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Articles 1 - 30 of 306
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Making The Transition To Post-Quantum Cryptography, J. Simon Richard
Making The Transition To Post-Quantum Cryptography, J. Simon Richard
The Downtown Review
Without intervention, quantum computing could threaten the security of a large portion of our internet in the near future. However, solutions exist. This paper, which is intended for a general audience, provides a wider context for our current state of quantum-preparedness amid the transition from classical cryptosystems to post-quantum cryptosystems—cryptographic algorithms that can resist the attacks of quantum computers. It will also submit a possible way forward inspired by the actions taken around the globe to prevent the millennium (or Y2K) bug.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Modelling Of Neighboring Tubes With Primary Cilium Analysis, Nerion Zekaj, Shawn D. Ryan, Andrew Resnick
Fluid-Structure Interaction Modelling Of Neighboring Tubes With Primary Cilium Analysis, Nerion Zekaj, Shawn D. Ryan, Andrew Resnick
Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications
We have developed a numerical model of two osculating cylindrical elastic renal tubules to investigate the impact of neighboring tubules on the stress applied to a primary cilium. We hypothesize that the stress at the base of the primary cilium will depend on the mechanical coupling of the tubules due to local constrained motion of the tubule wall. The objective of this work was to determine the in-plane stresses of a primary cilium attached to the inner wall of one renal tubule subject to the applied pulsatile flow, with a neighboring renal tube filled with stagnant fluid in close proximity …
Serpentine Micromixers Using Extensional Mixing Elements, George Tomaras, Chandrasekhar R. Kothapalli, Petru S. Fodor
Serpentine Micromixers Using Extensional Mixing Elements, George Tomaras, Chandrasekhar R. Kothapalli, Petru S. Fodor
Physics Faculty Publications
Computational fluid dynamics modeling was used to characterize the effect of the integration of constrictions defined by the vertices of hyperbolas on the flow structure in microfluidic serpentine channels. In the new topology, the Dean flows characteristic of the pressure-driven fluid motion along curved channels are combined with elongational flows and asymmetric longitudinal eddies that develop in the constriction region. The resulting complex flow structure is characterized by folding and stretching of the fluid volumes, which can promote enhanced mixing. Optimization of the geometrical parameters defining the constriction region allows for the development of an efficient micromixer topology that shows …
Physics Of Martial Arts: Incorporation Of Angular Momentum To Model Body Motion And Strikes, Alexis Merk, Andrew Resnick
Physics Of Martial Arts: Incorporation Of Angular Momentum To Model Body Motion And Strikes, Alexis Merk, Andrew Resnick
Physics Faculty Publications
We develop a physics-based kinematic model of martial arts movements incorporating rotation and angular momentum, extending prior analyses. Here, our approach is designed for a classroom environment; we begin with a warm-up exercise introducing counter-intuitive aspects of rotational motion before proceeding to a set of model collision problems that are applied to martial arts movements. Finally, we develop a deformable solid-body mechanics model of a martial arts practitioner suitable for an intermediate mechanics course. We provide evidence for our improved model based on calculations from biomechanical data obtained from prior reports as well as time-lapse images of several different kicks. …
Examining The Temperature Dependence Of Louche Formation In Absinthe, Jessica E. Bickel, Anna Ellis, Andrew Resnick
Examining The Temperature Dependence Of Louche Formation In Absinthe, Jessica E. Bickel, Anna Ellis, Andrew Resnick
Physics Faculty Publications
Absinthe is an anise-flavored alcohol that is typically served by adding cold water to form a cloudy green louche, similar to the cloudy white louche of ouzo. This microemulsion formation, due to the competing interactions within the oil-alcohol-water system, has been termed the ouzo effect. Previous work has examined the ternary oil-alcohol-water phase diagram in ouzo and limoncello. Additional work has also characterized the droplet size and stability of microemulsions in ouzo, limoncello, and pastis. However, less work has been done to examine the effect of temperature on louche formation despite the fact that the louche is traditionally formed by …
