Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology Commons^™

Randomized Comparison Between A Forced Air System And Warm Water Bath For Resuscitation Of Neonatal Hypothermic Calves With Or Without Oral Administration Of Caffeine, Adam T. Copeland, Amanda J. Kreuder, Grant Dewell, Renee Dewell, Caitlin Wiley, Lingnan Yuan, Jonathan P. Mochel, Joseph Smith

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

Background

Hypothermia is a cause of neonatal calf death in cold climates. Practical and effective rewarming methods are important for bovine health within affected regions.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare the rewarming rate and blood analytes (glucose, lactate, and cortisol) of calves resuscitated with forced air with warm water bath, with or without oral administration of caffeine.

Animals

Twenty healthy neonatal Holstein bull calves.

Methods

In this randomized, prospective study, calves born healthy and without history of dystocia were cooled to 32°C rectal temperature then thermally resuscitated using either forced air rewarming or warm water bath (40°C) with or without oral administration …

Tooth Root Abscess And Mandibular Infections In Old World Camelids: 3 Cases, Alyssa Sparnon, Joseph Smith, Pierre-Yves Mulon, Silke Hecht, David Anderson, Sarel Van Amstel

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

There are limited reports of mandibular infections and tooth root abscesses in camels (Old World Camelids). This is in contrast to multiple reports and case series detailing diagnosis, management, and therapy of similar infections in New World Camelids such as llamas and alpacas. The purpose of this case series is to present three cases of camels in North America with these infections and to detail the diagnostics, therapeutic interventions, management, and follow-up of these cases. Radiography was utilized in all three cases, as was sedation and/or anesthesia. Similar to llamas, florfenicol was used for antimicrobial therapy and flunixin meglumine was …

Pharmacokinetics Of Famotidine In Goats After Intravenous Administration, Olivia Escher, Joseph Smith, Kamryn Christopher, Bryan Hogan, Lainey Harvill, Makenna Hopson, Sherry Cox

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

No abstract provided.

Cryptosporidiosis In An Alpaca Cria Secondary To Prolongedantimicrobial Administration, Heidi M. Wyrosdick, Caroline Griffin, John J. Schaefer, Joseph Smith

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

No abstract provided.

Pharmacokinetics Of Intramuscular Maropitant In Pigs (Sus Scrofa Domesticus), Joseph Smith, Jessica E. Gebert, Lisa S. Ebner, Kailee O. Bennett, Rebecca J. Collins, Chiara E. Hampton, Stephanie A. Kleine, Pierre-Yves Mulon, Christopher K. Smith, Reza Seddighi, Genevieve Bussieres, Jonathan P. Mochel, Healther K. Knych

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

Pigs are at risk of vomiting from medical conditions as well as the emetic side effects of drugs administered for peri-operative manipulations, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for potential anti-emetic therapies, such as maropitant, in this species. The main objective of this study was to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for maropitant in pigs after a single intramuscular (IM) administration dosed at 1.0 mg/ kg. A secondary objective was to estimate pilot pharmacokinetic parameters in pigs after oral (PO) administration at 2.0 mg/kg. Maropitant was administered to six commercial pigs at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg IM. Plasma …

Pharmacokinetics Of Esomeprazole In Goats (Capra Aegagrus Hircus) After Intravenous And Subcutaneous Administration, Rachel L. Fladung, Joseph Smith, Melissa Hines, Windy Soto-Gonzalez, Bryanna Fayne, Rebecca Rahn, Olivia Escher, Lainey Harvill, Joan Bergman, Jessica Garcia, Amanda Kreuder

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

Background: Stressed and hospitalized goats are at risk of developing abomasal (gastric) ulceration, but there is a paucity of pharmacokinetic studies for proton pump inhibiting drugs, such as, esomeprazole in goats.

Objectives: The objectives for this study were to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for esomeprazole in adult goats after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SQ) administration. A secondary objective was to describe the plasma kinetics of the metabolite esomeprazole sulfone after IV and SC administration in goats.

