Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Observations Of Clustering Inside Oceanic Bubble Clouds And The Effect On Short-Range Acoustic Propagation, Thomas C. Weber

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

It has recently been shown [Weber, T. C. et al. (Year: 2007). “Acoustic propagation through clustered bubble clouds,” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.32, 513–523] that gas bubble clustering plays a role in determining the acoustic field characteristics of bubbly fluids. In particular, it has been shown that clustering changes the bubble-induced attenuation as well as the ping-to-ping variability in the acoustic field. The degree to which bubble clustering exists in nature, however, is unknown. This paper describes a method for quantifying bubble clustering using a high frequency (400kHz) multibeam sonar, and reports on observations of near-surface bubbleclustering during a storm ( …

Transpacific Transport Of Ozone Pollution And The Effect Of Recent Asian Emission Increases On Air Quality In North America: An Integrated Analysis Using Satellite, Aircraft, Ozonesonde, And Surface Observations, D Zhang, D J. Jacob, K F. Boersma, D A. Jaffe, J R. Olson, K W. Bowman, J Worden, A M. Thompson, M A. Avery, Ronald C. Cohen, Jack E. Dibb, F Flocke, H Fuelberg, L Gregory Huey, W W. Mcmillan, H B. Singh, Andrew Weinheimer

Earth Sciences

We use an ensemble of aircraft, satellite, sonde, and surface observations for April-May 2006 (NASA/INTEX-B aircraft campaign) to better understand the mechanisms for transpacific ozone pollution and its implications for North American air quality. The observations are interpreted with a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). OMI NO2 satellite observations constrain Asian anthropogenic NOx emissions and indicate a factor of 2 increase from 2000 to 2006 in China. Satellite observations of CO from AIRS and TES indicate two major events of Asian transpacific pollution during INTEX-B. Correlation between TES CO and ozone observations shows evidence for transpacific ozone pollution. The …

Geocoastpilot: Linking The Coast Pilot With Geo-Referenced Imagery & Chart Information, Kurt Schwehr, Matthew D. Plumlee, Briana M. Sullivan, Colin Ware

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Uncertainty Representation In Hydrographic Surveys And Products, Brian R. Calder

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Using Moored Arrays And Hyperspectral Aerial Imagery To Develop Nutrient Criteria For New Hampshire's Estuaries, J. Ru Morrison, Thomas K. Gregory, Shachak Pe'eri, William H. Mcdowell, Philip Trowbridge

PREP Reports & Publications

Increasing nitrogen concentrations and declining eelgrass beds in Great Bay, NH are clear indicators of impending problems for the state’s estuaries. A workgroup established in 2005 by the NH Department of Environmental Services and the NH Estuaries Project (NHEP) adopted eelgrass survival as the water quality target for nutrient criteria development for NH’s estuaries. In 2007, the NHEP received a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to collect water quality information including that from moored sensors and hyper-spectral imagery data of the Great Bay Estuary. Data from the Great Bay Coastal Buoy, part of the regional Integrated Ocean Observing …

U.S. Law Of The Sea Cruise To Map The Foot Of The Slope And 2500-M Isobath Of The U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin. Cruise Report For 2008, Larry A. Mayer, Andy Armstrong

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

USCGC Icebreaker Healy (WAGB-20)

U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the US Arctic Ocean margin

CRUISES HE-0805

August 14 to September 5, 2008

Barrow, AK to Barrow, AK

Enhanced Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Due To Water Uptake By Fine Particles, Stephen R. Hennigan, M Bergin, Jack E. Dibb, Rodney J. Weber

Earth Sciences

This study characterizes the partitioning behavior of a significant fraction of the ambient organic aerosol through simultaneous measurements of gas and particle watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC). During the summer in Atlanta, WSOC gas/particle partitioning showed a strong RH dependence that was attributed to particulate liquid water. At elevated RH levels (>70%) a significant increase in WSOC partitioning to the particle phase was observed and followed the predicted water uptake by fine particles. The enhancement in particle-phase partitioning translated to increased median particle WSOC concentrations ranging from 0.3 –0.9 mgCm3 . The results provide a detailed overview of the WSOC …

