Women's Health Commons^™

Association Of Various Reproductive Rights, Domestic Violence And Marital Rape With Depression Among Pakistani Women, Faridah A. Ali, Syed M. Israr, Badar S. Ali, Naveed Z. Janjua

Community Health Sciences

Background: Depression among women is common in developing countries. Gender inequality can contribute to women's risk for depression. Lack of reproductive and sexual rights is an important marker of gender inequality and women do not have the freedom to express their reproductive and sexual needs in many parts of the world. Therefore we designed this study to determine the association of depression with lack of various reproductive rights and domestic violence among married women in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A case-control study with 152 cases and 152 controls, which included women 15-48 years, recruited from two teaching hospitals from 1(st) June …

Kunjungan Rumah Pasca Persalinan, Sebuah Strategi Meningkatkan Kelangsungan Hidup Neonatal, Sudarto Ronoatmodjo

Kesmas

Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir telah terlihat penurunan angka kematian anak di bawah umur lima tahun. Tetapi, penurunan pada angka kematian neonatal tidak menunjukkan penurunan yang bermakna. Kematian neonatal merupakan komponen penting jika ingin menurunkan angka kematian anak di bawah umur lima tahun. Kematian anak di bawah umur lima tahun merupakan tujuan ke-4 dari Pembangunan Milenium. Pada tahun 2000 sebanyak 130 juta kelahiran, sebanyak 4 juta mati pada masa neonatal, yang ini merupakan 2/3 dari kematian bayi. Dua pertiga kematian neonatal terjadi pada minggu pertama setelah kelahirannya. Dan 99%-nya terjadi di negara berkembang. Konsentrasi waktu terjadinya kematian neonatal mirip dengan waktu …

Prediction Of Birth Weight By Cotinine Levels During Pregnancy In A Population Of African American Smokers, Ayman A.E. El-Mohandes, Michele Kiely, Marie G. Gantz, Susan M. Blake, M Nabil El-Khorazaty

Publications and Research

Objective—The goal was to investigate the association between maternal salivary cotinine levels (SCLs) and pregnancy outcome among African Americans smokers

Methods—In a randomized controlled trial conducted in 2001-2004 in Washington, D.C. 714 women (126 active smokers (18%)) were tested for SCLs at the time of recruitment and later in pregnancy. Sociodemographic health risks and pregnancy outcomes were recorded.

Results—Birth weights were significantly lower for infants born to mothers with baseline SCLs of ≥20 ng/ml compared to/ml (p=0.024), ≥50 ng/ml compared to/ml (p=0.002), ≥100 ng/ml compared to/ml (p=0.002), in bivariate analyses. In linear regression analyses adjusting for sociodemographic …

Study Of The Four Factor Theory Of Women’S Sexual Function, Julie M. Merrell

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Tiefer, Hall, and Tavris (2002) described factors comprising four categories of female sexual function. They suggested that unique factors need to be examined to understand sexual function in women. Socio-cultural, political, or economic factors, partner and relationship factors, psychological factors, and medical factors were described as aspects of women’s lives that can be the source of sexual dysfunction. In a previous study, Merrell (2007) utilized Tiefer et al’s (2002) four factor model of sexual functioning to examine female sexual functioning looking specifically at body shame, relationship satisfaction, positive and negative affect, sexual self-schema, and overall health. Based on the results …

Birth Weight As A Risk Factor For Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis Of 18 Epidemiologic Studies, Xiaohui Xu, Amy B. Dailey, Mary Peoples-Sheps, Evelyn O. Talbott, Ning Li, Jeffrey Roth

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: Birth weight has been identified as a birth-related factor associated with the risk of breast cancer. However, the evidence is inconsistent.

Methods: To investigate the association between birth weight and breast cancer, we conducted a meta-analysis of published studies between 1996 and 2008. Eighteen studies encompassing 16,424 breast cancer cases were included in the meta-analysis. Data were combined using a fixed-effect or random-effect model depending on the heterogeneity across studies.

