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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Engineering Surface Amine Modifiers Of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Supported On Reduced Graphene Oxide For Improved Electrochemical Co2 Reduction, Yong Zhao, Caiyun Wang, Yuqing Liu, Douglas R. Macfarlane, Gordon G. Wallace
Engineering Surface Amine Modifiers Of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Supported On Reduced Graphene Oxide For Improved Electrochemical Co2 Reduction, Yong Zhao, Caiyun Wang, Yuqing Liu, Douglas R. Macfarlane, Gordon G. Wallace
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Ultrasmall gold (Au) nanoparticles with high mass activity have great potential for practical applications in CO2electroreduction. However, these nanoparticles often suffer from poor product selectivity since their abundant low-coordinated sites are favorable for H2evolution. In this work, a catalyst, reduced graphene oxide supported ultrasmall Au nanoparticles (≈2.4 nm) is developed which delivers high Au-specific mass activities (>100 A g-1) and good Faradaic efficiencies (32-60%) for the CO2-to-CO conversion at moderate overpotentials (450-600 mV). The efficiencies can be improved to 59-75% while retaining the ultrahigh mass activities via a simple amine-modification strategy. In addition, an amine-structure-dependent effect is revealed: linear …
Platinum-Cobalt Bimetallic Nanoparticles With Pt Skin For Electro-Oxidation Of Ethanol, Binwei Zhang, Tian Sheng, Yunxiao Wang, Xi-Ming Qu, Jun-Ming Zhang, Zong-Cheng Zhang, Hong-Gang Liao, Fu-Chun Zhu, Shi Xue Dou, Yan-Xia Jiang, Shi-Gang Sun
Platinum-Cobalt Bimetallic Nanoparticles With Pt Skin For Electro-Oxidation Of Ethanol, Binwei Zhang, Tian Sheng, Yunxiao Wang, Xi-Ming Qu, Jun-Ming Zhang, Zong-Cheng Zhang, Hong-Gang Liao, Fu-Chun Zhu, Shi Xue Dou, Yan-Xia Jiang, Shi-Gang Sun
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
In order to maximize the Pt utilization in catalysts and improve catalytic processes, we report a convenient strategy for preparation of Pt3Co with Pt-skin structured bimetallic nanocatalysts directly supported on porous graphitic carbon. Notably, the thickness of the Pt-skin is only 1-2 atomic layers, about 0.5 nm. Surprisingly, the bimetallic nanocatalysts composed of Pt3Co with Pt-skin are first used as ethanol electro-catalysts, with the mass activity of 0.79 mA ¿gPt-1, which is a 250% enhancement compared with commercial Pt/C (0.32 mA ¿gPt-1). On the basis of the results of electrochemical in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) and density functional …
Expeditious And Eco-Friendly Hydrothermal Polymerization Of Pedot Nanoparticles For Binderfree High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes, Murugesan Rajesh, C Justin Raj, Byung Chul Kim, Ramu Manikandan, Sung Jin Kim, Sang-Yeup Prof Sang-Yeup Park, Kwangsoo Lee, Kook Hyun Yu
Expeditious And Eco-Friendly Hydrothermal Polymerization Of Pedot Nanoparticles For Binderfree High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes, Murugesan Rajesh, C Justin Raj, Byung Chul Kim, Ramu Manikandan, Sung Jin Kim, Sang-Yeup Prof Sang-Yeup Park, Kwangsoo Lee, Kook Hyun Yu
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a promising conjugated polymer that has attracted attention because of its outstanding electronic properties, useful for a wide range of applications in energy storage devices. However, synthesis of high-quality PEDOT occurs via vapour phase polymerization and chemical vapour deposition techniques using extrinsic hard templates or complicated experimental setups. This study introduces a simple hydrothermal polymerization technique using ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidizing agent to overcome the above drawback, which results in good conductive, crystalline PEDOT nanodendrites and nanospheres. The effects of varying the molar ratio of FeCl3 oxidant were investigated in terms of the structural, morphological …
Controllable Synthesis Of Concave Cubic Gold Core-Shell Nanoparticles For Plasmon-Enhanced Photon Harvesting, Yang Bai, Teera Butburee, Hua Yu, Zhen Li, Rose Amal, Gao Qing (Max) Lu, Lianzhou Wang