Observations Of High Frequency, Long Range Acoustic Propagation In A Harbor Environment, Michelle Weirathmueller, Thomas C. Weber, Larry A. Mayer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The positioning and navigation of AUV's in harbor environments using underwater acoustics is complicated by shallow waters, long propagation distances, and complex oceanographic features. This paper reports on high frequency (40 kHz) acoustic measurements made in Portsmouth Harbor, NH, USA, which is an estuary containing several riverine inputs and a strong tidal flow (2+ knots). A one-way propagation experiment was conducted at the mouth of the harbor for propagation distances up to 100 water depths. Strong signatures of a variety of phenomenon were observed in the acoustic signal levels, including tidal heights and currents, turbulent mixing, and wind/wave action. The …

Simultaneous Measurements Of Particulate And Gas-Phase Water-Soluble Organic Carbon Concentrations At Remote And Urban-Influenced Locations, C Anderson, Jack E. Dibb, Robert J. Griffin, M Bergin

Earth Sciences

The sources, sinks, and overall importance of watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the atmosphere are not well understood. Although the primary historical focus has been on particulate WSOC (WSOCP), here we also present results obtained using a newly developed technique that additionally measures gas-phase water-soluble organic carbon (WSOCG). These first-of-their-kind measurements show that WSOCG can often be more than ten times larger than WSOCP at both urban and remote locations. The average fraction of WSOC residing in the gas phase (fg = WSOCG/(WSOCG + WSOCP)) at five various field sites ranged from 0.64 to 0.93, implying significant differences in WSOC …

Very Shallow Water Bathymetry Retrieval From Hyperspectral Imagery At The Virginia Coast Reserve (Vcr'07) Multi-Sensor Campaign, Charles M. Bachmann, Marcos J. Montes, Robert A. Fusina, Christopher Parrish, Jon Sellars, Alan Weidemann, Wesley Goode, C Reid Nichols, Patrick Woodward, Kevin Mcilhany, Victoria Hill, Richard Zimmerman, Daniel Korwan, Barry Truitt, A. Schwarzschild

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

A number of institutions, including the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), have developed look up tables for remote retrieval of bathymetry and in-water optical properties from hyperspectral imagery (HSI) [6]. For bathymetry retrieval, the lower limit is the very shallow water case (here defined as < 2m), a depth zone which is not well resolved by many existing bathymetric LIDAR sensors, such as SHOALS [4]. The ability to rapidly model these shallow water depths from HSI directly has potential benefits for combined HSI/LIDAR systems such as the Compact Hydrographic Airborne Rapid Total Survey (CHARTS) [10]. In this study, we focused on the validation of a near infra-red feature, corresponding to a local minimum in absorption (and therefore a local peak in reflectance), which can be correlated directly to bathymetry with a high degree of confidence. Compared to other VNIR wavelengths, this particular near-IR feature corresponds to a peak in the correlation with depth in this very shallow water regime, and this is a spectral range where reflectance depends primarily on water depth (water absorption) and bottom type, with suspended constituents playing a secondary role.

Analysis Of Aircraft And Satellite Measurements From The Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (Intex-B) To Quantify Long-Range Transport Of East Asian Sulfur To Canada, Aaron Van Donkelaar, R V. Martin, W R. Leaitch, A M. Macdonald, T W. Walker, David G. Streets, Q Zhang, E J. Dunlea, Jose L. Jimenez, Jack E. Dibb, L Gregory Huey, Rodney J. Weber, M O. Andreae

Earth Sciences

We interpret a suite of satellite, aircraft, and ground-based measurements over the North Pacific Ocean and western North America during April–May 2006 as part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B (INTEX-B) campaign to understand the implications of long-range transport of East Asian emissions to North America. The Canadian component of INTEX-B included 33 vertical profiles from a Cessna 207 aircraft equipped with an aerosol mass spectrometer. Long-range transport of organic aerosols was insignificant, contrary to expectations. Measured sulfate plumes in the free troposphere over British Columbia exceeded 2 μg/m3. We update the global anthropogenic emission inventory in a …