Results: Women with their own birth weight >4000 g or 8.5 lb had a higher risk for developing breast cancer than those with birth weight(OR¼1.20, 95% CI 1.08, 1.34). …

Praktek Ibu Dalam Perawatan Neonatus Di Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat, Aji Haryanto, Ella Nurlaella Hadi

Kesmas

Angka kematian bayi (AKB) di Kabupaten Garut pada tahun 2005 (54,8 per 1000 kelahiran hidup) merupakan yang tertinggi di provinsi Jawa Barat, akibat kematian neonatus dalam tiga tahun terakhir terus meningkat. Studi yang bertujuan mengetahui determinan praktek ibu dalam perawatan neonatus, dilakukan dengan analisis lanjut data Survei Dasar Kesehatan Neonatus Esensial di Kabupaten Garut tahun 2007. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda regresi logistik ganda. Hasil studi menunjukkan, dari 577 ibu bayi 1-11 bulan yang menjadi sampel penelitian, sekitar 51,5% ibu melakukan praktek perawatan neonatus kurang baik. Faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan praktek perawatan neonatus adalah pengetahuan ibu setelah dikontrol …

Determinants Of Physical Activity Behavior And Self-Efficacy For Exercise Among African American Women, Bridget K. Robinson

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Background: Inadequate physical activity behavior persists among African American women despite the widely documented benefits of physical activity. Literature notes a positive correlation between self-efficacy for exercise and physical activity behavior. In addition to socioeconomic factors, culturally influenced factors mediate self-efficacy for task such as physical activity. Past studies indicate differing perceptions related to religiosity and body image among African American populations. Additionally, reports indicate Southern and Midwestern states have the highest prevalence of obesity. These states are located in a geographical area known as the Bible belt. Moreover, 73.5% of the African American population in the U. S. resides …

Effect Of Obesity On The Traditional And Emerging Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors In African American Women, Queen Obiageli Henry-Okafor

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Background: Obesity is a growing health care concern with cardiovascular disease (CVD) implications. African American women (AAW) have the highest prevalence rate of obesity and highest CVD morbidity and mortality rate of all ethnic groups. The traditional CVD risk factors have not been sufficient to explain this disparity in disease prevalence and outcomes. Current knowledge is limited regarding the interaction between various levels of adiposity and both traditional and emerging CVD risk factors, particularly in AAW. This study sought to explore these interactions.

Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational analysis of 48 AAW ages 18 to 45 …

Kebijakan Peningkatan Pemberian Asi Eksklusif, Helda Helda

Kesmas

Angka Kematian Bayi di Indonesia adalah 35/1000 kelahiran hidup berada di posisi keenam di negara Asean. Salah satu upaya yang efisien untuk menurunkan angka kematian tersebut adalah pemberian ASI eksklusif yang memperlihatkan tren yang menurun, pada tahun 1997, (40,2%), 2002 (39,5%) dan 2007 (32%). Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji kebijakan pemerintah memenuhi hak anak terhadap ASI. Metode yang digunakan melakukan telaah berbagai studi tentang kebijakan dan perundangan ASI di dunia dan di Indonesia,pada periode 2000-2007. Angka ASI eksklusif di dunia sangat bervariasi dan tidak berbanding lurus dengan kemajuan suatu negara. Jepang dan Inggris adalah contoh negara maju dengan angka ASI eksklusif …

Frekuensi Dan Determinan Kontrasepsi Pria Di Indonesia, Ahmad Ahmad

Kesmas

Pertumbuhan penduduk Indonesia terlihat tinggi (1,25%) dengan pertambahan sekitar 7,3 juta penduduk setiap tahun. Sejak tahun 1980, program keluarga berencana berkontribusi terhadap penurunan angka fertilitas dari 5,61 menjadi 2,6 pada tahun 2002. Kontribusi pria menggunakan kontrasepsi berhubungan dengan banyak faktor antara lain meliputi pengetahuan, sikap, praktek, keterbatasan informasi aksesibilitas fasilitas pelayanan kontrasepsi pria, keterbatasan jenis kontrasepsi, dan persepsi masyarakat yang kurang menguntungkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi pria di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data sekunder Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2002-2003. Disain penelitian yang digunakan adalah Cross Sectiona l dengan metode …

Kelangsungan Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Di Indonesia, Sariana Sistri

Kesmas

Indonesia merupakan negara dengan jumlah penduduk terbesar keempat di dunia setelah Republik Rakyat Cina, India dan Amerika Serikat. Pada periode 2000-2002, penduduk Indonesia meningkat 1,25% atau 7,3 juta setiap tahun, sehingga pada tahun 2002 jumlah penduduk Indonesia menjadi sekitar 215 juta jiwa. Berdasarkan data SDKI, Total Fertility Rate (TFR) tahun 1997 (2,8) dan 2003 (2,6), dalam kurun waktu dua dasawarsa. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR), di Indonesia, pada 1977 (26) meningkatan dua kali lipat pada tahun 1997 (57) Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelangsungan pemakaian kontrasepsi sejak pertama kali pemakaian pada periode 1997-2002, berikut berbagai faktor yang berhubungan. Desain penelitian yang …