Materials and methods: Esomeprazole was administered to 5 adult goats in a crossover study at doses of 1 mg/kg IV or 2 mg/kg SC. …

Gabapentin, A Human Therapeutic Medication And An Environmental Substance Transferring At Trace Levels To Horses: A Case Report., Kimberly Brewer, Jacob Machin, George Maylin, Clara Fenger, Abelardo Morales-Briceño, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Gabapentin, 1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid, MW 171.240, is a frequently prescribed high dose human medication that is also used recreationally. Gabapentin is orally absorbed; the dose can be 3,000 mg/day and it is excreted essentially unchanged in urine. Gabapentin is stable in the environment and routinely detected in urban wastewater. Gabapentin randomly transfers from humans to racing horses and is at times detected at pharmacologically ineffective / trace level concentrations in equine plasma and urine. In Ohio racing between January 2019 and July 2020,18 Gabapentin identifications, all less than 2 ng/ml in plasma, were reported. These identifications were ongoing because the horsemen …

Pharmacokinetics Of Butorphanol Following Intravenous And Intramuscular Administration In Donkeys: A Preliminary Study, Lisa S. Ebner, Odette O, Bradley Simon, Ignacio Lizarraga, Joseph Smith, Sherry Cox

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

The pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after intravenous (IVB) and intramuscular (IMB) administration in donkeys were determined in this preliminary study. Healthy male gelded donkeys (n = 5), aged 6–12 years old, were administered 0.1 mg/kg butorphanol IV or IM in a randomized, crossover design. Blood samples were obtained at predetermined intervals for 24 h (IVB) and 48 h (IMB) after administration. Plasma butorphanol concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Following IVB administration, mean (± SE) apparent volume of distribution, elimination half-life, total body clearance, and area under the plasma concentration time curve from …

Miniature Companion Pig Sedation And Anesthesia, Joseph Smith, Reza Seddighi

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

• Miniature companion pigs (MCP) are increasing in popularity, and as such, there is an increased need for veterinarians trained in sedation and anesthesia for the species.

• MCPs have several species-specific qualities that can complicate injectable drug administration and create challenges for inhalational anesthesia (eg, with endotracheal intubation).

• General anesthetic complications, such as hypothermia and hypotension, are commonly described in miniature companion pigs, so monitoring of vital parameters during anesthetic procedures and recovery is crucial.

Pharmacokinetics Of Orally Administered Prednisolone In Alpacas, Ricardo Videla, Carla Sommardahl, Joseph Smith, Deanna M.W. Schaeffer, Sherry Cox

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following intravenous and oral administration in healthy adult alpacas. Healthy adult alpacas were given prednisolone (IV, n = 4), as well as orally (PO, n = 6). Prednisolone was administered IV once (1 mg/kg). Oral administration was once daily for 5 days (2 mg/kg). Each treatment was separated by a minimum 4 month washout period. Samples were collected at 0 (pre-administration), 0.083, 0.167, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after IV administration, and at 0 (pre-administration), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 after …

Pharmacokinetics Of Pantoprazole And Pantoprazole Sulfone In Goats After Intravenous Administration: A Preliminary Report, Joseph Smith, Jonathan P. Mochel, Windy M. Soto-Gonzalez, Rebecca R. Rahn, Bryanna M. Fayne, Olivia G. Escher, Anastasia M. Geletka, Lainey E. Harvill, Joan B. Bergman, Sherry Cox

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

Background: Ruminant species are at risk of developing abomasal ulceration, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for anti-ulcer therapies, such as the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole, in goats.

Objective: The primary study objective was to estimate the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole in adult goats after intravenous administration. A secondary objective was to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters for the metabolite, pantoprazole sulfone, in goats.

Methods: Pantoprazole was administered intravenously to six adult goats at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected over 36h and analyzed via reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography for determination of pantoprazole …

Pharmacokinetics Of Tulathromycin In Pregnant Ewes (Ovis Aries) Challenged With Campylobacter Jejuni, Michael Yaeger, Jonathan P. Mochel, Zuowei Wu, Paul Plummer, Orhan Sahin, Joseph Smith, Melda Ocal, Ashenafi Beyi, Changyun Xu, Qijing Zhang, Ronald W. Griffith

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in the plasma and maternal and fetal tissues of pregnant ewes when administered within 24 hours of a single, IV Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) challenge. Twelve, pregnant ewes between 72–92 days of gestation were challenged IV with C. jejuni IA3902 and then treated with 1.1 ml/45.36 kg of tulathromycin subcutaneously 18 hours post-challenge. Ewes were bled at predetermined time points and euthanized either at a predetermined time point or following the observation of vaginal bleeding or abortion. Following euthanasia, tissues were collected for bacterial …