Effects Of Surface And Top Wind Shear On The Spatial Organization Of Marine Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary Layers, Monica Zamora Zapata, Thijs Heus, Jan Kleissl
Effects Of Surface And Top Wind Shear On The Spatial Organization Of Marine Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary Layers, Monica Zamora Zapata, Thijs Heus, Jan Kleissl
Physics Faculty Publications
The convective nature of Stratocumulus topped boundary layers (STBL) involves the motion of updrafts and downdrafts, driven by surface fluxes and radiative cooling, respectively. The balance between shear and buoyant forcings at the surface can determine the organization of updrafts between cellular and roll structures. We investigate the effect of varying shear at the surface and top of the STBL using Large Eddy Simulations, taking DYCOMS II RF01 as a base case. We focus on spatial identification of the following features: coherent updrafts and downdrafts, and observe how they are affected by varying shear. Stronger surface shear organizes the updrafts …
Analogy Between Thermodynamic Phase Transitions And Creeping Flows In Rectangular Cavities, Miron Kaufman, Petru S. Fodor
Analogy Between Thermodynamic Phase Transitions And Creeping Flows In Rectangular Cavities, Miron Kaufman, Petru S. Fodor
Physics Faculty Publications
© 2020, MDPI AG. All rights reserved. An analogy is found between the streamline function corresponding to Stokes flows in rectangular cavities and the thermodynamics of phase transitions and critical points. In a rectangular cavity flow, with no-slip boundary conditions at the walls, the corners are fixed points. The corners defined by a stationary and a moving wall, are found to be analogous to a thermodynamic first-order transition point. In contrast, the corners defined by two stationary walls correspond to thermodynamic critical points. Here, flow structures, also known as Moffatt eddies, form and act as stagnation regions where mixing is …
Size Dependence In Chord Characteristics From Simulated And Observed Continental Shallow Cumulus, Philipp J. Griewank, Thijs Heus, Neil P. Lareau, Roel A. J. Neggers
Size Dependence In Chord Characteristics From Simulated And Observed Continental Shallow Cumulus, Philipp J. Griewank, Thijs Heus, Neil P. Lareau, Roel A. J. Neggers
Physics Faculty Publications
© 2020 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved. In this study we compare long-Term Doppler and Raman lidar observations against a full month of large eddy simulations of continental shallow cumulus clouds. The goal is to evaluate if the simulations can reproduce the mean observed vertical velocity and moisture structure of cumulus clouds and their associated subcloud circulations, as well as to establish if these properties depend on the size of the cloud.We propose methods to compare continuous chords of cloud detected from Doppler and Raman lidars with equivalent chords derived from 1D and 3D model output. While …
Dynamics Of Subsiding Shells In Actively Growing Clouds With Vertical Updrafts, Vishnu Nair, Thijs Heus, Maarten Van Reeuwijk
Dynamics Of Subsiding Shells In Actively Growing Clouds With Vertical Updrafts, Vishnu Nair, Thijs Heus, Maarten Van Reeuwijk
Physics Faculty Publications
© 2020 American Meteorological Society. The dynamics of a subsiding shell at the edges of actively growing shallow cumulus clouds with updrafts is analyzed using direct numerical simulation. The actively growing clouds have a fixed in-cloud buoyancy and velocity. Turbulent mixing and evaporative cooling at the cloud edges generate a subsiding shell that grows with time. A self-similar regime is observed for first-and second-order moments when normalized with respective maximum values. Internal scales derived from integral properties of the flow problem are identified. A self-similarity analysis using these scales reveals that contrary to classical self-similar flows, the turbulent kinetic energy …
Primary Cilia Have A Length-Dependent Persistence Length, Justin Flaherty, Zhe Feng, Zhangli Peng, Y. N. Young, Andrew Resnick
Primary Cilia Have A Length-Dependent Persistence Length, Justin Flaherty, Zhe Feng, Zhangli Peng, Y. N. Young, Andrew Resnick
Physics Faculty Publications
