Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

On The Use Of Historical Bathymetric Data To Determine Changes In Bathymetry: An Analysis Of Errors And Application To Great Bay Estuary, Nh, Martin Jakobsson, Andy Armstrong, Brian R. Calder, Lloyd C. Huff, Larry A. Mayer, Larry G. Ward

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The depth measurements that are incorporated into bathymetric charts have associated errors with magnitudes depending on the survey circumstances and applied techniques. For this reason, combining and comparing depth measurements collected over many years with different techniques and standards is a difficult task which must be done with great caution. In this study we have developed an approach for comparing historical bathymetric surveys. Our methodology uses Monte Carlo modelling to account for the random error components inherited in the data due to positioning and depth measurement uncertainties.

Capacity Building In Ocean Bathymetry: The Nippon Foundation Gebco Training Programme At The University Of New Hampshire, Srinivas Karlipata, Dave Monahan, H M. Caceres, Taisei Morishita, Abubakar Mustapha, Walter Reynoso Peralta, Shereen Sharma, Clive Angwenyi

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

A successful Capacity Building project in hydrography is underway at the University of New Hampshire. Organised by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans and sponsored by the Nippon Foundation, the programme trains hydrographers and other marine scientists in bathymetric mapping. Participants are formally prepared to produce bathymetric maps when they return to their home countries through a combination of graduate level courses and workshops, practical field training, participation in deep ocean research cruises, working visits to other laboratories and institutions, focused lectures from visiting experts, and the preparation of a bathymetry map of their area from public domain data. …

Uvsd: Software For Detection Of Color Underwater Features, Yuri Rzhanov, Anton Mamaenko, M Yoklavich

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Underwater Video Spot Detector (UVSD) is a software package designed to analyze underwater video for continuous spatial measurements (path traveled, distance to the bottom, roughness of the surface etc.) Laser beams of known geometry are often used in underwater imagery to estimate the distance to the bottom. This estimation is based on the manual detection of laser spots which is labor intensive and time consuming so usually only a few frames can be processed this way. This allows for spatial measurements on single frames (distance to the bottom, size of objects on the sea-bottom), but not for the whole video …

Seafloor Characterization Through The Application Of Avo Analysis To Multibeam Sonar Data, Luciano E. Fonseca, Larry A. Mayer, Barbara J. Kraft

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

In the seismic reflection method, it is well known that seismic amplitude varies with the offset between the seismic source and detector and that this variation is a key to the direct determination of lithology and pore fluid content of subsurface strata. Based on this fundamental property, amplitude-versus-offset (AVO) analysis has been used successfully in the oil industry for the exploration and characterization of subsurface reservoirs. Multibeam sonars acquire acoustic backscatter over a wide range of incidence angles and the variation of the backscatter with the angle of incidence is an intrinsic property of the seafloor. Building on this analogy, …

Measurement Of In Situ Acoustic Properties For The Onr Geoclutter Program, Annual Report, Geoclutter Program, Larry A. Mayer, Barbara J. Kraft, Luciano E. Fonseca

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

The Open Navigation Surface Project, Brian R. Calder, Shannon Byrne, Bill Lamey, Rick T. Brennan, James D. Case, David Fabre, Barry Gallagher, R Wade Ladner, Friedhelm Moggert, Mark Paton

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Many hydrographic and oceanographic agencies have moved or are moving towards gridded bathymetric products. However, there is no accepted format to allow these grids to be exchanged while maintaining data and metadata integrity. This paper describes the Open Navigation Surface (ONS) Project, which aims to fill this gap. The ONS Project is an open-source software project designed to provide a freely available, portable source-code library to encapsulate gridded bathymetric surfaces with associated uncertainty values. The data file format is called a Bathymetric Attributed Grid (BAG). The BAG is developed and maintained by the ONS Working Group (ONSWG), and the source …

Applying The Test Of Appurtenance Globally: A New Inventory Of Wide Margin States From Public Domain Data, Dave Monahan, Robert Van De Poll, Sara Cockburn

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

U.S. Law Of The Sea Cruise To Map The Foot Of The Slope And 2500-M Isobath Of The Northeast U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin: Legs 4 And 5. Cruise Report, Doug Cartwright, James V. Gardner

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the Northeast US Atlantic continental margin: Legs 4 and 5

CRUISES PF05-1 and 2

April 25 to June 30, 2005

Norfolk, VA to Port Canaveral, FL

A Sensor Fusion Approach To Coastal Mapping, Maryellen Sault, Christopher Parrish, Stephen A. White, Jon Sellars, Jason Woolard

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is responsible for mapping the national shoreline. This shoreline provides the critical baseline for demarcating the United States’ marine territorial limits, including its Exclusive Economic Zone; and is used in updating NOAA nautical charts and management of coastal resourses. NGS conducted a data fusion research project in collaboration with the Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetric Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) and other NOAA partners. In March and April of 2004, hyperspectral imagery, topographic lidar data, and highresolution digital color imagery were collected simultaneously aboard the NOAA Citation for coastal project areas in Florida and California. The …