Nonlinear Mixed-Effect Pharmacokinetic Modeling And Distribution Of Doxycycline In Healthy Female Donkeys After Multiple Intragastric Dosing–Preliminary Investigation, Ronan J.J. Chapuis, Joseph Smith, Hilari M. French, Felix Ngosa Toka, Erik W. Peterson, Erika L. Little

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

Doxycycline (DXC) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial antimicrobial administered to horses for the treatment of bacterial infections which may also affect donkeys. Donkeys have a different metabolism than horses, leading to differences in the pharmacokinetics of drugs compared to horses. This study aimed to describe the population pharmacokinetics of DXC in donkeys. Five doses of DXC hyclate (10 mg/kg) were administered via a nasogastric tube, q12 h, to eight non-fasted, healthy, adult jennies. Serum, urine, synovial fluid and endometrium were collected for 72 h following the first administration. Doxycycline concentration was measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay. Serum concentrations versus time data …

Case Report: Successful Management Of Refractory Keratomycosis In An Alpaca Using Penetrating Keratoplasty And Combination Antifungal Therapy (Caspofungin 0.5% And Terbinafine 1%), Braidee C. Foote, Joseph Smith, Anna Catherine Bowden, Rachel A. Allbaugh, Lionel Sebbag

Faculty Publications and Other Works -- Large Animal Clinical Sciences

Fungal keratitis is a common disease in certain parts of the world and affects several species, including equids, camelids, and homo sapiens, leading to blindness or loss of the eye if the infection is not adequately controlled. Reports of clinical use of antifungals caspofungin and terbinafine are limited across both veterinary and human medical literature. The alpaca presented in this case demonstrates that deep keratomycosis can be caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Fusarium verticillioides, two previously unreported fungi to cause keratomycosis in camelids. This report demonstrates successful management with a combination of surgery and topical ophthalmic treatment with caspofungin …

Kisspeptin Modulates Luteinizing Hormone Release And Ovarian Follicular Dynamics In Pre-Pubertal And Adult Murrah Buffaloes, Vishalkumar Pottapenjera, Srinivasa R. Rajanala, Chandrasekhar Reddy, Arunakumari Gangineni, Kiran Avula, Sandeep K. Bejjanki, Sriravali Sathagopam, Surabhi Kesharwani, Sathya Velmurugan

Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide that governs the reproductive axis upstream to GnRH. We wanted to study whether kisspeptin modulates plasma LH and FSH levels and ovarian follicular dynamics in buffaloes and whether kisspeptin can be used for fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI). We carried out these studies in comparison with buserelin, a potent GnRH agonist. Kisspeptin dose-dependently increased plasma LH levels. However, the kisspeptin-induced increase in LH was short-lived as the peak reached in 15–30 min returned to basal values by 1–2 h. The kisspeptin-induced increase in LH level was less compared to buserelin-induced increase in LH level which sustained …

Current Therapeutic Approaches To Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, L. Dirikolu, Jonathan H. Foreman, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is the most important infectious neurologic disease of horses in the Western Hemisphere. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis can interfere with a horse's ability to race, work, and perform; untreated, EPM can be lethal. Antemortem diagnosis of EPM is challenging, requiring careful evaluation of the animal's history, clinical signs, and laboratory data, with rigorous exclusion of other causes.

Therapeutic approaches to EPM are evolving. First-generation therapeutic approaches for EPM were based on the classic anti–Toxoplasma gondii pyrimethamine–sulfonamide combinations; treatment is prolonged and can be associated with a considerable relapse rate, which may be associated with the difficulty in …

A Toxicology And Clinical Study Of Post Race Epitaxis Associated With Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage In Thoroughbred Race Horses At The Racecourse Rinconada, Caracas, Venezuela, Abelardo Morales Briceno, Diana Villoria Leon, Kimberly Brewer, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

The aim of this study was to describe cases of epistaxis associated with post-race Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) in Thoroughbred horses at the Hippodrome "La Rinconada", Caracas, Venezuela, through a clinic pathological study. We studied a total of 29 cases of epistaxis post-race in Thoroughbred horses at the Hippodrome La Rinconada, Caracas, Venezuela, which is 2,950 meters above sea level. The study included horses between the ages of 2-5 years, 16 stallions and 13 mares, weighing between 450-510 kg. They underwent a clinical examination, although horses presenting with epistaxis were in an emergency situation. Samples of blood and urine …

