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Diabetes

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Full-Text Articles in Public Health Education and Promotion

Doctor-Patient Communication: The Experiences Of Black Caribbean Women Patients With Diabetes, Rosanne Paul-Bruno Jan 2020

Doctor-Patient Communication: The Experiences Of Black Caribbean Women Patients With Diabetes, Rosanne Paul-Bruno

Theses and Dissertations

This applied dissertation was designed to examine the verbal and non-verbal communication experiences of Black Caribbean diabetic women patients with their doctors, in order to provide a better understanding of the essential aspects of doctor- patient communication and their experiences as they managed their condition. Black Caribbean women have been disproportionately impacted by medical conditions such as diabetes. It has been a documented fact that minorities experience disparities in the health care system at different levels and doctor-patient communication is no exception. Poor doctor-patient communication has been known to hinder patients’ health outcomes, and therefore warrants such studies to increase …

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Microvascular Disease And Chronic Kidney Disease In Persons With Diabetes In Grenada, Jennifer Elizabeth Lewis Jan 2020

Microvascular Disease And Chronic Kidney Disease In Persons With Diabetes In Grenada, Jennifer Elizabeth Lewis

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a set of pathophysiological reactions that impact the functionality of the kidney. The association between microvascular disease (MVD) and CKD as it relates to diabetes is important to the evaluation of organizational effectiveness in-hospital services planning as well as improving health outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative, cross-sectional study was to determine if there is an association between MVD and CKD severity in persons with diabetes. Using the socioecological model, the association between gender, age group, cigarette smoke, cigarette smoke frequency, alcoholic drink, alcoholic drink frequency, hypertension, albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) severity, cholesterol, sickling (i.e. persons …

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Factors Affecting Adherence To Diabetes Management Recommendations Among Afro-Caribbean Farm Workers, Aretha Meritian Townsend Jan 2020

Factors Affecting Adherence To Diabetes Management Recommendations Among Afro-Caribbean Farm Workers, Aretha Meritian Townsend

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global epidemic, impacting the economy and quality of life of affected individuals. The treatment and management of the disease often rely heavily on self-efficacy and provider guidance. Adherence to provider treatment regimens can help to prevent T2DM-related complications. However, non-adherence to T2DM regimens is a growing concern among minority populations, where T2DM is highly prevalent. Limited research is available for the Afro-Caribbean migrant farmworker (ACMF) with high rates of diabetes and an alarmingly high rate of non-adherence to treatment recommendations which is further complicated by low literacy, common cultural practices, and poor diets. …

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Health Literacy And Diabetes Among Refugee Women Residing In Arizona, Aline Nina Indatwa Jan 2020

Health Literacy And Diabetes Among Refugee Women Residing In Arizona, Aline Nina Indatwa

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is limited research available linking health literacy and diabetes knowledge to poor health outcomes among refugees. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of health literacy and diabetes knowledge and examine whether different factors (age, education, employment status, number of years lived with diabetes and length of stay since resettlement) are associated with health literacy and diabetes knowledge. A cross-sectional study was performed among 82 refugee women with a known diagnosis of diabetes and residing in Maricopa County, Arizona. A modified two part questionnaire (self-reported health literacy extracted from the European Health Literacy Questionnaire [HLS-EU-Q16] and …

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A Staff Educational Model For Prevention Of Type 2 Diabetes In The Primary Care Setting, Mieshia Staples Clark Jan 2020

A Staff Educational Model For Prevention Of Type 2 Diabetes In The Primary Care Setting, Mieshia Staples Clark

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, debilitating disease affecting millions of Americans. Though preventable, it is the most common form of diabetes in the United States, costing the U.S. health care system billions of dollars annually. Lifestyle modifications taught, encouraged, and supported in established, evidence-based diabetes prevention programs (DPP) are proven to be more effective than medications alone in preventing Type 2 diabetes. While DPPs are cost-effective and can reduce or delay the incidence of Type 2 diabetes, they are greatly underutilized due to primary care providers’lack of knowledge about the benefits and availability of these programs and also due …

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Environmental Barriers To Accessing Tertiary Prevention Among Hispanics Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes, Stella B. Biira Jan 2020

Environmental Barriers To Accessing Tertiary Prevention Among Hispanics Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes, Stella B. Biira

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In the United States, Hispanics diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have not accessed tertiary level prevention, which is critical in diabetes management and the prevention of further complications. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the association between neighborhood crime, the absence of community health centers, the lack of culturally competent providers, the lack of public transportation, the residential setting, the distance to T2DM education classes, and access to tertiary prevention among Hispanics diagnosed with T2DM. The research was guided by the Andersen behavioral model. A sample size of N = 4,977 was used in the study, …

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Education To Improve Health For Rural Africa American Women With Diabetes, Monique Deidre Pendleton Jan 2020

Education To Improve Health For Rural Africa American Women With Diabetes, Monique Deidre Pendleton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Diabetes (DM) is the 7th leading cause of death in the United States. Minorities like Hispanics and African Americans (AA) are at greater risk of developing DM. The prevalence and outcomes affecting diabetes are attributed to socioeconomic status, sex differences, ethnic, cultural, and religious status. Diabetes-related mortality is a major health problem in AA in rural America. The focus for this project was to identify the best evidence regarding educational counseling on lifestyle modifications that positively impact adult AA women with diabetes living in Rural America. The social-ecological theory and health belief model informed this project because these models incorporate …

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Association Of Obesity And Negative Acid-Fast Bacilli Finding Among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Nadya Magfira, Md Ikhsan Mokoagow, Ida Ayu Kshanti, Helda Helda Dec 2019

Association Of Obesity And Negative Acid-Fast Bacilli Finding Among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Nadya Magfira, Md Ikhsan Mokoagow, Ida Ayu Kshanti, Helda Helda