© 2019, The Author(s). The fluctuating position of an optically trapped cilium tip under untreated and Taxol-treated conditions was used to characterize mechanical properties of the cilium axoneme and its basal body by combining experimental, analytical,and computational tools. We provide, for the first time, evidence that the persistence length of a ciliary axoneme is length-dependent; longer cilia are stiffer than shorter cilia. We demonstrate that this apparent length dependence can be understood by a combination of modeling axonemal microtubules as anisotropic elastic shells and including actomyosin-driven stochastic basal body motion.Our results also demonstrate the possibility of using observable ciliary dynamics …
Sociophysics Analysis Of Multi-Group Conflicts, Miron Kaufman, Hung T. Diep, Sanda Kaufman
Sociophysics Analysis Of Multi-Group Conflicts, Miron Kaufman, Hung T. Diep, Sanda Kaufman
Physics Faculty Publications
© 2020 by the authors. We present our research on the application of statistical physics techniques to multi-group social conflicts. We identify real conflict situations of which the characteristics correspond to the model. We offer realistic assumptions about conflict behaviors that get factored into model-generated scenarios. The scenarios can inform conflict research and strategies for conflict management. We discuss model applications to two-and three-group conflicts. We identify chaotic time evolution of mean attitudes and the occurrence of strange attractors. We examine the role that the range of interactions plays with respect to the occurrence of chaotic behavior.
Pulsatile Flow Through Idealized Renal Tubules: Fluid-Structure Interaction And Dynamic Pathologies, Niksa Praljak, Shawn D. Ryan, Andrew Resnick
Pulsatile Flow Through Idealized Renal Tubules: Fluid-Structure Interaction And Dynamic Pathologies, Niksa Praljak, Shawn D. Ryan, Andrew Resnick
Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications
Kidney tubules are lined with flow-sensing structures, yet information about the flow itself is not easily obtained. We aim to generate a multiscale biomechanical model for analyzing fluid flow and fluid-structure interactions within an elastic kidney tubule when the driving pressure is pulsatile. We developed a two-dimensional macroscopic mathematical model of a single fluid-filled tubule corresponding to a distal nephron segment and determined both flow dynamics and wall strains over a range of driving frequencies and wall compliances using finite-element analysis. The results presented here demonstrate good agreement with available analytical solutions and form a foundation for future inclusion of …
Validating The Water Vapor Variance Similarity Relationship In The Interfacial Layer Using Observations And Large-Eddy Simulations, M. K. Osman, D. D. Turner, Thijs Heus, V. Wulfmeyer
Validating The Water Vapor Variance Similarity Relationship In The Interfacial Layer Using Observations And Large-Eddy Simulations, M. K. Osman, D. D. Turner, Thijs Heus, V. Wulfmeyer
Physics Faculty Publications
In previous work, the similarity relationship for the water vapor variance in the interfacial layer (IL) at the top of the convective boundary layer (CBL) was proposed to be proportional to the convective velocity scale and the gradients of the water vapor mixing ratio and the Brunt‐Vaisala frequency in the entrainment zone. In the presence of wind shear in the IL, the similarity relationship was hypothesized to also include a dependence on the gradient Richardson number. Simultaneous measurements of the surface buoyancy flux, wind‐shear profiles from a radar wind profiler, water vapor mixing ratio and temperature measurements and their gradients …
Power-Law Scaling In The Internal Variability Of Cumulus Cloud Size Distributions Due To Subsampling And Spatial Organization, R. A. J. Neggers, P. J. Griewank, Thijs Heus
Power-Law Scaling In The Internal Variability Of Cumulus Cloud Size Distributions Due To Subsampling And Spatial Organization, R. A. J. Neggers, P. J. Griewank, Thijs Heus
Physics Faculty Publications
In this study, the spatial structure of cumulus cloud populations is investigated using three-dimensional snapshots from large-domain LES experiments. The aim is to understand and quantify the internal variability in cloud size distributions due to subsampling effects and spatial organization. A set of idealized shallow cumulus cases is selected with varying degrees of spatial organization, including a slowly organizing marine precipitating case and five more quickly organizing diurnal cases over land. A subdomain analysis is applied, yielding cloud number distributions at sample sizes ranging from severely undersampled to nearly complete. A strong power-law scaling is found in the relation between …
The Second Arm Training And Science Application Event: Training The Next Generation Of Atmospheric Scientists, Virendra P. Ghate, Pavlos Kollias, Susanne Crewell, Ann M. Fridlind, Thijs Heus, Ulrich Löehnert, Maximilian Maahn, Greg M. Mcfarquhar, Dmitri Moisseev, Mariko Oue, Manfred Wendisch, Christopher Williams