Controllable Synthesis Of Concave Cubic Gold Core-Shell Nanoparticles For Plasmon-Enhanced Photon Harvesting, Yang Bai, Teera Butburee, Hua Yu, Zhen Li, Rose Amal, Gao Qing (Max) Lu, Lianzhou Wang
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Well-defined core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) containing concave cubic Au cores and TiO2 shells (CA@T) were synthesized in colloidal suspension. These CA@T NPs exhibit Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) absorption in the NIR region, which provides a unique property for utilizing the low energy range of the solar spectrum. In order to evaluate the plasmonic enhancement effect, a variety of CA@T NPs were incorporated into working electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). By adjusting the shell thickness of CA@T NPs, the plasmonic property can be tuned to achieve maximum photovoltaic improvement. Furthermore, the DSSC cells fabricated with the CA@T NPs exhibit …
Can The Wet - State Conductivity Of Hydrogels Be Improved By Incorporation Of Spherical Conducting Nanoparticles?, Katharina Schirmer, Cody Wright, Holly Warren, Brianna C. Thompson, Anita F. Quigley, Robert M. I Kapsa, Gordon G. Wallace
Can The Wet - State Conductivity Of Hydrogels Be Improved By Incorporation Of Spherical Conducting Nanoparticles?, Katharina Schirmer, Cody Wright, Holly Warren, Brianna C. Thompson, Anita F. Quigley, Robert M. I Kapsa, Gordon G. Wallace
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
In nerve and muscle regeneration applications, the incorporation of conducting elements into biocompatible materials has gained interest over the last few years, as it has been shown that electrical stimulation of some regenerating cells has a positive effect on their development. A variety of different materials, ranging from graphene to conducting polymers, have been incorporated into hydrogels and increased conductivities have been reported. However, the majority of conductivity measurements are performed in a dry state, even though material blends are designed for applications in a wet state, in vivo environment. The focus of this work is to use polypyrrole nanoparticles …
A New Strategy For Achieving A High Performance Anode For Lithium Ion Batteries-Encapsulating Germanium Nanoparticles In Carbon Nanoboxes, Dan Li, Hongqiang Wang, Hua-Kun Liu, Zaiping Guo
A New Strategy For Achieving A High Performance Anode For Lithium Ion Batteries-Encapsulating Germanium Nanoparticles In Carbon Nanoboxes, Dan Li, Hongqiang Wang, Hua-Kun Liu, Zaiping Guo
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
A novel strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of a germanium anode is proposed via encapsulating germanium nanoparticles in carbon nanoboxes by carbon coating the precursor, germanium dioxide cubes, and then subjecting them to a reduction treatment. The complete and robust carbon boxes are shown to not only provide extra void space for the expansion of germanium nanoparticles after lithium insertion but also offer a large reactive area and reduced distance for the lithium diffusion. Furthermore, the thus-obtained composite, composed of densely stacked carbon nanoboxes encapsulating germanium nanoparticles (germanium at carbon cubes (Ge at CC)), exhibits a high tap density …
One-Pot Synthesis Of Ultra-Small Magnetite Nanoparticles On The Surface Of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets As Anodes For Sodium-Ion Batteries, Shaohua Zhang, Weijie Li, Bien Tan, Shulei Chou, Zhen Li, S X. Dou
One-Pot Synthesis Of Ultra-Small Magnetite Nanoparticles On The Surface Of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets As Anodes For Sodium-Ion Batteries, Shaohua Zhang, Weijie Li, Bien Tan, Shulei Chou, Zhen Li, S X. Dou
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Nanocomposites with ultra-small magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (approx. 3 nm) uniformly anchored on the surfaces of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets were successfully synthesized for anodes in sodium-ion batteries by a novel single-step high-temperature coprecipitation approach. The best electrode delivers a reversible Na+ storage capacity of 204 mA h g-1 with excellent capacity retention, i.e., 98% of the second-cycle value was retained after 200 cycles.
