Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Snow Accumulation, Surface Height Change, And Firn Densification At Summit, Greenland: Insights From 2 Years Of In Situ Observation, Jack E. Dibb, Mark Fahnestock

Earth Sciences

Weekly measurements of surface height change were made at an accumulation forest of 100 stakes at Summit, Greenland, over a 2-year period (17 August 2000 to 8 August 2002). On average, the surface height relative to the stakes increased 64 (±4.8) cm in the first year and 65 (±5.3) cm in the second, identical to the average (65 ± 4.5 cm yr⁻¹) previously reported for the period 1991–1995 in a similar forest 28 km to the southwest. The continuous 2-year data set indicates that the rate of surface rise was not constant, with the summers of 2001 and …

Summertime Ozone At Mount Washington: Meteorological Controls At The Highest Peak In The Northeast, E V. Fischer, R. Talbot, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

This study examined the synoptic and regional-scale meteorological controls on summertime O₃ at Mount Washington, the highest peak (1910 m) in the northeastern United States. Analysis of air mass transport to Mount Washington was conducted for the summers of 1998–2003 using backward trajectories. Distinct patterns in air mass history were revealed using this approach that helped explain extreme variations in O₃ mixing ratios. Most enhanced (≥90th percentile) and depleted (≤10th percentile) O₃ events were short-lived and spread out over the summer months. Enhanced O₃ events at Mount Washington were generally associated with westerly transport, while depleted …

U.S. Law Of The Sea Cruise To Map The Foot Of The Slope And 2500-M Isobath Of The Northeast Us Atlantic Continental Margin: Legs 1, 2 And 3. Cruise Report, James V. Gardner

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the Northeast US Atlantic continental margin: Legs 1,2 and 3

CRUISES H04-1, 2 and 3

August 23, to November 30, 2004

Gulfport, MS to Norfolk, VA

Deep-Sea Image Processing, Yuri Rzhanov, Larry A. Mayer, D J. Fornari

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

High-resolution seafloor mapping often requires optical methods of sensing, to confirm interpretations made from sonar data. Optical digital imagery of seafloor sites can now provide very high resolution and also provides additional cues, such as color information for sediments, biota and divers rock types. During the cruise AT11-7 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) vessel R/V Atlantis (February 2004, East Pacific Rise) visual imagery was acquired from three sources: (1) a digital still down-looking camera mounted on the submersible Alvin, (2) observer-operated 1-and 3-chip video cameras with tilt and pan capabilities mounted on the front of Alvin, and (3) …

Variable Bandwidth Filter For Multibeam Echo-Sounding Bottom Detection, Barbara J. Kraft, Christian De Moustier

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The accuracy of a seafloor map derived from multibeam swath bathymetry depends first and foremost on the quality of the bottom detection process that yields estimates of the arrival time and angle of bottom echoes received in each beam. Filtering of each beam with a fixed bandwidth filter, with the bandwidth based on the length of the transmitted pulse, reduces the error associated with the time-angle estimates. However, filters of this type can not be optimal over the wide range of operational environments encountered. Better results are obtained with a processing scheme that varies the filter bandwidth across the swath …

The Next Edition Of Iho-S-57 (4.0): A Primer, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental consultative and technical organization that was established in 1921 to support the safety of navigation and the protection of the marine environment. IHO Special Publication 57 (IHO S-57) is the IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data. It is the standard to be used for the exchange of digital hydrographic data between hydrographic offices (HOs), and for the distribution of hydrographic data to manufacturers, mariners and other data users (e.g., GIS). It was developed so that the transfer all forms of hydrographic data would take place in a consistent and uniform manner. …

Ship-Based Nitric Acid Measurements In The Gulf Of Maine During New England Air Quality Study 2002, Jack E. Dibb, Eric Scheuer, Sallie I. Whitlow, Marcy Vozzella, Eric Williams, Brian M. Lerner

Earth Sciences

Gas phase nitric acid (HNO₃) was measured at 5-min resolution on board the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research vessel Ronald H. Brown during the second leg (29 July to 10 August) of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) 2002 cruise. A primary objective of the cruise was to improve understanding of the oxidation of NO_x in, and removal of the oxidation products from, the polluted marine boundary layer east of northeastern North America. For the first 9 days of this leg the ship remained north of Cape Cod, and the cruise track did not …

Three-Dimensional Simulations Of Inorganic Aerosol Distributions In East Asia During Spring 2001, Youhua Tang, Gregory R. Carmichael, John H. Seinfeld, Donald Dabdub, Rodney J. Weber, B J. Huebert, A D. Clarke, Sergio A. Guazzotti, David A. Sodeman, Kimberly A. Prather, Itsushi Uno, Jung -Hun Woo, James J. Yienger, David G. Streets, Patricia K. Quinn, James E. Johnson, Chul-Han Song, Vicki H. Grassian, Adrian Sandu, R. Talbot, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