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Avoidance Among Pregnant African-American Nonsmokers, Susan M. Blake, Kennan D. Murray, M. Nabil El-Khorazaty, Marie G. Gantz, Michele Kiely, Dana Best, Jill G. Joseph, Ayman El-Mohandes

Publications and Research

Background—Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during pregnancy contributes to adverse infant health outcomes. Limited previous research has focused on identifying correlates of ETS avoidance. This study sought to identify proximal and more distal correlates of ETS avoidance early in pregnancy among African-American women. Methods—From a sample of low-income, black women (n=1044) recruited in six urban, prenatal care clinics (July 2001–October 2003), cotinine-confirmed nonsmokers with partners, household/ family members, or friends who smoked (n=450) were identified and divided into two groups: any past-7-day ETS exposure and cotinine-confirmed ETS avoidance. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with ETS …

Kekerasan Dalam Pacaran Pada Siswi Sma Di Jakarta, Dian Ariestina

Kesmas

Kekerasan terhadap perempuan berhubungan dengan ketimpangan gender dan berdampak pada kesehatan dan hak asasi manusia. Di Jakarta, pada periode 2000-2002, sekitar 264 perempuan melaporkan mengalami KDP dan sekitar 11,6 % kekerasan tersebut terjadi pada masa pacaran. Secara menyeluruh, satu dari sepuluh perempuan mengalami kekerasan dalam pacaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang kejadian KDP pada siswi SMAN 37 Jakarta serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan. Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang ini mengunakan sampel 418 siswi SMAN 37 Jakarta. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara terstruktur menggunakan kuisioner yang sengaja dirancangg untuk penelitian ini. Ditemukan sekitar 72,1% dari 337 siswi yang pernah mengalami …

Pemberian Asi Segera Pada Bayi Baru Lahir, Linda Amalia

Kesmas

Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) Indonesia masih yang tertinggi di ASEAN dengan penyebab utama kematian adalah penyakit infeksi saluran nafas dan diare yang dapat dicegah. Pencegahan dilakukan antara lain dengan pemberian ASI secara benar, termasuk inisiasi pemberian ASI dalam 30 menit pertama setelah lahir. Pemberian ASI segera dapat mempertahankan kadar hormon prolaktin dan mencegah pemberian makanan pralakteal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran dan determinan pemberian ASI segera pada bayi baru lahir di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kabupaten Cianjur tahun 2007. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang. Pengumpulan Sampel 92 orang ibu post partum yang melahirkan di RSUD Kabupaten Cianjur yang dipilih dengan …

The Relationship Between Resilience And Body Image In College Women, Robert J. Mcgrath, Wiggin Julie, Rosemary M. Caron

Health Management & Policy

Possessing a negative body image is associated with unhealthy eating habits and eating disorders in college women and has been linked to depression and negative feelings of self worth. Limited research exists on protective factors that have the potential to mitigate body image dissatisfaction. This paper examines the relationship of resilience to body image dissatisfaction in college women. Female, undergraduate college students were studied using previously validated measures. Results indicate that increased resilience is associated with improved body image.

Can International Law Secure Women’S Health? An Examination Of Cedaw And Its Optional Protocol, Dhrubajyoti Bhattacharya

Nursing and Health Professions Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

Evaluation Of Hiv Counseling And Testing In Anc Settings And Adherence To Short Course Antiretroviral Prophylaxis For Pmtct In Francistown, Botswana, Carolyn Baek, Tracy Creek, Lee Ann Jones, Louis Apicella, Jennifer Redner, Naomi Rutenberg

HIV and AIDS

The vast majority of children infected with HIV are the result of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the virus during pregnancy, labor, or breastfeeding. Botswana is one of the first countries in the developing world with a national prevention program (PMTCT) to reduce vertical transmission. The Horizons Program of the Population Council, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Premiere Personnel in Botswana, conducted an evaluation to describe the adherence of pregnant women to the current PMTCT regimen. The report recommends standardizing post-test counseling content through the use of job aids and adapting existing WHO materials, …

Commercial Sex Workers In Five Ethiopian Cities: A Baseline Survey For Usaid Targeted Hiv Prevention Program For Most-At-Risk Populations, Woldemariam Girma, Annabel Erulkar

HIV and AIDS

This report presents findings from a baseline survey of commercial sex workers (CSWs) that was undertaken in five Ethiopian cities. 2,050 CSWs were interviewed for the survey. CSW were disproportionally young and came from extremely disadvantaged backgrounds. Most respondents also cited negative working standards from another profession, or family responsibilities as reasons leading to sex work. Condom use was very high but use may be inconsistent or over-reported and should be studied further. Findings also propose additional advocacy for positive peer support groups, more HIV testing for at-risk populations, and addressing violence among CSWs and other Ethiopian women.