The Second Arm Training And Science Application Event: Training The Next Generation Of Atmospheric Scientists, Virendra P. Ghate, Pavlos Kollias, Susanne Crewell, Ann M. Fridlind, Thijs Heus, Ulrich Löehnert, Maximilian Maahn, Greg M. Mcfarquhar, Dmitri Moisseev, Mariko Oue, Manfred Wendisch, Christopher Williams
Physics Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
A New Research Approach For Observing And Characterizing Land-Atmosphere Feedback, Volker Wulfmeyer, David D. Turner, B. Baker, R. Banta, A. Behrendt, T. Bonin, W. A. Brewer, M. Buban, A. Choukulkar, R. Dumas, R. M. Hardesty, T. Heus, J. Ingwersen, D. Lange, T. R. Lee, S. Metzendorf, S. K. Muppa, T. Meyers, R. Newsom, M. Osman, S. Raasch, J. Santanello, C. Senff, F. Späth, T. Wagner, T. Weckwerth
A New Research Approach For Observing And Characterizing Land-Atmosphere Feedback, Volker Wulfmeyer, David D. Turner, B. Baker, R. Banta, A. Behrendt, T. Bonin, W. A. Brewer, M. Buban, A. Choukulkar, R. Dumas, R. M. Hardesty, T. Heus, J. Ingwersen, D. Lange, T. R. Lee, S. Metzendorf, S. K. Muppa, T. Meyers, R. Newsom, M. Osman, S. Raasch, J. Santanello, C. Senff, F. Späth, T. Wagner, T. Weckwerth
Physics Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Entropy Driven Phase Transition In Polymer Gels: Mean Field Theory, Miron Kaufman
Entropy Driven Phase Transition In Polymer Gels: Mean Field Theory, Miron Kaufman
Physics Faculty Publications
We present a mean field model of a gel consisting of P polymers, each of length L and Nz polyfunctional monomers. Each polyfunctional monomer forms z covalent bonds with the 2P bifunctional monomers at the ends of the linear polymers. We find that the entropy dependence on the number of polyfunctional monomers exhibits an abrupt change at Nz = 2P/z due to the saturation of possible crosslinks. This non-analytical dependence of entropy on the number of polyfunctionals generates a first-order phase transition between two gel phases: one poor and the other rich in poly-functional molecules.
Mixing Enhancement In Serpentine Micromixers With A Non-Rectangular Cross-Section, Joshua Clark, Miron Kaufman, Petru S. Fodor
Mixing Enhancement In Serpentine Micromixers With A Non-Rectangular Cross-Section, Joshua Clark, Miron Kaufman, Petru S. Fodor
Physics Faculty Publications
In this numerical study, a new type of serpentine micromixer involving mixing units with a non-rectangular cross-section is investigated. Similar to other serpentine/spiral shaped micromixers, the design exploits the formation of transversal vortices (Dean flows) in pressure-driven systems, associated with the centrifugal forces experienced by the fluid as it is confined to move along curved geometries. In contrast with other previous designs, though, the use of non-rectangular cross-sections that change orientation between mixing units is exploited to control the center of rotation of the transversal flows formed. The associated extensional flows that thus develop between the mixing segments complement the …
Toward The Crystallization Of An Archaeal Dihydrorotase, Haley Newman, Ryan Godin
Toward The Crystallization Of An Archaeal Dihydrorotase, Haley Newman, Ryan Godin
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Dihydroorotase catalyzes the conversion of N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate to Ldihydroorotate in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. M. jannaschii is an archaeon that thrives in extreme environments such as the hypothermal vents at the bottom of the oceans in which both temperature and pressure are extremely high. It can serve as a model organism for research purposes. This experiment is a first step toward elucidating the structure of this enzyme in M. jannaschii. Our summer research started using a partially purified enzyme preparation from previous experiments. We further purified the enzyme primarily using hydrophobic interaction and hydroxyapatite chromatographies. Twenty-four closely related conditions …
Peer Quizzing: Are Two Heads Really Better Than One?, Leah Bunnell
Peer Quizzing: Are Two Heads Really Better Than One?, Leah Bunnell
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Instructors are often plagued with a difficult opened ended question; what measures can be implemented during class that will maximize students’ academic benefit? During this research project, the impact of frequent peer quizzing in introductory college level physics courses on subsequent learning assessments, such as midterms and percent gain, are examined. A peer quiz is initially administered to a student individually and graded but not returned to the students until they are given the opportunity to revisit the same quiz question with a partner. Two physics instructors’ student data is included in the data set, which is comprised of Introductory …