Interaction Of The Mu-Cyclohexadienyl Radical With Metallic (Au, Pt) Nanoparticles In Mesoporous Silica, J Xiao, D J. Arseneau, M D. Bridges, David L. Cortie, S P. Cottrell, M H. Dehn, D G. Fleming, J A. Kelly, R F. Kiefl, W A. Macfarlane, M J. Maclachlan, I Mckenzie
Interaction Of The Mu-Cyclohexadienyl Radical With Metallic (Au, Pt) Nanoparticles In Mesoporous Silica, J Xiao, D J. Arseneau, M D. Bridges, David L. Cortie, S P. Cottrell, M H. Dehn, D G. Fleming, J A. Kelly, R F. Kiefl, W A. Macfarlane, M J. Maclachlan, I Mckenzie
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
SR and ALCR techniques have been used to investigate the structure and dynamics of the Mu-cyclohexadienyl radical interacting with Au and Pt metal nanoparticles (MNPs) supported in mesoporous silica (SBA-15). Surprisingly, coherent precession signals are observed and the isotropic hyperne coupling constants are almost the same in loaded and unloaded samples, implying that the electronic structure of MuC6H6 is only weakly perturbed by the presence of the MNPs. We propose the observed radicals are shielded from the metallic surfaces by a benzene coating on the MNPs. The 1 resonance is observable in MNP-loaded samples at higher temperatures than in the …
Ultra-Small Fluorescent Inorganic Nanoparticles For Bioimaging, Zhen Li, Qiao Sun, Yian Zhu, Bien Tan, Zhi Ping Xu, S X. Dou
Ultra-Small Fluorescent Inorganic Nanoparticles For Bioimaging, Zhen Li, Qiao Sun, Yian Zhu, Bien Tan, Zhi Ping Xu, S X. Dou
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
The novel optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of ultra-small inorganic nanoparticles make them very attractive in diverse applications in the fields of health, clean and renewable energy, and environmental sustainability. This article comprehensively summarizes state-of-the-art fluorescence imaging using ultra-small nanoparticles as probes, including quantum dots, metal nanoclusters, carbon nanomaterials, up-conversion, and silicon nanomaterials.
Synthesis Of Potential Theranostic System Consisting Of Methotrexate-Immobilized (3-Aminopropyl)Trimethoxysilane Coated Α-Bi2o3 Nanoparticles For Cancer Treatment, Kathrin Bogusz, Moeava Tehei, Callum Stewart, Marjorie Mcdonald, Dean Cardillo, Michael Lerch, Stephanie Corde, Anatoly Rosenfeld, Hua-Kun Liu, Konstantin Konstantinov
Synthesis Of Potential Theranostic System Consisting Of Methotrexate-Immobilized (3-Aminopropyl)Trimethoxysilane Coated Α-Bi2o3 Nanoparticles For Cancer Treatment, Kathrin Bogusz, Moeava Tehei, Callum Stewart, Marjorie Mcdonald, Dean Cardillo, Michael Lerch, Stephanie Corde, Anatoly Rosenfeld, Hua-Kun Liu, Konstantin Konstantinov
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
In this study we present the synthesis of a new theranostic system consisting of a core-shell structured nanoceramic-drug conjugate that can potentially combine chemotherapeutic, targeting, diagnostic and radio dose enhancing features in cancer treatment. The conjugate is made of α-Bi2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) which were first coated with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) to form a core-shell structure and then attached with methotrexate (MTX) through amidation between the amine moieties on the shell and the carboxylic acid groups on MTX. While α-Bi2O3 NPs with high effective atomic number can serve as both contrast agent and radiosensitiser in dose enhancement radiation therapy, MTX as an …
Platinum Dendritic Nanoparticles With Magnetic Behavior, Wenxian Li, Ziqi Sun, Dongliang Tian, Ivan P. Nevirkovets, S X. Dou
Platinum Dendritic Nanoparticles With Magnetic Behavior, Wenxian Li, Ziqi Sun, Dongliang Tian, Ivan P. Nevirkovets, S X. Dou