Adolescent Girls In Urban Ethiopia: Vulnerability And Opportunity, Abebaw Ferede, Annabel Erulkar

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In 2008, the Population Council undertook a survey of out-of-school, adolescent girls (aged 10 to 19) in slum areas of urban Ethiopia—a population that is highly vulnerable to HIV infection. The survey serves as a baseline for HIV prevention programs designed and implemented jointly by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, Regional Bureaus of Youth and Sports, and the Population Council. This study provided valuable direction for programmers interested in supporting adolescent girls, particularly early adolescent (10 to 14 years old) and out-of-school girls who are highly vulnerable and in need of dedicated attention. Special efforts are needed to support …

Kenya's Fertility Transition: Trends, Determinants And Implications For Policy And Programmes, Ian Askew, Alex C. Ezeh, John Bongaarts, John Townsend

Reproductive Health

In Africa, fertility rates in the 1990s declined less rapidly than had been projected, and in a few cases the fertility transition appears to have stalled. This development has serious implications for future population growth because projected population size is sensitive to minor variations in current fertility trends. The 16 countries with three DHS surveys in sub-Saharan Africa can be divided into three subgroups: stalled transitions, insignificant declines, and significant declines. Half of the 16 countries experienced a stall, and an additional two experienced insignificant declines. The Population Council prepared a series of demographic and policy analyses that drew from …

Kwazulu-Natal Department Of Health Policy And Guidelines For Integrated Ante And Postnatal Care At District Hospital Community Health Centre And Clinic Level, Population Council

Reproductive Health

A 2006 baseline survey conducted by CARE Kenya indicated that sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is widespread throughout Kenya’s North Eastern Province. Other findings revealed that high levels of stigma and gender imbalances are associated with sexual violence and female genital mutilation (FGM) and that a coordinated approach to responding to the service needs of survivors is missing. As noted in this report, there is limited awareness of the legal mechanisms available to survivors. The Population Council’s study in Wajir District ascertained the need for and possible components of an integrated and comprehensive services model that could meet the needs …

A Religious Oriented Approach To Addressing Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Among The Somali Community Of Wajir, Kenya, Maryam Sheikh Abdi, Ian Askew

Reproductive Health

The Somali ethnic community, in Kenya as well in Somalia, Djibouti, and Ethiopia, has practiced genital cutting for centuries and the practice appears to have remained largely unchanged. The community practices the severest form of FGM/C, type III or infibulation. The Population Council’s FRONTIERS program, with support from USAID/Kenya, carried out two studies to better understand the practice of FGM/C among the Somalis in North Eastern Province so as to inform the design and implementation of interventions that would encourage abandonment of the practice. Both studies collected data through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with community and religious leaders, …

Socioeconomic Disparity In Healthcare-Seeking Behavior Among Chinese Women With Genitourinary Symptoms, Qi Zhang, Diane Lauderdale, Shanshan Mou, William I. Parish, Edward O. Laumann, John Schneider

Community & Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are of growing concern in China. Understanding the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and healthcare-seeking (HCS) behavior will help design effective policies to contain the epidemic of STIs across SES.

Methods: We used the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey, a nationally representative survey of 3813 adults from 48 Chinese cities and counties during 1999-2000. We studied the 730 women with at least one genito-urinary (GU) symptom. HCS was measured by whether respondents visited a hospital or an unrecognized clinic, self-treatment, or doing nothing. Formal treatment was defined as visiting a hospital. SES was measured …

Obesity And Contraception, Donald E. Greydanus, Hatim A. Omar, Artemis Tsitsika

Pediatrics Faculty Publications

All sexually active youth, whether obese or normal weight, should be offered counseling regarding contraception and appropriate contraceptive methods. However, obese youth who are sexually active may be less likely than their normal weight peers to use contraceptives correctly. Methods of contraception for obese adolescents are reviewed in this discussion. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and the contraceptive patch have higher failure rates in obese versus normal weight females, though failure rates are lower than noted with barrier contraceptives. The risk for venous thrombosis is higher in obese youth on COCs. Progestin-only pills and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system appear to be …