Characterization Of Microgels In Ionic Liquid, Dan Terrano
Characterization Of Microgels In Ionic Liquid, Dan Terrano
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Microgels are thermoresponsive polymeric nanoparticles whose size in aqueous solution is dependent on temperature. The microgels were studied using both dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to better understand the nanoparticles dynamics. The first part of the study focused on developing a controlled preparation procedure which would generate reproducible SEM images on a wet sample. The ionic liquid was mixed with a dilute solution of microgels and water was dried using nitrogen gas. This technique allowed a large volume of microgels to easily transition from their natural water solvent to a low vapor pressure ionic solvent. The …
Towards Understanding Microgel Volume Phase Transitions, Jacob Adamczyk, Samantha Tietjen
Towards Understanding Microgel Volume Phase Transitions, Jacob Adamczyk, Samantha Tietjen
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Microgels are polymer-based particles which are able to change size and shape during volume phase transition in response to external stimuli. We have investigated microgels which respond to changes in temperature for eventual use in drug-delivery systems on the nano to micro scale. Light scattering data on Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) microgels has been analyzed to determine microgel parameters such as radii, molecular weight, and polydispersity at various temperatures. The classic Flory- Huggins (FH) approach to mixing polymer-solvent solution is used to model a temperature-size dependence for the microgels. Existing theory on the microgel size dependence on the amount of crosslinker is …
The Effects Of Chemical Crosslinker On Polymeric Microgels, Samantha Tietjen, Jacob Adamczyk
The Effects Of Chemical Crosslinker On Polymeric Microgels, Samantha Tietjen, Jacob Adamczyk
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Microgels are nanoparticles suspended in solution and comprised of crosslinked polymer chains. Due to the amphiphilic property of the parent polymer, microgels exhibit a reversible volume phase transition. The standard behavior of these microgels is to deswell from a large to small size with an increase in temperature. Microgels in this study were synthesized by crosslinking hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) in a surfactant solution. The amount of crosslinker used for synthesis was varied by a factor of a hundred. Using dynamic light scattering, microgels were characterized at various temperatures and scattering angles to determine the particles’ hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and dynamics both …
Characterizing The Turbulent Structure Of The Cbl And The Entrainment, Wei Jia
Characterizing The Turbulent Structure Of The Cbl And The Entrainment, Wei Jia
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
The convective boundary layer (CBL) is the lowest part of the atmosphere. The turbulent motions in the CBL are important for redistributing trace gases, particles, heat, and momentum between the surface and the free troposphere thus it is important that this process is properly represented in numerical models that attempts to simulate the atmosphere. This study is trying to characterize the water vapor structure in the quasi-stationary CBL, using statistical way to build the turbulent model and uses a high resolution model: Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to investigate the adequacy of the model. We found that the water vapor flux …
Construction And Applications Of An Inexpensive Muon Detector, Nicholas Knyszek
Construction And Applications Of An Inexpensive Muon Detector, Nicholas Knyszek
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Muons are important due to the abundance of them on earth. Muons that are on earth originate from the Sun and enter Earth’s atmosphere as decaying cosmic rays. Muons are somewhat unstable, with a lifespan of roughly 2.2 microseconds. Muons decay into electrons and two types of neutrinos. Since Muons travel near the speed of light they can still go thousands of meters into the Earth’s crust before stopping. Muons account for most of the cosmic radiation at sea level. Muons are harmless to humans. In this study, we built detectors and measured muon counts at different elevations. This research …
