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Articles 1 - 30 of 74
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding The Origin, Evolution, And Dynamics Of Transneptunian Binaries, Benjamin C N Proudfoot
Understanding The Origin, Evolution, And Dynamics Of Transneptunian Binaries, Benjamin C N Proudfoot
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation discusses research that focuses on understanding transneptunian objects (TNOs) using a variety of techniques and approaches. In Chapter 1, I introduce the main concepts used throughout this dissertation and discuss the current understanding of the transneptunian region. In Chapter 2, I discuss my efforts to understand how Neptune's late stages of migration affect the Haumea family, the only known collisional family in the transneptunian region. Using advanced simulations of Neptune migration, I find that the Haumea family can plausibly form before the termination of giant planet migration and show that this extensively mixes the family. The simplest explanation …
Simulating Government Institutions In Networked Societies, Michael Richards
Simulating Government Institutions In Networked Societies, Michael Richards
Theses and Dissertations
Modern human societies give rise to the expression of complex group dynamics between the members of said society due to the abundance of continued interactions. Of particular interest are how institutions affect these interactions between societal members, alter the resulting group dynamics, and impact society as a whole through their rules. Simulating these dynamics allows for greater insight into how these institutions function and allows researchers to pose interesting questions and test hypotheses within a laboratory setting. We present a novel approach to simulating institutions, particularly governments, within a networked society. This approach builds upon the Junior High Game, which …
Progress Towards The Development Of Asymmetric Conditions For Intramolecular Heteroatom/Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reactions For Synthesizing Furo[3,4-C] Pyranones And Anticancer Podophyllotoxins, Peter Mpaata
Theses and Dissertations
Furo[3,4-c] pyranone is a unique bicyclic molecular structure found in bioactive sesquiterpene isobolivianine and in artificial cytotoxic stilbene derivatives. The structure of furo[3,4-c] pyranone is analogous to cyclopenta[c] pyran structure found in potent cytotoxic iridoids like catapol. Chiral substrates for intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder (IHDA) reaction have been synthesized in yields ranging from 39% to 81%. These compounds undergo [4+2] cycloaddition via ambimodal/ bispericyclic process to give a mixture of furo[3,4-c] pyranone in yields ranging 40-70% and aryl tetralin lactone derivatives. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to gain insight into the mechanism leading to the formation of these compounds. …
Local Atomic And Magnetic Structure Of Multiferroic (Sr,Ba)(Mn,Ti)O3, Braedon Jones
Local Atomic And Magnetic Structure Of Multiferroic (Sr,Ba)(Mn,Ti)O3, Braedon Jones
Theses and Dissertations
We present a detailed study of the local atomic and magnetic structure of the type-I multiferroic perovskite system (Sr,Ba)(Mn,Ti)O3 using x-ray and neutron pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, polarized neutron scattering, and muon spin relaxation (μSR) techniques. The atomic PDF analysis reveals widespread nanoscale tetragonal distortions of the crystal structure even in the paraelectric phase with average cubic symmetry, corresponding to incipient ferroelectricity in the local structure. Magnetic PDF analysis, polarized neutron scattering, and μSR likewise confirm the presence of short-range antiferromagnetic correlations in the paramagnetic state, which grow in magnitude as the temperature approaches the magnetic transition. We show …
In-Depth Geochemical Analysis Of Turbidite-Associated Shales Of The Pindos Basin, Greece, Jonathon Michael Sevy
In-Depth Geochemical Analysis Of Turbidite-Associated Shales Of The Pindos Basin, Greece, Jonathon Michael Sevy
Theses and Dissertations
Detailed geochemical analysis of the turbidite-associated shales of the Cretaceous Katafito Formation, Greece, reveals important details regarding the paleoenvironment, paleoproductivity, and regional tectonics of the Pindos Basin. The Katafito Formation was deposited along an active margin at the early onset of closure of the Tethys Sea in the Pindos sub-basin. While careful studies of the coarse clastic component of turbidites are common, this study consisted of a detailed geochemical characterization of the fine-grained portions, which helped reveal paleoenvironmental information about the basin. This study combined organic and inorganic geochemistry utilizing elemental, mineralogical, and organic chemical signatures from fine-grained turbidite-associated sediments …