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Magnetic nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention for biomedical applications in magnetic resonance imaging, high frequency magnetic field hyperthermia therapies, and magnetic-field-gradient-targeted drug delivery. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) platinum nanostructures with large surface area that features magnetic behavior have been demonstrated. The well-developed 3D nanodendrites consist of plentiful interconnected nano-arms ∼4 nm in size. The magnetic behavior of the 3D dendritic Pt nanoparticles is contributed by the localization of surface electrons due to strongly bonded oxygen/Pluronic F127 and the local magnetic moment induced by oxygen vacancies on the neighboring Pt and O atoms. The magnetization of the nanoparticles exhibits a …
Influence Of Capping On The Atomistic Arrangement In Palladium Nanoparticles At Room Temperature, Gaston Corthey, Jimena A. Olmos-Asar, Gilberto Casillas, Marcelo M. Mariscal, Sergio Mejia-Rosales, Julio C. Azcarate, Eduardo Larios, Miguel Jose-Yacaman, Roberto Salvarezza, M Fonticelli
Influence Of Capping On The Atomistic Arrangement In Palladium Nanoparticles At Room Temperature, Gaston Corthey, Jimena A. Olmos-Asar, Gilberto Casillas, Marcelo M. Mariscal, Sergio Mejia-Rosales, Julio C. Azcarate, Eduardo Larios, Miguel Jose-Yacaman, Roberto Salvarezza, M Fonticelli
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
The role that protecting molecules have on the way that palladium atoms arrange themselves in nanoparticles prepared at room temperature was studied by the analysis of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy images and atomistic Langevin dynamics simulations. It was found that the arrangement of Pd atoms is less ordered in thiolate-protected nanoparticles than in amine-protected ones. The experimental and theoretical data showed that the disorder in ∼3 nm thiolate-protected particles is promoted by the strong S-Pd bond in the sulfide layer that surrounds the nanoparticles.
Ambient Scalable Synthesis Of Surfactant-Free Thermoelectric Cuagse Nanoparticles With Reversible Metallic-N-P Conductivity Transition, Chao Han, Qiao Sun, Zhenxiang Cheng, Jianli Wang, Zhen Li, Gao Qing (Max) Lu, S X. Dou
Ambient Scalable Synthesis Of Surfactant-Free Thermoelectric Cuagse Nanoparticles With Reversible Metallic-N-P Conductivity Transition, Chao Han, Qiao Sun, Zhenxiang Cheng, Jianli Wang, Zhen Li, Gao Qing (Max) Lu, S X. Dou
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Surfactant-free CuAgSe nanoparticles were successfully synthesized on a large scale within a short reaction time via a simple environmentally friendly aqueous approach under room temperature. The nanopowders obtained were consolidated into pellets for investigation of their thermoelectric properties between 3 and 623 K. The pellets show strong metallic characteristics below 60 K and turn into an n-type semiconductor with increasing temperature, accompanied by changes in the crystal structure (i.e., from the pure tetragonal phase into a mixture of tetragonal and orthorhombic phases), the electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and the thermal conductivity, which leads to a figure of merit (ZT) …
One-Pot Synthesis Of Α-Fe2o3 Nanoparticles-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide For Efficient Nonenzymatic H2o2 Biosensor, Ming-Yan Wang, Tao Shen, Meng Wang, Dong-En Zhang, Zhi-Wei Tong, Jun Chen
One-Pot Synthesis Of Α-Fe2o3 Nanoparticles-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide For Efficient Nonenzymatic H2o2 Biosensor, Ming-Yan Wang, Tao Shen, Meng Wang, Dong-En Zhang, Zhi-Wei Tong, Jun Chen
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Hematite nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3) are successfully decorated on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets through a simple, one-step, hydrothermal method without addition of other reducing agents. The α-Fe2O3/rGO hybrid was characterized by scanning electron micrographs, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. This α-Fe2O3/rGO hybrid has been successfully applied in the catalytic performance toward the reduction of H2O2. The nonenzymatic sensor demonstrates a linear relationship over a wide concentration range of 5.0–4495.0 μM (R = 0.9998), a low detection limit of 1.0 μM, and a high sensitivity of 126.9 μA cm−2 mM−1 to the detection of H2O2.