Local Anthropogenic Impact On Particulate Elemental Carbon Concentrations At Summit, Greenland, Gayle S.W. Hagler, M Bergin, E A. Smith, M Town, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

Summit, Greenland is a remote Arctic research station allowing for field measurements at the highest point of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Due to the current reliance on diesel generators for electricity at Summit, unavoidable local emissions are a potential contamination threat to the measurement of combustion-related species in the air and snow. The effect of fossil-fuel combustion on particulate elemental carbon (EC) is assessed by a combination of ambient measurements (∼1 km from the main camp), a series of snow pits, and Gaussian plume modeling. Ambient measurements indicate that the air directly downwind of the research station generators experiences particulate …

U.S. Law Of The Sea Cruise To Map The Foot Of The Slope Of The Northeast U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Leg 6, Brian R. Calder, James V. Gardner

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

U.S. Law of the Sea Cruise to Map the Foot of the Slope of the Northeast U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Leg 6

Cruise KNOX17RR

May 1 – 31, 2008

Ft. Lauderdale, FL to Woods Hole, MA

From The Arctic To The Tropics: The U.S. Unclos Bathymetric Mapping Program, James V. Gardner, Larry A. Mayer, Andy Armstrong

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Since CHC2006, the University of New Hampshire’s Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center has mapped with multibeam, the bathymetry of an additional ~220,000 km2 of seafloor in areas as diverse as the Arctic, the Northern Marianas of the western Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. The mapping supports any potential U.S. submission for of extended continental shelves under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Consequently, the mapping has concentrated on capturing the complete extent of the 2500-m isobath and the zone where the Article 76-defined foot of the slope exists. In …

Environmental Response Management Application, Michele Jacobi, Nancy E. Kinner, Rob Braswell, Kurt Schwehr, Kimberly S. Newman, Amy A. Merten

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC), a partnership between the University of New Hampshire (UNH) and NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration (ORR), is leading an effort to develop a data platform capable of interfacing both static and real-time data sets accessible simultaneously to a command post and assets in the field with an open source internet mapping server. The Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA™) is designed to give responders and decision makers ready access to geographically specific data useful during spill planning/drills, incident response, damage assessment and site restoration. In addition to oil spill and chemical release response, this …

Iho S-100: The New Hydrographic Geospatial Standard For Marine Data And Information, Robert Ward, Lee Alexander, Barrie Greenslade, Anthony Pharaoh

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental consultative and technical organization established in 1921 to support the safety of navigation, and to contribute to the protection of the marine environment. One of its primary roles is to establish and maintain appropriate standards to assist in the proper and efficient use of hydrographic data and information. This paper describes the new IHO Geospatial Standard for Hydrographic Data to be known as S-100, together with the Geospatial Information Infrastructure (GII) that is in the course of development and implementation by the IHO. In both cases, details have yet to be finalised …

The Impact Of Local Sources And Long-Range Transport On Aerosol Properties Over The Northeast U.S. Region During Intex-Na, K L. Thornhill, Gao Chen, Jack E. Dibb, C. Jordan, Ali Omar, E L. Winstead, Greg Schuster, A D. Clarke, Cameron Mcnaughton, Eric Scheuer, D R. Blake, Glen Sachse, L Gregory Huey, H B. Singh, Bruce E. Anderson

Earth Sciences

We use data collected aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the summer 2004, Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Evolution Experiment over North America (INTEX-NA) field campaign to examine the origin, composition, physical and optical properties of aerosols within air masses sampled over and downwind of the northeastern U.S. We note that aerosol concentrations within the region exhibited steep vertical gradients and significant variability in both time and space. An examination of air mass chemical signatures and backward trajectories indicates that transport from four, significantly different source regions contributed to the variability: the subtropical Atlantic Ocean (AO); the U.S. west coast and …