Synthesis Of Yaku'amide A Analogues And Progress Toward Synthesis Of Virosine A, Alexander S. Ramos
Synthesis Of Yaku'amide A Analogues And Progress Toward Synthesis Of Virosine A, Alexander S. Ramos
Theses and Dissertations
The first project in this dissertation endeavors to outline the total synthesis of yaku'amide A and its analogs. Yaku'amide A is a natural product comprised of dehydroamino acids, including E-dehydro isoleucine, and unprecedented Z-dehydro isoleucine. These amino acids present a significant challenge to their synthesis owing to their unsymmetrical nature. To simplify the synthesis process, we synthesized analogs by substituting the E and Z dehydroamino acids with symmetrical subunits. This substitution facilitated the synthesis process and enabled us to obtain a similar three-dimensional structure to that of the natural product. Furthermore, biological testing of the simplified analogs revealed potency similar …
Interfacial Properties Of Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Bilayers: Applications In Drug Delivery And Biosensors, Keith L. Willes
Interfacial Properties Of Hybrid Lipid-Polymer Bilayers: Applications In Drug Delivery And Biosensors, Keith L. Willes
Theses and Dissertations
Amphiphilic block copolymers are unique macro-molecules capable of self-assembling into bilayers analogous to naturally occurring lipid membranes. When combined with lipids, these copolymers form hybrid membranes with unique and sometimes unpredictable properties, including increased chemical and mechanical stability. These synthetically enhanced biological structures represent a versatile platform suitable for a wide range of applications, from advanced biosensing devices to drug delivery systems. The realization of these advancements necessitates a deep understanding of material properties, including the ability to predict and control interfacial behaviors. It has been shown that in the case of pure lipid membranes, interfacial behaviors are dominated by …
Using Quantitative And Kinetic Proteomics To Explore Proteostasis, Nathan Raul Zuniga Pina
Using Quantitative And Kinetic Proteomics To Explore Proteostasis, Nathan Raul Zuniga Pina
Theses and Dissertations
Every cell consists of carefully orchestrated biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. To maintain internal stability (homeostasis), cells maintain the right amount of these molecules at the right time and at the right place. This process is especially true for proteins since they are the foundation functional units within the cell. Proteins form structures and perform chemistry that bestows cells overarching functional roles. Cells maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis) by modulating synthesis, folding, and degradation processes (turnover) to maintain the abundance levels for all proteins. This is the foundational kinetic model of proteostasis that is covered in this work, and …
Stability, Longevity, And Regulatory Bionetworks, Christian N. K. Anderson
Stability, Longevity, And Regulatory Bionetworks, Christian N. K. Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
Genome-wide studies of diseases and chronic conditions frequently fail to uncover marked or consistent differences in RNA or protein concentrations. However, the developing field of kinetic proteomics has made promising discoveries in differences in the turnover rate of these same proteins, even when concentrations were not necessarily different. The situation can theoretically be modeled mathematically using bifurcation equations, but uncovering the proper form of these is difficult. To this end, we developed TWIG, a method for characterizing bifurcations that leverages information geometry to identify drivers of complex systems. Using this, we characterized the bifurcation and stability properties of all 132 …
Monitoring Brain Region-Specific Control Of Protein Turnover And Concentration Using Proteomics, Rebecca Suzanne Burlett
Monitoring Brain Region-Specific Control Of Protein Turnover And Concentration Using Proteomics, Rebecca Suzanne Burlett
Theses and Dissertations
Regulation of metabolism is vital to health and lies at the core of many different diseases. The breakdown of metabolisms' regulation within the brain can lead to neurological disease like Alzheimer's Disease (AD). AD is known to affect brain regions responsible for memory and memory processing like the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. The regulation of these regions' protein quality, synthesis, and degradation deviate from 'normal' or 'healthy' levels when AD is happening. It is known there is a breakdown of regulation in those regions; however, little is known about the specifics of regulation in healthy brains regions or how it …