Pdni Hollow Nanoparticles For Improved Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction In Alkaline Environments, Meng Wang, Weimin Zhang, Jiazhao Wang, David Wexler, Simon D. Poynton, Robert C.T Slade, Hua-Kun Liu, Bjorn Winther-Jensen, Robert Kerr, Dongqi Shi, Jun Chen
Pdni Hollow Nanoparticles For Improved Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction In Alkaline Environments, Meng Wang, Weimin Zhang, Jiazhao Wang, David Wexler, Simon D. Poynton, Robert C.T Slade, Hua-Kun Liu, Bjorn Winther-Jensen, Robert Kerr, Dongqi Shi, Jun Chen
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Palladium-Nickel (Pd-Ni) hollow nanoparticles were synthesized via a modified galvanic replacement method using Ni nanoparticles as sacrificial templates in an aqueous medium. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy show that the as-synthesized nanoparticles are alloyed nanostructures and have hollow interiors with an average particle size of 30 nm and shell thickness of 5 nm. Compared with the commercially available Pt/C or Pd/C catalysts, the synthesized PdNi/C has superior electrocatalytic performance towards the oxygen reduction reaction, which makes it a promising electrocatalyst for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells and alkali-based air-batteries. The electrocatalyst is finally examined in an H2/O2 alkaline …
Highly Water-Soluble Magnetic Iron Oxide (Fe3o4) Nanoparticles For Drug Delivery: Enhanced In Vitro Therapeutic Efficacy Of Doxorubicin And Mion Conjugates, Muhammad Irfan Majeed, Qunwei Lu, Wei Yan, Zhen Li, Irshad Hussain, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Wolfgang Tremel, Bien Tan
Highly Water-Soluble Magnetic Iron Oxide (Fe3o4) Nanoparticles For Drug Delivery: Enhanced In Vitro Therapeutic Efficacy Of Doxorubicin And Mion Conjugates, Muhammad Irfan Majeed, Qunwei Lu, Wei Yan, Zhen Li, Irshad Hussain, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Wolfgang Tremel, Bien Tan
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
We report a simple one step protocol for the preparation of fairly monodisperse and highly water-soluble magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) through a co-precipitation method using a novel multifunctional, biocompatible and water-soluble polymer ligand dodecanethiol-polymethacrylic acid (DDT-PMAA). DDT-PMAA owing to its several intrinsic properties, not only efficiently controls the size of the MIONs but also gives them excellent water solubility, long time stability against aggregation and oxidation, biocompatibility and multifunctional surface rich in thioether and carboxylic acid groups. The molecular weight and concentration of the polymer ligand were optimized to produce ultrasmall (4.6 +/- 0.7 nm) MIONs with high magnetization …
One-Pot Green Synthesis Of Ag Nanoparticles-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide For Efficient Nonenzymatic H2o2 Biosensor, Mingyan Wang, Tao Shen, Meng Wang, Dongen Zhang, Jun Chen
One-Pot Green Synthesis Of Ag Nanoparticles-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide For Efficient Nonenzymatic H2o2 Biosensor, Mingyan Wang, Tao Shen, Meng Wang, Dongen Zhang, Jun Chen
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Ag nanoparticles (AgNP) with an average size of 12 nm are successfully decorated on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets through a simple one-pot hydrothermal method using gallic acid as the reducing agent. This AgNP/rGO hybrid has been successfully applied in the catalytic performance toward the reduction of H2O2. The nonenzymatic sensor demonstrates a linear relationship in a wide concentration range of 0.05-5 mM (R=0.999), and a high sensitivity of 255 μA cm-2 mM-1 to the detection of H2O2.