In this paper, aerosol composition and size distributions in east Asia are simulated using a comprehensive chemical transport model. Three-dimensional aerosol simulations for the TRACE-P and ACE-Asia periods are performed and used to help interpret actual observations. The regional chemical transport model, STEM-2K3, which includes the on-line gas-aerosol thermodynamic module SCAPE II, and explicitly considers chemical aging of dust, is used in the analysis. The model is found to represent many of the important observed features. The Asian outflow during March and April of 2001 is heavily polluted with high aerosol loadings. Under conditions of low dust loading, SO_{2 …}

A Major Regional Air Pollution Event In The Northeastern United States Caused By Extensive Forest Fires In Quebec, Canada, Linsey J. Debell, Jack E. Dibb, R. Talbot, J W. Munger, E V. Fischer, Steve Frolking

Earth Sciences

During early July 2002, wildfires burned ∼1 × 10⁶ ha of forest in Quebec, Canada. The resultant smoke plume was seen in satellite images blanketing the U.S. east coast. Concurrently, extremely high CO mixing ratios were observed at the Atmospheric Investigation, Regional Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (AIRMAP) network sites in New Hampshire and at the Harvard Forest Environmental Measurement Site (HFEMS) in Massachusetts. The CO enhancements were on the order of 525–1025 ppbv above low mixing ratio conditions on surrounding days. A biomass burning source for the event was confirmed by concomitant enhancements in aerosol K⁺, NH …

Measurement Of In Situ Acoustic Properties For The Onr Geoclutter Program, Larry A. Mayer, Barbara J. Kraft, Luciano E. Fonseca

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Intercomparisons Of Airborne Measurements Of Aerosol Ionic Chemical Composition During Trace-P And Ace-Asia, Y Ma, R J. Weber, K Maxwell-Meier, D A. Orsini, Y-N Lee, B J. Huebert, S G. Howell, T H. Bertram, R. Talbot, Jack E. Dibb, Eric Scheuer

Earth Sciences

As part of the two field studies, Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) and the Asian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia), the inorganic chemical composition of tropospheric aerosols was measured over the western Pacific from three separate aircraft using various methods. Comparisons are made between the rapid online techniques of the particle into liquid sampler (PILS) for measurement of a suite of fine particle a mist chamber/ion chromatograph (MC/IC) measurement of fine sulfate, and the longer time-integrated filter and micro-orifice impactor (MOI) measurements. Comparisons between identical PILS on two separate aircraft flying in formation showed that they were highly …

A Comparison Of Similar Aerosol Measurements Made On The Nasa P3-B, Dc-8, And Nsf C-130 Aircraft During Trace-P And Ace-Asia, K G. Moore, A D. Clarke, V Kapustin, Cameron Mcnaughton, B E. Anderson, E L. Winstead, R J. Weber, Y Ma, Y N. Lee, R. Talbot, Jack E. Dibb, T Anderson, S Dougherty, D Covert, D Rogers

Earth Sciences

Two major aircraft experiments occurred off the Pacific coast of Asia during spring 2001: the NASA sponsored Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored Aerosol Characterization Experiment-Asia (ACE-Asia). Both experiments studied emissions from the Asian continent (biomass burning, urban/industrial pollution, and dust). TRACE-P focused on trace gases and aerosol during March/April and was based primarily in Hong Kong and Yokota Air Force Base, Japan, and involved two aircraft: the NASA DC-8 and the NASA P3-B. ACE-Asia focused on aerosol and radiation during April/May and was based in Iwakuni Marine Corps Air Station, …

Carbonyl Sulfide And Carbon Disulfide: Large-Scale Distributions Over The Western Pacific And Emissions From Asia During Trace-P, Nicola J. Blake, David G. Streets, Jung -Hun Woo, Isobel J. Simpson, Jonathan Green, Simone Meinardi, Kazuyuki Kita, E L. Atlas, H Fuelberg, Glen Sachse, Melody A. Avery, S Vay, R. Talbot, Jack E. Dibb, A R. Bandy, D C. Thornton, F Sherwood Rowland, D R. Blake

Earth Sciences

An extensive set of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) observations were made as part of the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) project, which took place in the early spring 2001. TRACE-P sampling focused on the western Pacific region but in total included the geographic region 110°E to 290°E longitude, 5°N to 50°N latitude, and 0–12 km altitude. Substantial OCS and CS₂ enhancements were observed for a great many air masses of Chinese and Japanese origin during TRACE-P. Over the western Pacific, mean mixing ratios of long-lived OCS and shorter-lived CS_{2 …}

Investigations For Ergonomic Presentation Of Ais Symbols For Ecdis, Florian Motz, Heino Widdel, Parry Oei, Scott Mackinnon, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Empirical investigations were carried out in a research project for the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building, and Housing to evaluate the presentation of AIS target information on ECDIS. The investigations were performed at three international simulation centres. The features, colour and fillingjsize of AIS symbols, as well as the influence of the ECDIS display category on the detection of AIS targets were the main issues of the investigations. Results show that blue (5-52 colour token RE5BL) is the most suitable colour of the tested colours for the presentation of AIS targets under all ambient light conditions on the tested …

Enc Distribution Options Based On Wend, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The electronic chart is a new technology capable of continuously determining a vessel's position in relation to land, charted objects, aids-to-navigation, and unseen hazards. As a real-time navigation system, electronic charting provides significant benefits in terms of improvements in navigation safety, efficiency of maritime transportation, and marine environmental protection.