Dispensing With Humans In Human-Computer Interaction Research, Courtni L. Byun
Dispensing With Humans In Human-Computer Interaction Research, Courtni L. Byun
Theses and Dissertations
Machine Learning models have become more advanced than could have been supposed even a few years ago, often surpassing human performance on many tasks. Large language models (LLM) can produce text indistinguishable from human-produced text. This begs the question, how necessary are humans - even for tasks where humans appear indispensable? Qualitative Analysis (QA) is integral to human-computer interaction research, requiring both human-produced data and human analysis of that data to illuminate human opinions about and experiences with technology. We use GPT-3 and ChatGPT to replace human analysis and then to dispense with human-produced text altogether. We find GPT-3 is …
Inconsistent Correlation And Momenta: A New Approach To Portfolio Allocation, David Kercher
Inconsistent Correlation And Momenta: A New Approach To Portfolio Allocation, David Kercher
Theses and Dissertations
Correlated stocks should, in equilibrium, have correlated momenta, but in practice momenta do not always correlate. We use short-term inconsistencies between correlations and momenta to predict price corrections, produce more meaningful investment indicators, and improve upon accepted investing strategies. In particular, our approaches integrate inconsistencies within an entire security class rather than relying only on individual or pairwise security data. We use this theory to improve upon not only the standard momentum portfolio but also Pair Trading and Momentum Reversion methods. This results in three strategies for portfolio allocation that outperforms overlying indices and market benchmarks by 5%-10% in annual …
Developing 3d Printed Integrated Microfluidic Devices For Microchip Electrophoresis Separation Of Preterm Birth Biomarkers, Joule E. Esene
Developing 3d Printed Integrated Microfluidic Devices For Microchip Electrophoresis Separation Of Preterm Birth Biomarkers, Joule E. Esene
Theses and Dissertations
Preterm birth is a global health challenge and the leading cause of neonatal mortality. Each year, about 15 million babies are born preterm globally. Traditional tools that have been exploited for the detection of preterm birth biomarkers are expensive, time consuming, or lack multiplexing capabilities. The work described in this dissertation highlights techniques developed to detect preterm birth biomarkers rapidly and accurately in the effort to mitigate preterm birth risk. In this dissertation, I first demonstrated the use of stereolithography digital light processing-based 3D printing and microfluidics for the development of microfluidic devices that had microvalves for fluid control. I …
Task Distillation: Transforming Reinforcement Learning Into Supervised Learning, Connor Wilhelm
Task Distillation: Transforming Reinforcement Learning Into Supervised Learning, Connor Wilhelm
Theses and Dissertations
Recent work in dataset distillation focuses on distilling supervised classification datasets into smaller, synthetic supervised datasets in order to reduce per-model costs of training, to provide interpretability, and to anonymize data. Distillation and its benefits can be extended to a wider array of tasks. We propose a generalization of dataset distillation, which we call task distillation. Using techniques similar to those used in dataset distillation, any learning task can be distilled into a compressed synthetic task. Task distillation allows for transmodal distillations, where a task of one modality is distilled into a synthetic task of another modality, allowing a more …
Countnet3d: A 3d Computer Vision Approach To Infer Counts Of Occluded Objects With Quantified Uncertainty, Stephen W. Nelson
Countnet3d: A 3d Computer Vision Approach To Infer Counts Of Occluded Objects With Quantified Uncertainty, Stephen W. Nelson
Theses and Dissertations
3D scene understanding is an important problem that has experienced great progress in recent years, in large part due to the development of state-of-the-art methods for 3D object detection. However, the performance of 3D object detectors can suffer in scenarios where extreme occlusion of objects is present, or the number of object classes is large. In this paper, we study the problem of inferring 3D counts from densely packed scenes with heterogeneous objects. This problem has applications to important tasks such as inventory management or automatic crop yield estimation. We propose a novel regression-based method, CountNet3D, that uses mature 2D …