Enhancing Superconducting Properties Of Mgb2 Pellets By Addition Of Amorphous Magnetic Ni-Co-B Nanoparticles, Mislav Mustapic, Josip Horvat, Md Shahriar Hossain, Zeljko Skoko, S X. Dou
Enhancing Superconducting Properties Of Mgb2 Pellets By Addition Of Amorphous Magnetic Ni-Co-B Nanoparticles, Mislav Mustapic, Josip Horvat, Md Shahriar Hossain, Zeljko Skoko, S X. Dou
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Amorphous magnetic Ni-Co-B nanoparticles with an average size of 5 nm were added to precursor powders of MgB2 superconductor. The preparation procedure for MgB2 pellets was optimized for obtaining the best critical current density (Jc) at elevated magnetic fields. Addition of Ni-Co-B decreases the Jc for heat treatment of precursor powders at 650 ° C. Heat treatments at 770 ° C and higher improve Jc at 20 and 5 K. This improvement occurs at both temperatures through the increase of the effective connectivity between MgB2 crystals. Vortex pinning was enhanced at 5 K, but not at 20 K. Ni-Co-B nanoparticles …
In Situ Growth Of Nanoparticles Through Control Of Non-Stoichiometry, Dragos Neagu, George Tsekouras, David N. Miller, Herve Menard, John T. S Irvine
In Situ Growth Of Nanoparticles Through Control Of Non-Stoichiometry, Dragos Neagu, George Tsekouras, David N. Miller, Herve Menard, John T. S Irvine
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
Surfaces decorated with uniformly dispersed catalytically active nanoparticles play a key role in many fields, including renewable energy and catalysis. Typically, these structures are prepared by deposition techniques, but alternatively they could be made by growing the nanoparticles in situ directly from the (porous) backbone support. Here we demonstrate that growing nano-size phases from perovskites can be controlled through judicious choice of composition, particularly by tuning deviations from the ideal ABO3 stoichiometry. This non-stoichiometry facilitates a change in equilibrium position to make particle exsolution much more dynamic, enabling the preparation of compositionally diverse nanoparticles (that is, metallic, oxides or …
A Novel Route To Copper(Ii) Detection Using 'Click' Chemistry-Induced Aggregation Of Gold Nanoparticles, Carol Hua, William H. Zhang, Swahnnya De Almeida, Simone Ciampi, Danmar Gloria, Guozhen Liu, Jason Brian Harper, J Justin Gooding
A Novel Route To Copper(Ii) Detection Using 'Click' Chemistry-Induced Aggregation Of Gold Nanoparticles, Carol Hua, William H. Zhang, Swahnnya De Almeida, Simone Ciampi, Danmar Gloria, Guozhen Liu, Jason Brian Harper, J Justin Gooding
Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers
A simple colorimetric method for the detection of copper ions in water is described. This method is based on the 'click' copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and its use in promoting the aggregation of azide-tagged gold nanoparticles by a dialkyne cross-linker is described. Nanoparticle cross-linking, evidenced as a colour change, is used for the detection of copper ions. The lowest detected concentration by the naked eye was 1.8 μM, with the response linear with log(concentration) between 1.8-200 μM. The selectivity relative to other potentially interfering ions was evaluated.