The Use Of Multi-Beam Sonars To Image Bubbly Ship Wakes, R Lee Culver, Thomas C. Weber, David L. Bradley

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

During the past five years, researchers at Penn State University (PSU) have used upward-looking multi-beam (MB) sonar to image the bubbly wakes of surface ships. In 2000, a 19-beam, 5° beam width, 120° sector, 250 kHz MB sonar integrated into an autonomous vehicle was used to obtain a first-of-a-kind look at the three-dimensional variability of bubbles in a large ship wake. In 2001 we acquired a Reson 8101 MB sonar, which operates at 240 kHz and features 101-1.5º beams spanning a 150º sector. In July 2002, the Reson sonar was deployed looking upward from a 1.4 m diameter buoy moored …

New Views Of The U.S. Continental Margins, James V. Gardner, Larry A. Mayer, Andy Armstrong

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

An Estimate Of The Gas Transfer Rate From Oceanic Bubbles Derived From Multibeam Sonar Observations Of A Ship Wake, Thomas C. Weber, Anthony P. Lyons, David L. Bradley

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Measurements of gas transfer rates from bubbles have been made in the laboratory, but these are difficult to extrapolate to oceanic bubbles where populations of surfactants and particulate matter that inhibit gas transfer are different. Measurements at sea are complicated by unknown bubble creation rates that make it difficult to uniquely identify and observe the evolution of individual bubble clouds. One method that eliminates these difficulties is to measure bubbles in a ship wake where bubble creation at any given location is confined to the duration of the passing ship. This method assumes that the mechanisms slowing the gas dissolution …

An In-Depth Look At Shallow Water Multibeam, Dave Monahan

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Protocols For Calibrating Multibeam Sonar, Kenneth G. Foote, Dezhang Chu, Terence R. Hammer, Kenneth Baldwin, Larry A. Mayer, Lawrence C. Hufnagle Jr., J Michael Jech

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Development of protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar by means of the standard-target method is documented. Particular systems used in the development work included three that provide the water-column signals, namely the SIMRAD SM2000/90- and 200-kHz sonars and RESON SeaBat 8101 sonar, with operating frequency of 240 kHz. Two facilities were instrumented specifically for the work: a sea well at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and a large, indoor freshwater tank at the University of New Hampshire. Methods for measuring the transfer characteristics of each sonar, with transducers attached, are described and illustrated with measurement results. The principal results, however, are …

Future Edition Of Iho S-57 (4.0), Lee Alexander, Michael Brown, Barrie Greenslade, Anthony Pharaoh

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Exploring Causal Influences, Eric M. Neufeld, Sonje K. Kristtorn, Qingjuan Guan, Manon Sanscartier, Colin Ware

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Recent data mining techniques exploit patterns of statistical independence in multivariate data to make conjectures about cause/effect relationships. These relationships can be used to construct causal graphs, which are sometimes represented by weighted node-link diagrams, with nodes representing variables and combinations of weighted links and/or nodes showing the strength of causal relationships. We present an interactive visualization for causal graphs (ICGs), inspired in part by the Influence Explorer. The key principles of this visualization are as follows: Variables are represented with vertical bars attached to nodes in a graph. Direct manipulation of variables is achieved by sliding a variable value …

The Design Of An Uncertainty Model For The Tidal Constituent And Residual Interpolation (Tcari) Method For Tidal Correction Of Bathymetric Data, Rick Brennan, Kurt Hess, Lloyd C. Huff, Steve Gill

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Recent advances in processing multibeam sonar data brought about by the Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetric Estimator (CUBE) [1] have demonstrated the value of identifying and tracking survey uncertainties. Most of these uncertainties were outlined in Hare, Godin, and Mayer uncertainty model developed in 1995 [2]. That report identified the uncertainties in the various electronic systems used to acquire the bathymetric data. However, one of the largest contributors to the overall error budge t in a near coastal hydrographic survey is that contributed by water level uncertainty. As the ocean mapping industry pushes for ever finer spatial details in its data, …

Next Edition Of Iho S-57 (Edition 4): Much More Than Encs, Lee Alexander, Michael Brown, Barrie Greenslade

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The primary goal for the next edition of S-57 (Edition 4) is to support a greater variety of hydrographic-related digital data sources, products, and customers. This includes matrix and raster data, 3-D and time-varying data (x, y, z, and time), and new applications that go beyond the scope of traditional hydrography (e.g., high-density bathymetry, seafloor classification, marine GIS). It will also enable the use of web-based services for data discovery, browsing, query, analysis, and transfer. S-57 Edition 4.0 will not be an incremental revision of Edition 3.1. Edition 4 will be a new standard that includes both additional content and …

Coral Reef Electronic Chart Initiative, Protecting Corals, Saving Ships, Lee Alexander, Kathryn L. Ries

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The Office of Coast Survey, NOAA is conducting a pilot project in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary to convert existing coral, marine protected areas (MPA) and other marine GIS information into a format suitable for use with shipboard Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS). Specifically, existing data will be converted into Marine Information Objects (MIOs) conforming to IHO S-57 data standards that become a supplemental information layer to be used with Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) in ECDIS. The project goal is to strengthen marine resource conservation by bringing critical coral, MPA, and other environmental protection-related information to the …