Undergraduate Students' Conceptions Of Ngss Science And Engineering Practices, Jessie Webb
Undergraduate Students' Conceptions Of Ngss Science And Engineering Practices, Jessie Webb
Theses and Dissertations
In 2013, a new set of science standards was introduced for K-12 science education, called the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), which focused on three dimensions of science learning that work together: disciplinary core ideas, crosscutting concepts, and science and engineering practices. These standards are novel in their emphasis on students needing more than only content knowledge to learn science and engineering. The NGSS science and engineering practices (SEPs) stress the importance of students engaging in the authentic practices of scientists and engineers to help them think like a scientist, practice science themselves, and overcome the misconception that science is …
Constructing Stellar Mass Models For Early-Type Galaxies With Circumnuclear Disks, Jared R. Davidson
Constructing Stellar Mass Models For Early-Type Galaxies With Circumnuclear Disks, Jared R. Davidson
Theses and Dissertations
Dusty circumnuclear disks (CNDs) in luminous early-type galaxies (ETGs) show regular, dynamically cold molecular gas kinematics. For a growing number of these ETGs, Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) CO imaging and detailed gas-dynamical modeling have yielded moderate to high precision black hole (BH) mass (M_BH) determinations. To date, however, few studies have explored the effects of dust attenuation, or uncertainties in dust corrections, on recovered stellar luminosity models from high angular resolution optical/near-IR observations and M_BH measurements. Recent kinematic studies that modeled ALMA CO data sets have found that uncertainties in the intrinsic central stellar surface brightness slope due to …
Enhanced Capabilities For Investigating Local Structure And Magnetism: Three Dimensional Magnetic Pair Distribution Function And Symmetry Mode Analysis, Parker Hamilton
Enhanced Capabilities For Investigating Local Structure And Magnetism: Three Dimensional Magnetic Pair Distribution Function And Symmetry Mode Analysis, Parker Hamilton
Theses and Dissertations
The local structure, atomic and magnetic structure correlated over a small length scale, of a material has a strong impact on material properties. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is a strong tool to investigate local structure and magnetism of this nature. This work outlines extensions to current one dimensional magnetic pair distribution functions (1D-mPDF) and the fitting of structures with symmetry breaking local atomic distortions. 1DmPDF analysis has been used to study local magnetic structure, but requires a rotational averaging of the correlations so directional information is lost, as in powder diffraction experiments. Three dimensional difference magnetic pair distribution function …
Measuring Microparticle Adhesion Via High-Speed Rotor, Jacob C. Fearnley
Measuring Microparticle Adhesion Via High-Speed Rotor, Jacob C. Fearnley
Theses and Dissertations
Much is known about the atomic/molecular theories that govern adhesion as well as the macroscopic aspects and properties of adhesion. However, adhesion in the microparticle regime is poorly characterized. We report on experiments that use centrifugal force to remove polystyrene (PS) particles from the surface of a high-speed titanium rotor operated in vacuum. This unique rotor can apply forces far greater than other centrifugal force methods or related techniques using atomic force spectroscopy. The mode of attachment, whether particles were located on the windward side versus leeward side of the spinning rotor, time spent in vacuum prior to experiments, and …
The Influence Of Political Media On Large Language Models: Impacts On Information Synthesis, Reasoning, And Demographic Representation, Alexander Glenn Shaw
The Influence Of Political Media On Large Language Models: Impacts On Information Synthesis, Reasoning, And Demographic Representation, Alexander Glenn Shaw
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the impact of finetuning the LLaMA 33B language model on partisan news datasets, revealing negligible changes and underscoring the enduring influence of pretraining datasets on model opinions. Training nine models across nine distinct news datasets spanning three topics and two ideologies, the study found consistent demographic representation, predominantly favoring liberal, college-educated, high-income, and non-religious demographics. Interestingly, a depolarizing effect emerged from partisan news finetuning, suggesting that intense exposure to topic-specific information might lead to depolarization, irrespective of ideological alignment. Despite the exposure to contrasting viewpoints, LLaMA 33B maintained its common sense reasoning ability, showing minimal variance on …
