaries especially with competition of two species. To overcome these numerical difficulties, we introduce …

Hadronic Lorentz Violation In Chiral Perturbation Theory Including The Coupling To External Fields, Rasha Kamand, Brett Altschul, Matthias R. Schindler

Faculty Publications

If any violation of Lorentz symmetry exists in the hadron sector, its ultimate origins must lie at the quark level. We continue the analysis of how the theories at these two levels are connected, using chiral perturbation theory. Considering a 2-flavor quark theory, with dimension-4 operators that break Lorentz symmetry, we derive a low-energy theory of pions and nucleons that is invariant under local chiral transformations and includes the coupling to external fields. The pure meson and baryon sectors, as well as the couplings between them and the couplings to external electromagnetic and weak gauge fields, contain forms of Lorentz …

Hadronic Lorentz Violation In Chiral Perturbation Theory Including The Coupling To External Fields, Rasha Kamand, Brett David Altschul, Matthias R. Schindler

Faculty Publications

If any violation of Lorentz symmetry exists in the hadron sector, its ultimate origins must lie at the quark level. We continue the analysis of how the theories at these two levels are connected, using chiral perturbation theory. Considering a 2-flavor quark theory, with dimension-4 operators that break Lorentz symmetry, we derive a low-energy theory of pions and nucleons that is invariant under local chiral transformations and includes the coupling to external fields. The pure meson and baryon sectors, as well as the couplings between them and the couplings to external electromagnetic and weak gauge fields, contain forms of Lorentz …

Strange And Non-Strange Distributions From The Collider Data, Sergey Alekhin, Johannes Blümlein, Sergey Kulagin, Sven-Olaf Moch, Roberto Petti

Faculty Publications

We check the stability of the ABMP16 fit with respect to modifications of quark PDFs suggested in the recent literature: the strange sea enhancement and a positive non-vanishing d/u ratio at x → 1. These possibilities are examined using test versions of the ABMP16 PDF fit which demonstrate no need of those changes. Furthermore, we localize peculiar features in other analyses which are responsible for a different behaviour of the PDFs obtained. The strange sea enhancement can be explained by a choice of the PDF shapes being not flexible enough and therefore leading to an over-suppressed d-quark distribution. This …

A Bayesian Network Based Adaptability Design Of Product Structures For Function Evolution, Shaobo Li, Yongming Wu, Yan-Xia Xu, Jie Hu, Jianjun Hu

Faculty Publications

Structure adaptability design is critical for function evolution in product families, in which many structural and functional design factors are intertwined together with manufacturing cost, customer satisfaction, and final market sales. How to achieve a delicate balance among all of these factors to maximize the market performance of the product is too complicated to address based on traditional domain experts’ knowledge or some ad hoc heuristics. Here, we propose a quantitative product evolution design model that is based on Bayesian networks to model the dynamic relationship between customer needs and product structure design. In our model, all of the structural …