In terms of system components, features and functional capability, there are two basic types of electronic charts. The most advanced form is an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). All other types can be regarded, generically, as Electronic Chart Systems (ECS). For an electronic chart to be considered an ECDIS, …

Haptic Gdraw: A Fun And Easy To Use 3d Haptically Enhanced Sculpting Program, Rick Komerska, Colin Ware

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

We have developed a simple haptically-enhanced 3D sculpting application which utilizes Hermite spline-based primitives as building blocks to construct more complex solid models. To accomplish this, we have constructed a VR work environment which is intuitive and whose control affordances are made clear through the use of graspable handles. Haptics is used to support handle selection and provide physical constraints on handle movements consistent with their visual affordances. Our goal is to demonstrate how relatively simple haptic force constraints can combine with a visually intuitive and compelling environment to enable a program that is fun and easy to use.

A 700 Year Record Of Southern Hemisphere Extratropical Climate Variability, Paul A. Mayewski, Kirk A. Maasch, James W.C. White, Eric J. Steig, E A. Meyerson, Ian D. Goodwin, Vin Morgan, Tas D. Van Ommen, Mark Aj Curran, Joseph M. Souney Jr, K Kreutz

Earth Systems Research Center

Annually dated ice cores from West and East Antarctica provide proxies for past changes in atmospheric circulation over Antarctica and portions of the Southern Ocean, temperature in coastal West and East Antarctica, and the frequency of South Polar penetration of El Niño events. During the period AD 1700–1850, atmospheric circulation over the Antarctic and at least portions of the Southern Hemisphere underwent a mode switch departing from the out-of-phase alternation of multi-decadal long phases of EOF1 and EOF2 modes of the 850 hPa field over the Southern Hemisphere (as defined in the recent record by Thompson and Wallace, 2000; Thompson …

Visualizing The Geology Of Lake Trout Spawning Sites: Northern Lake Michigan, Peter Dartnell, Peter Barnes, James V. Gardner, Kristen Lee

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Geologists and biologists are working together to understand the links between lake floor geology (composition and shape) and the distribution of lake trout throughout their life cycle. Lake floor geology is one of the main factors determining where lake trout spawn, feed, and hide. In support of ongoing research to study Lake Michigan trout habitats, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers mapped the morphology of principle lake trout spawning sites. Using the Army Corps of Engineer's SHOALS airborne lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) system we mapped six regions in Northern Lake Michigan in …

Inland Ecdis Development And Standardization, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Report on the work undertaken and progress made since CHRIS15 on developing and standardizing Inland ECDIS through North American and European collaboration, and future plans

Report On Open Ecdis Forum (Oef) Activities, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Integrated Navigation System: Not A Sum Of Its Parts, Lee Alexander, Joseph F. Ryan Capt., Michael J. Casey

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Similar to the evolutionary process for living organisms, marine navigation systems are becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated. Both by design and function, shipboard and shore-based navigation systems are no longer individual equipment components operating independently. Instead, the trend is toward integration, data fusion and synergy. One example of this are new Performance Standards being considered by IMO to achieve a “harmonized” presentation of all navigation-related information on the display of an integrated navigation system (INS). Unlike a dedicated display for ECDIS or radar, the new INS displays will be a task-oriented composite presentations that enable the mariner to configure the …

On The Uncertainty Of Archive Hydrographic Datasets, Brian R. Calder

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

As the international hydrographic community continues to address the question of the irreducible uncertainty in modern surveys, we must ask how we do the same with archived Vertical Beam Echosounder (VBES) and leadline datasets. The ONR funded Strataform project surveyed an area of the New Jersey shelf around 39◦12’N 72◦50’W using an EM1000 Multibeam Echosounder (MBES). This area is also covered by NOAA surveys from 1936- 38 (assumed to be leadline) and 1975-76 (VBES). By comparison of the archival soundings to the MBES data, estimates of measurement error for the archival surveys are constructed as a function of depth. The …

View Direction, Surface Orientation And Texture Orientation For Perception Of Surface Shape, Colin Ware, Graeme Sweet