Separation Of Perrhenate And Perfluoroalkyl Substances By Ion Chromatography With Customized Stationary Phases, Wai Ning Chan
Separation Of Perrhenate And Perfluoroalkyl Substances By Ion Chromatography With Customized Stationary Phases, Wai Ning Chan
Theses and Dissertations
Ion exchange chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique used to separate charged molecules including ions, proteins, small nucleotides, and amino acids. It can function in anion or cation mode. In this dissertation, anion exchange chromatography was used, and column materials were made in our lab with resorcinarene-based compounds called cavitands. Cavitands create cavities to bind to molecules because of their three-dimensional structure. Two new gradient IC methods were established to identify and quantify perrhenate and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by customized resorcinarene-based column, zinc cyclen resoecinarene (ZCR) and arginine methyl ester (RUE) columns. The ZCR column accomplished outstanding separation of perrhenate …
Terahertz From Electrons, Electronics From Terahertz, Clayton D. Moss
Terahertz From Electrons, Electronics From Terahertz, Clayton D. Moss
Theses and Dissertations
Time-domain terahertz spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a valuable technique for studying collective ultrafast phenomena. Several mechanisms exist for converting ultrashort optical laser pulses into coherent THz sources. Broadband THz pulses can be obtained from electron currents in air plasma, which requires combinations of different colors of light to be most effective. I report multi-color generation schemes of THz pulses that deliver coherent THz output. Experimental and theoretical work using the photocurrent model describe ways to use non-harmonic color combinations to utilize several sources of light available in a table-top laser setup. Additionally, THz-TDS is used to study a variety of ultrafast …
Improved Endmember Mixing Analysis (Emma): Application To A Nested Catchment, Provo River, Northern Utah, Alyssa Nicole Thompson
Improved Endmember Mixing Analysis (Emma): Application To A Nested Catchment, Provo River, Northern Utah, Alyssa Nicole Thompson
Theses and Dissertations
An endmember mixing analysis (EMMA) is a hydrograph separation technique used to identify and quantify stream source contributions, but the error within the results of the analysis itself can be difficult to quantify. Employing EMMA to accurately quantify these contributions is particularly important for critical watersheds that supply water to large populations, such as montane watersheds. We applied EMMA to the Provo River, a nested catchment with three monitoring locations in northern Utah, to understand the limitations and potential improvements that could be made to EMMA. Four main endmembers (quartzite groundwater, soil water, snow and carbonate groundwater) were identified for …
Exploring New Horizons In Microwave-Promoted Iminyl Radical Chemistry And Synthesis Of Bulky Dehydroamino Acids, Jatinder Singh
Exploring New Horizons In Microwave-Promoted Iminyl Radical Chemistry And Synthesis Of Bulky Dehydroamino Acids, Jatinder Singh
Theses and Dissertations
The first project in this dissertation presents a simplified and efficient protocol for synthesizing pyrrolines through 5-exo iminyl radical cyclizations. The microwave irradiation of O-Phenyloximes tethered to alkenes causes N-O homolysis resulting in iminyl radical generation, which subsequently undergoes 5-exo-trig cyclizations furnishing pyrrolines. This eliminates the need for toxic radical initiators (AIBN, benzoyl peroxide), propagating agents (Bu3SnH, (Me3Si)3SiH), and expensive catalysts or single-electron transfer (SET) cycles. We explored the scope of diverse traps and substrates for iminyl radical cyclizations. The iminyl radical cyclizations formed versatile pyrrolines with moderate to excellent yields. The diastereoselectivity also ranged from low to high. Moreover, …
Improving Xrd Analysis With Machine Learning, Rachel E. Drapeau
Improving Xrd Analysis With Machine Learning, Rachel E. Drapeau
Theses and Dissertations
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is an inexpensive method to quantify the relative proportions of mineral phases in a rock or soil sample. However, the analytical software available for XRD requires extensive user input to choose phases to include in the analysis. Consequently, analysis accuracy depends greatly on the experience of the analyst, especially as the number of phases in a sample increases (Raven & Self, 2017; Omotoso, 2006). The purpose of this project is to test whether incorporating machine learning methods into XRD software can improve the accuracy of analyses by assisting in the phase-picking process. In order to provide …