Determining Cloud Cover With Machine Learning, Sarah Sesek
Determining Cloud Cover With Machine Learning, Sarah Sesek
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
The cloud cover provided by boundary layer cumulus clouds is one of the greatest uncertainties in climate and weather prediction models. It is difficult with current technology to cheaply and accurately collect cloud cover data. The TSI (Total Sky Imager) provides a hemispheric field of view in order to maximize the area it can see. The farther away from the center of the image, the more angled the view of the the cloud is. Therefore, more of the side of the cloud is captured in addition to the cloud base. Machine learning is well suited to seeing through this bias. …
Investigating The Influence Of Cloud Size On Cumulus Cloud Entrainment, Theresa Lincheck
Investigating The Influence Of Cloud Size On Cumulus Cloud Entrainment, Theresa Lincheck
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Clouds play a crucial role in determining the weather on local and global scales, yet their complexity accounts for some of the largest uncertainties in weather forecasts and climate models. Environmental air mixing or being drawn into a current, called entrainment, is one source to blame for this complexity. When air entrains into a cloud evaporation of in-cloud condensates increase and temperatures in the cloud drop, reducing buoyancy. The overall effect of entrainment inhibits a cloud’s development, and usually results in the dissipation of a cloud. With the use of data generated from a high-resolution computer model known as Large …
An Alternative Means For Observation-Based Cloud Size Distributions, Adam Stead
An Alternative Means For Observation-Based Cloud Size Distributions, Adam Stead
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Clouds are a poorly understood phenomenon that have a significant impact on climate and day-to-day weather. This research aims to measure cloud size distributions for shallow cumulus clouds from observational data. Clouds are sampled via a ceilometer, which indicates both the presence of cloudy air and the base height of the respective cloud. When combining this data with the recorded horizontal wind velocity, we can infer a cloud transect size distribution. After sufficient sampling, we can use an algorithm to deduce an approximate cloud area distribution for the specified time range and cloud field. Once the cloud size distributions are …
Methodology Development For The Implementation Ofmicrofluidic Mixers, Tahir Butt, Gautam Mahajan
Methodology Development For The Implementation Ofmicrofluidic Mixers, Tahir Butt, Gautam Mahajan
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
Microfluidic platforms have been widely regarded as defining technologies for the development of chemical and biological synthesis and analysis systems, due to benefits associated with reduced reactant consumption, increases by orders of magnitude of the surface-to-volume ratios, and greatly enhanced control over reactions variables such as temperature and pressure. However, one of the bottlenecks for their wide application is the difficulty in achieving mixing, given the typical laminar flows in these systems. In this work we implement experimentally, various strategies using geometrical features to control the fluid motion and induce stirring flows. The mixers are fabricated using soft-lithography in PDMS …
Implementation Of A Reverse Staggered-Herringbone Microfluidic Mixer For High-Throughput Polymeric Nanoparticles Synthesis, Alexa Roberts
Implementation Of A Reverse Staggered-Herringbone Microfluidic Mixer For High-Throughput Polymeric Nanoparticles Synthesis, Alexa Roberts
Undergraduate Research Posters 2018
The goal of this research is to implement and optimize the operating conditions of a microfluidic mixer to synthesize polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) in a high-throughput fashion. Using a reverse staggered-herringbone microfluidic mixer that we recently designed, the effects of experimental conditions such as flowrate and reactant composition on NP characteristics were investigated and optimized. The device design allowed for physical contact between two streams of fluids – one containing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid; PLGA) in acetonitrile and the other deionized water, to allow for efficient mixing and NP precipitation to occur. The resulting NPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and …