Factors Influencing The Large-Scale Distribution Of Hg° In The Mexico City Area And Over The North Pacific, Robert W. Talbot, Huiting Mao, Jack E. Dibb, M A. Avery, E V. Browell, G W. Sachse, S Vay, D R. Blake, L Gregory Huey, H Fuelberg

Earth Sciences

Gas-phase elemental mercury (Hg°) was measured aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B (INTEX-B) campaign in spring 2006. Flights were conducted around Mexico City and on two subsequent deployments over the North Pacific based out of Honolulu, Hawaii and Anchorage, Alaska. Data obtained from 0.15–12 km altitude showed that Hg° exhibited a relatively constant vertical profile centered around 100 ppqv. Highly concentrated pollution plumes emanating from the Mexico City urban agglomeration revealed that mixing ratios of Hg° as large as 500 ppqv were related to combustion tracers such as CO, but not SO2 which …

Use Of Portable Piloting Units By Maritime Pilots, Lee Alexander, Michael J. Casey

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The use of electronic navigation equipment onboard maritime vessels continues to increase, worldwide. The results of a recent Canadian study provide clear evidence that maritime pilots know what types of equipment to use -- and how to use them.

Production Of Marine Information Overlays (Mios), Lee Alexander, Michael Huet

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

High-Precision, High-Accuracy Timekeeping In Distributed Survey Systems, Brian R. Calder, Rick Brennan, J Marcus, C Malzone, Peter Canter

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Accurate and precise timekeeping between computers in a distributed survey system is essential to ensure adequate data quality, especially with Multibeam Echosounders (MBES) which can otherwise suffer from significant motion artefacts. We show that clock synchronisation on the order of 100-150ns (rms) is readily achievable in a modern MBES-based survey system utilising an Ethernet-based time synchronisation mechanism and some custom timekeeping software. We also show that improving the timekeeping eliminates motion artefacts in the observed bathymetry, and simplifies the patch-test procedure.

Mosaicing Tool For Aerial Imagery From A Lidar Bathymetry Survey, Shachak Pe'eri, Yuri Rzhanov

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Aerial imagery collected during lidar bathymetry surveying provides an independent reference dataset for ground truth. Mosaicing of aerial imagery requires some manual involvement by the operator, which is time consuming. This paper presents an automatic mosaicing procedure that creates a continuous and visually consistent photographic map of the imaged area. This study aimed to use only the frames from the aerial camera without additional information. A comparison between the features in the resultant mosaic and a reference chart shows that the mosaic is visually consistent and there is good spatial-geometric correlation of features.

U.S. Law Of The Sea Cruise To Map The Western Insular Margin And 2500-M Isobath Of Guam And The Northern Mariana Islands. Cruise Report, James V. Gardner

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the western insular margin and 2500-m isobath of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. CRUISE BD07-1 November 16, to December 17, 2007 Garapan, Saipan, to Garapan, Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Seismic-Py: Reading Seismic Data With Python, Kurt Schwehr

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The field of seismic exploration of the Earth has changed dramatically over the last half a century. The Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) has worked to create standards to store the vast amounts of seismic data in a way that will be portable across computer architectures. However, it has been impossible to predict the needs of the immense range of seismic data acquisition systems. As a result, vendors have had to bend the rules to accommodate the needs of new instruments and experiment types. For low level access to seismic data, there is need for a standard open source library …

Development And Assessment Of Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Products For Shoreline Mapping, Lynnette V. Morgan, Shachak Pe'eri, Andy Armstrong

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Accurate and consistent shoreline determinations play a major role in nautical charting and coastal management boundary assessment. Delineations along this dynamic margin are dependent upon the stage of tide and are demarcated by tidal datums such as Mean High Water (MHW) and Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). This study investigated airborne lidar bathymetry (ALB) as a potential tool to support shoreline mapping. A computerized process was devised to obtain shoreline determinations from a lidar dataset processed using various algorithms and by devising a threshold to distinguish land and water. The algorithm-derived land-water interfaces are analyzed against the reference shoreline constructed …