The Making Of The Kenya Sexual Offenses Act, 2006: Behind The Scenes, Washington Onyango-Ouma, Njoki Ndung'u, Nancy Baraza, Harriet Birungi

Reproductive Health

Kenya’s enactment of the Sexual Offenses Bill in 2006 was a milestone in dealing with sexual offenses and gender-based violence. The bill is Kenya’s first legal recognition of the many sex crimes that occur in the country. Among other things, the law criminalizes deliberate transmission of HIV/AIDS and provides rape victims with free medical care and counseling in public institutions. Convicted rapists will now face a minimum sentence of ten years, while a maximum penalty will be life imprisonment. A retrospective study was conducted to document the process leading to the enactment of the law. The objective was to document …

Day Of Dialogue: Sharing Insights And Evidence On The Female Condom In Ghana, Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This report details a female condom meeting hosted by the Population Council in Ghana on November 24, 2008. Twenty-eight participants representing 17 organizations were in attendance. Meeting presentations included: Female Condom for Programs: Historical Overview; Considerations for Female Condom Strategic Planning; FC-2 Female Condoms; The Female Condom in Ghana: Current State of Affairs; Strategic Planning for FC: What Makes Success? A question-and-answer session was included, as was an analysis exercise, in which participants discussed and outlined the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that should be considered as we move forward with the development of a strategic plan to promote the …

Adolescent Girls Programming And Capacity-Building Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, November 10-14, 2008: Workshop Report, Population Council

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Around the world, adolescent girls are disadvantaged by age and gender. Many are denied the skills and resources to protect and advance themselves. Adolescent girls are even more vulnerable to exploitive work, abuse, and limiting life options if they are poor. Adolescent girls are marginalized or entirely invisible in development policy, yet their role in communities and populations make them a critical asset to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). International donors and development partners have started to recognize the critical role adolescent girls play in achieving the MDGs. The purpose of the Adolescent Girls Programming and Capacity-building Workshop was …

Ritonavir Blocks Akt Signaling, Activates Apoptosis And Inhibits Migration And Invasion In Ovarian Cancer Cells, Sanjeev Kumar, Christopher S. Bryant, Sreedhar Chamala, Aamer Qazi, Shelly Seward, Jagannath Pal, Christopher P. Steffes, Donald W. Weaver, Robert Morris, John M. Malone, Masood A. Shammas, Madhu Prasad, Ramesh B. Batchu

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

Background

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality from gynecological malignancies, often undetectable in early stages. The difficulty of detecting the disease in its early stages and the propensity of ovarian cancer cells to develop resistance to known chemotherapeutic treatments dramatically decreases the 5-year survival rate. Chemotherapy with paclitaxel after surgery increases median survival only by 2 to 3 years in stage IV disease highlights the need for more effective drugs. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by increased risk of several solid tumors due to its inherent nature of weakening of immune system. Recent observations …

Correlation Of Calcium And Magnesium Intakes To Frequency Of Muscle Cramps In Female College Athletes, Jennifer Schneider, Marjorie Fitch-Hilgenberg

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Muscle cramps are involuntary, painful, sudden contractions of skeletal muscles that can cause detrimental effects on athletic performance. Recent data suggest that low intakes of dietary calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) can enhance or cause muscle cramps. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between Ca and Mg intakes and muscle cramping in female college athletes. Athletes completed a 24-hour dietary recall and a survey on frequency and location of muscle cramps. Of those surveyed, 8 participated in basketball, 21 in softball, and 10 in gymnastics. Calcium and Mg intakes were calculated from dietary recall data using …

Guide Pour Les Pilules De Contraception D'Urgence : Introduire Et Développer L'Offre Des Pilules De Contraception D'Urgence Dans Les Pays En Voie De Développement, Sharif M.I. Hossain, M.E. Khan, Ricardo Vernon, Jill Keesbury, Ian Askew, John Townsend, Victoria Rumbold

Reproductive Health

Pendant plus d'une décennie, les défenseurs ont cherché à améliorer l'accès à la contraception d'urgence (CU) dans le monde. Ces efforts ont été couronnés de succès en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, ont suscité de nombreux débats en Amérique latine et commencent à prendre racine en Asie. En Afrique, cependant, le succès des programmes communautaires reste limité. Même dans les pays où l'environnement réglementaire est favorable, les contraintes de ressources au sein du secteur public limitent la capacité de fournir des services de CU cohérents et de qualité à faible coût. Dans un nombre croissant de pays africains, le …