An Overview Of The Methylxanthines And Their Regulation In The Horse, J Daniel Harkins, W. Allen Rees, G. D. Mundy, Scott D. Stanley, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Caffiene, theophylline and theobromine are naturally occurring members of the methylxanthine family;pentoxfylline, dyphylline and enprofylline are structurally related synthetic pharmaceuticals. Caffiene has predominantly central nervous system effects, theophylline, dyphylline and enprofylline have predominantly bronchodilator effects, while theobromine is associated with diuretic responses. Pentoxfylline is thought to increase red cell deformability and facillitate blood flow through capillary beds. The methylxanthines are not highly potent agents; they are typically administered in gram doses and they tend to have relatively long half-lives. They remain detectable in plasma and urine for relatively long periods. Similarly, traces of the naturally occurring members of this family …

Absence Of Detectable Pharmacological Effects After Oral Administration Of Isoxsuprine, J. Daniel Harkins, G. D. Mundy, S. Stanley, W. E. Woods, R. A. Sams, D. R. Richardson, S. C. Grambow, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Isoxsuprine is reported to be a peripheral vasodilator used in human and veterinary medicine to treat ischaemic vascular disease. In horses, it is generally administered orally to treat navicular disease and other lower limb problems. To deflne the scope and duration of its pharmacological responses after oral administration, 6 horses were dosed with isoxsuprine HCI (1.2 mg/kg bwt) q. 12 h for 8 days and then tested to assess the duration and extent of pharmacological actions. There was no significant difference between isoxsuprine and control treatment values for heart rate, spontaneous activity, sweat production, anal muscle tone, core and skin …

The Pharmacologic Effects Of Isoxsuprine, J. Daniel Harkins, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Isoxsuprine is a therapeutic medication used to treat navicular disease and other lower limb problems in horses and is one of the more frequently detected therapeutic agents in racing horses. In crossover studies, horses were administered intravenous and oral isoxsuprine to determine the character and duration of pharmacological effects. Following intravenous administration, isoxsuprine significantly increased heart rate, spontaneous activity, and sweat production. There was an apparent, although statistically insignificant, increase in cutaneous blood flow. Skin temperature decreased below control values, and there was a significant decrease in core temperature. Isoxsuprine also reduced smooth muscle tone. In contrast, after oral dosing, …

Hordenine : Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics And Behavioural Effects In The Horse, M. Frank, T. J. Weckman, T. Wood, W. E. Woods, Chen L. Tai, Shih-Ling Chang, A. Ewing, J. W. Blake, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Hordenine is an alkaloid occurring naturally in grains, sprouting barley, and certain grasses. It is occasionally found in post race urine samples, and therefore we investigated its pharmacological actions in the horse. Hordenine (2.0 mgkg bodyweight [bwt]) was administered by rapid intravenous (iv) injection to 10 horses. Typically, dosed horses showed a tlehmen response and defecated within 60 secs. All horses showed substantial respiratory distress. Respiratory rates increased about 250 per cent and heart rates were approximately double that of resting values. All animals broke out in a sweat shortly after iv injection, but basal body temperature was not affected. …

Phenylbutazone In The Horse: A Review, Thomas Tobin, S. Chay, S. Kamerling, W. E. Woods, T. J. Weckman, J. W. Blake, P. Lees

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Phenylbutazone is an acidic, lipophilic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is extensively metabolized in the horse. The metabolites so far identified, oxyphenbutazone, y-hydroxyphenylbutazone and y-hydroxyoxyphenbutazone. account for some 25-30% of administered dose over 24 h. The plasma half-life of phenylbutazone and termination of its pharmacological action are determined primarily by its rate of hepatic metabolism. Phenylbutazone acts by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme system, which is responsible for synthesis of prostanoids such as PGE?. It appears to act on prostaglalidin-H synthase and prostacyclin synthase, after conversion by prostaglandin-H synthase to reactive intermediates. It markedly reduces prostanoid-dependent swelling, edema, erythema, and hypersensitivity …

Pharmacokinetics And Protein Binding Of Morphine In Horses, Joan Combie, Thomas E. Nugent, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Morphine could be detected in horses dosed with 0.1 mg of drug/kg of body weight for up to 48 hours in blood and 144 hours in urine. This dose of morphine elicited no observ­able effects and is a suggested an­algesic dose. Computer analysis revealed that a 3-compartment open system was the best fitting model with a serum half life of 87.9 minutes and a urine half life of 101.1 minutes. Binding to equine serum proteins was linear over a drug con­centration range of 3.88 x 10-5M to 3.50 x 10-aM and averaged 31.6%. In RBC-partitioning experiments, 78.1 % of the …