Geocoder: An Efficient Backscatter Map Constructor, Luciano E. Fonseca, Brian R. Calder

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The acoustic backscatter acquired by multibeam and sidescan sonars carries important information about the seafloor morphology and physical properties, providing valuable data to aid the difficult task of seafloor characterization, and important auxiliary information for a bathymetric survey. One necessary step towards this characterization is the assemblage of more consistent and more accurate mosaics of acoustic backscatter. For that, it is necessary to radiometrically correct the backscatter intensities registered by these sonars, to geometrically correct and position each acoustic sample in a projection coordinate system and to interpolate properly the intensity values into a final backscatter map. Geocoder is a …

Investigation Of Bottom Fishing Impacts On Benthic Structure Using Multibeam Sonar, Sidescan And Video, Mashkoor A. Malik, Larry A. Mayer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Bottom fishing gear is known to alter benthic structure, however changes in the shape of the sea floor are often too subtle to be detected by acoustic remote sensing. Nonetheless, long linear features were observed during a recent high-resolution multibeam sonar survey of Jeffreys Ledge, a prominent fishing ground in Gulf of Maine, located about 50 km from Portsmouth, NH. These marks, which have a relief of only few centimeters, are presumed to be caused by bottom dredging gear used in the area for scallop and clam fisheries. The extraction of these small features from a noisy data set (including …

Panoramic Images For Situational Awareness In A 3d Chart-Of-The-Future Display, Matthew D. Plumlee, Colin Ware, Roland J. Arsenault, Rick Brennan

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Many early charts featured sketches of the coastline, providing a good picture of what the shore looked like from the bridge of a ship. These helped the mariner to distinguish one port from another during an approach and establish their rough position within that approach. More recent experimental 3D chart interfaces have incorporated 3D models of land topography and man-made structures to perform the same function. However, topography is typically captured from the air, by means of stereophotogrammetry or lidar and fails to present a good representation of what is seen from a vessel’s bridge. We have been conducting an …

Multi-Dimensional, Multi-National, Multi-Faceted Hydrographic Training: The Nippon Foundation Gebco Training Program At The University Of New Hampshire, Dave Monahan, Clive Angwenyi, Hugo Montoro, Taisei Morishita, Abubakar Mustapha, Walter Reynoso Peralta, Shereen Sharma, Srinivas Karlapati

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Hydrographic training entered a new era when students arrived at the University of New Hampshire in August of 2004 to form the first class of the Nippon Foundation GEBCO (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) training program. Born out of the need to replenish GEBCO’s aging human material, and of the desire to spread deep ocean mapping capabilities more widely throughout the world, the program attracted applications from 57 students in over thirty countries. The seven selected each had post graduate training and several years experience, but differed in that three were hydrographers, two geologists and two oceanographers. Classes planned …

Empirical Analysis Of Aerial Camera Filters For Shoreline Mapping, Christopher Parrish, Maryellen Sault, Stephen A. White, Jon Sellars

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Accurate, up-to-date national shoreline is critical in defining the territorial limits of the Unites States, updating nautical charts, and managing coastal resources. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) delineates the interpreted shoreline photogrammetrically using tide-coordinated stereo photography acquired with black-and-white infrared emulsion. In this paper, we present the results of a two-phased study aimed at quantifying the effect of camera filter selection on the interpreted shoreline when utilizing this method of shoreline mapping.

U.S. Law Of The Sea Cruise To Map The Foot Of The Slope And 2500-M Isobath Of The U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin. Cruise Report For 2004, Larry A. Mayer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the US Arctic Ocean margin

CRUISES HE-0405

October 6 to October 26, 2004

Nome, AK to Barrow, AK

On The Optimization Of Visualizations Of Complex Phenomena, Donald H. House, Althea D. Bair, Colin Ware

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The problem of perceptually optimizing complex visualizations is a difficult one, involving perceptual as well as aesthetic issues. In our experience, controlled experiments are quite limited in their ability to uncover interrelationships among visualization parameters, and thus may not be the most useful way to develop rules-of-thumb or theory to guide the production of high-quality visualizations. In this paper, we propose a new experimental approach to optimizing visualization quality that integrates some of the strong points of controlled experiments with methods more suited to investigating complex highly-coupled phenomena. We use human-in-the-loop experiments to search through visualization parameter space, generating large …

Mapping Near-Surface Gas With Acoustic Remote Sensing Methods, Examples From Eel River Margin, Ca And Skjalfandi Bay, Iceland, Luciano E. Fonseca, Larry A. Mayer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

New Views Of The Gulf Of Alaska Margin Mapped For Unclos Applications, Larry A. Mayer, James V. Gardner, Andy Armstrong, Brian R. Calder, Mashkoor A. Malik, Clive Angwenyi, Srinivas Karlapati, Hugo Montoro, Taisei Morishita, Abubakar Mustapha

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.