Geochemistry Of Zircon And Apatite In Rhyolites From The Central Snake River Plain: Genetic Implications, Chesley Philip Gale
Geochemistry Of Zircon And Apatite In Rhyolites From The Central Snake River Plain: Genetic Implications, Chesley Philip Gale
Theses and Dissertations
Whole-rock and mineral compositions of three eruptive deposits from the Twin Falls caldera, associated with the Yellowstone hotspot, provide a window into melt generation and evolution for hot, dry, A-type rhyolites. Three rhyolitic units were sampled via the Kimberly drill-core as a part of project HOTSPOT, a study focused on mantle plume and continental lithosphere interaction. Previous work has been done to collect high resolution U-Pb zircon ages, and Hf- and O-isotopic compositions. This study examined the geochemistry of apatite and zircon along with host rock compositions in the context of this previous work. The Kimberly core sampled the Shoshone …
Semantically Structured Creative Computer Systems & Automated Evaluation Of Creative Artifacts, Brad Spendlove
Semantically Structured Creative Computer Systems & Automated Evaluation Of Creative Artifacts, Brad Spendlove
Theses and Dissertations
Computational creativity seeks, in part, to develop autonomous agents that exhibit creativity. Language is an ideal creative domain for studying computer agents due to its rich interconnectedness and immense space of possible combinations. This dissertation explores the design, testing, and theory of creative computer systems that write microfiction and play the board game Codenames. The designs of these systems are all similarly based on building up creative artifacts from the underlying structure of the relationships between words. A critical component of the creative process is the ability to evaluate the quality of creative output. Human and automated assessment of our …
Groundwater Flow Across The Coyote Wash Fault And Cedar Mesa Anticline Near St. Johns, Arizona, Stephanie Lynn Latour
Groundwater Flow Across The Coyote Wash Fault And Cedar Mesa Anticline Near St. Johns, Arizona, Stephanie Lynn Latour
Theses and Dissertations
As the demand for water increases across the southwestern United States, the region's utilization of and dependence on water stored in groundwater aquifers has risen in kind. The Coconino Aquifer (C-aquifer) underlies much of the southwestern Colorado Plateau and is a primary source of groundwater in northeastern Arizona. One of the largest commercial users of water from the C-aquifer in Apache County, Arizona, is Springerville Generating Station, a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by Tucson Electric Power. The area surrounding the power plant, located between the cities of Springerville and St. Johns, Arizona (the Springerville-St. Johns area), is geologically …
Parents' Perceptions Of The Importance Of Teaching Mathematics: A Q-Study, Ashlynn M. Holley
Parents' Perceptions Of The Importance Of Teaching Mathematics: A Q-Study, Ashlynn M. Holley
Theses and Dissertations
Mathematics education has gone through multiple reform efforts over the last century and continues to be the target of improvement efforts. Past changes in curriculum and goals have sometimes led to heated debates between various stakeholders. Knowing the views of different stakeholders can help determine what common ground there is between these different groups and where areas of disagreement might arise. Parents are especially important to understand because they have been influential in past reform efforts. Despite the importance of parents' opinions, little research has been conducted concerning their perspectives on the importance of mathematics teaching. Using Q-methodology, I was …
Engagement In Secondary Mathematics Group Work: A Student Perspective, Rachel H. Jorgenson
Engagement In Secondary Mathematics Group Work: A Student Perspective, Rachel H. Jorgenson
Theses and Dissertations
In the realm of academic engagement research, students are valuable sources of information to learn how and why students often engage unproductively in mathematics group work. However, although secondary mathematics students are often expected to engage in meaningful mathematical discourse in a small group setting, little research has been conducted to better understand student engagement in this setting from the perspective of the students themselves. This thesis attempts to understand how one junior high student described his own engagement in mathematics small group work as well as what factors influenced this engagement. By conducting several cycles of observations and interviews …