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Textures are commonly used to enhance the representation of shape in non-photorealistic rendering applications such as medical drawings. Textures that have elongated linear elements appear to be superior to random textures in that they can, by the way they conform to the surface, reveal the surface shape. We observe that shape following hache marks commonly used in cartography and copper-plate illustration are locally similar to the effect of the lines that can be generated by the intersection of a set of parallel planes with a surface. We use this as a basis for investigating the relationships between view direction, texture …

Quantitative Inter-Channel Calibration Of Shoals Signals For Consistent Bottom Segmentation And Characterization, Semme J. Dijkstra, G. Elston

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Constraints On The Sources Of Tropospheric Ozone From 210pb-7be-O3 Correlations, Hongyu Liu, Daniel Jacob, Jack E. Dibb, Arlene M. Fiore, Robert Yantosca

Earth Sciences

The 210Pb-7 Be-O3 relationships observed in three aircraft missions over the western Pacific (PEM-West A and B, TRACE-P) are simulated with a global three-dimensional chemical tracer model (GEOS-CHEM) driven by assimilated meteorological observations. Results are interpreted in terms of the constraints that they offer on sources of tropospheric ozone (O3). Aircraft observations of fresh Asian outflow show strong 210Pb-O3 correlations in September–October, but such correlations are only seen at low latitudes in February–March. Observations further downwind over the Pacific show stronger 210PbO3 correlations in February–March than in September–October. The model reproduces these results and attributes the seasonal contrast to strong …

Nighttime Removal Of Nox In The Summer Marine Boundary Layer, S S. Brown, Jack E. Dibb, H Stark, M Aldener, Marcy Vozzella, Sallie I. Whitlow, E J. Williams, Brian M. Lerner, R Jakoubek, A M. Middlebrook, J A. Degouw, C Warneke, P D. Goldan, W C. Kuster, W M. Angevine, D Sueper, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, James Meagher, Fred C. Fehsenfeld, A R. Ravishankara

Earth Sciences

The nitrate radical, NO3, and dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, are two important components of nitrogen oxides that occur predominantly at night in the lower troposphere. Because a large fraction of NO2 reacts to form NO3 and N2O5 during the course of a night, their fate is an important determining factor to the overall fate of NOx (=NO and NO2). As a comprehensive test of nocturnal nitrogen oxide chemistry, concentrations of O3, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3 and a host of other relevant compounds, aerosol abundance and composition, and meteorological conditions were measured in the marine boundary layer from the NOAA research …

A Time Comparison Of Computer-Assisted And Manual Bathymetric Processing, Brian R. Calder, Shep Smith

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

We describe an experiment designed to determine the time required to process Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) data using the CUBE (Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator) [Calder & Mayer, 2003; Calder, 2003] and Navigation Surface [Smith et al., 2002; Smith, 2003] algorithms. We collected data for a small (22.3xl06 soundings) survey in Valdez Narrows, Alaska, and monitored person-hours expended on processing for a traditional MBES processing stream and the proposed computer-assisted method operating on identical data. The analysis shows that the vast majority of time expended in a traditional processing stream is in subjective hand-editing of data, followed by line planning and …

U.S. Law Of The Sea Cruise To Map The Foot Of The Slope And 2500-M Isobath Of The U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin, Barrow To Barrow. Cruise Report, Larry A. Mayer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the US Arctic Ocean margin

CRUISES HE-0302

August 30 to September 11, 2003

Barrow, AK to Barrow, AK

Relationships Between Surface And Column Aerosol Radiative Properties And Air Mass Transport At A Rural New England Site, J F. Slater, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

Chemical, physical, and radiative properties of surface and vertical column aerosols were measured at a rural site in southern New Hampshire from July 2000 to September 2001. The primary objective was to determine how intensive and extensive aerosol properties vary in air masses originating in different upwind regions. The data set also allows for an investigation of some of the relationships between surface and column aerosol properties at the site, and provides an estimate of direct radiative forcing by aerosols during the study period. Extensive properties (e.g., optical depth and chemical concentration) were at maximum values during times of south-southwest …

Asian Dust Storm Events Of Spring 2001 And Associated Pollutants Observed In New England By The Atmospheric Investigation, Regional Modeling, Analysis And Prediction (Airmap) Monitoring Network, Linsey J. Debell, Marcy Vozzella, R. Talbot, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

Between 18 April and 13 May 2001, three statistically extreme dust aerosol events were observed across the entire northeastern United States. High levels of bulk aerosol water-soluble Ca²⁺ (range = 42–482 pptv) and PM_2.5 elemental Ca (range = 19–156 pptv) were observed simultaneously at Atmospheric Investigation, Regional Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (AIRMAP) and Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) stations. On the basis of Ca²⁺ concentrations, the average bulk dust concentration for all events across all four AIRMAP stations was estimated to be 7.4 μg/m³. There was no evidence of dust outbreaks in North …