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

non-diabetes mellitus population. However, it’s effect on PTB in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patient is unclear. The study aims to determine the association between obesity and PTB in patient with T2DM. A cross sectional study was held in in-patient, The Department of Internal Medi cine, Fatmawati General Hospital from January 2015 to December 2017. This study includes patient with T2DM who had been diagnosed with PTB and age > 18 years old. In this study negative Acid-fast-bacilli (AFB) founding defined as patient’s sputum is negative by smear microscopy, while obesity define as body mass index > 24.9 kg/m2. From 363 PTB …

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Diabetes And Effectiveness Of Gym Usage, Roberto Moore Dec 2019

Diabetes And Effectiveness Of Gym Usage, Roberto Moore

Capstone Projects and Master's Theses

The Central Coast YMCA’s Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) exists to support community members who are diagnosed as pre-diabetic. DPP participants are provided a free membership to the YMCA’s gym, but are under utilizing this resource. Some reasons that participants may not be utilizing the gym are lack of time, work schedules, the language barrier in utilizing the equipment and childcare concerns. If participants are not utilizing the gym they may not complete the program and may be at risk of contracting diabetes and possibly losing a limb. In order to understand the specific barriers for this group in utilizing this …

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Type 2 Diabetes Patients’ Need For Physical Activity Programming: A Qualitative Study At A Yogyakarta Hospital Clini, Novita Intan Arovah, Bernadeta Wara Kushartanti, Tracy L. Washington, Kristiann C. Heesch May 2019

Type 2 Diabetes Patients’ Need For Physical Activity Programming: A Qualitative Study At A Yogyakarta Hospital Clini, Novita Intan Arovah, Bernadeta Wara Kushartanti, Tracy L. Washington, Kristiann C. Heesch

Kesmas

Physical activity programs offered in Indonesian hospitals are often inadequate to help type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients meet international physical activity recommendations. This study aimed to identify T2D patients’ physical activity enablers and barriers, their preferences for, and experiences with, physical activity programming, with a view to developing future programs that are suited to these patients’ needs and preferences. Four focus groups were conducted with 28 patients (50% female) of the T2D clinic at the Local General Hospital of Yogyakarta. Discussions were thematically analysed in NVivo 10. The most reported types of physical activity were walking and participation in the …

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Suffering In Silence: Is Gastroparesis Underdiagnosed?, Dennis J. Baumgardner Apr 2019

Suffering In Silence: Is Gastroparesis Underdiagnosed?, Dennis J. Baumgardner

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

In this introduction to Volume 6, Issue 2, the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews offers additional comment to the clinical review of diabetic gastroparesis authored by Farmer and colleagues (p. 148), regarding the problem of undiagnosed disease. Increased awareness of this entity and appropriate questioning regarding symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis in the primary care setting may prevent the “suffering in silence” experienced by many patients with this complication.

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An Apple A Day Keeps Diabetes At Bay: Incentivizing Participation In Diabetes Self-Management Education With Fruit & Vegetable Vouchers, Angie Mejia, Mary Katherine A. Schutt, Shannon M. Monnat Apr 2019

An Apple A Day Keeps Diabetes At Bay: Incentivizing Participation In Diabetes Self-Management Education With Fruit & Vegetable Vouchers, Angie Mejia, Mary Katherine A. Schutt, Shannon M. Monnat

Population Health Research Brief Series

Diabetes is an urgent public health problem in the U.S., with 30.3 million people currently diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. This research brief describes the results of a 12-month, diabetes self-management education and fruit and vegetable purchase assistance intervention designed to improve diabetes self-management knowledge and health outcomes among adults diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Findings suggest that small incentives for fruit and vegetable purchases are associated with higher educational program attendance, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, and decreased weight and blood sugar among low-income adults with Type 2 diabetes.

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Staff Education Program On Diabetes Using Self-Care Behaviors, Ruth Adhiambo Ogot Jan 2019

Staff Education Program On Diabetes Using Self-Care Behaviors, Ruth Adhiambo Ogot

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects patients' health across the globe and is costly to manage. The chronic high blood sugar of diabetes is linked to cardiovascular and kidney damage, impaired functional status, and multiple organ failure. To lessen the complications associated with diabetes and promote self-care in those with the disease, health care professionals must be vigilant in offering diabetes education to patients with each clinic or primary care visit. Lack of diabetic educators in the clinic that provided the setting for this study indicated a need to increase clinical staff competency in teaching self-care and diabetes management to patients. …

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Water And Life. A Cross-Sectional Study On Determinants Of Beverage Consumption And Water Access In One Tribal Community, Christina White Jan 2019

Water And Life. A Cross-Sectional Study On Determinants Of Beverage Consumption And Water Access In One Tribal Community, Christina White

All Master's Theses

Increasingly, poor diet has been shown to be one of the most crucial factors associated with cause of death, even more critical than smoking. Research in the past two decades has consistently linked increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) to the obesity epidemic contributing to a public health crisis all over the United States. Native Americans, among other minority groups, suffer obesity disproportionately from the rest of the US population, yet they continually fail to be included in research on the subject. Traditional research methods, sparse care coverage on reservations, consolidation of unique tribes into one classification, and failure to …

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The Influence Of Food Insecurity, Low-Income, And Race On Diabetes Self-Management Practices Among Women With Diabetes, Jill La Capria Jan 2019

The Influence Of Food Insecurity, Low-Income, And Race On Diabetes Self-Management Practices Among Women With Diabetes, Jill La Capria

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Diabetes is a chronic condition affecting more than 30 million adults living in the United States. Diabetes self-management (DSM) can prevent or delay the complications of diabetes and improve clinical outcomes; however, data show that low-income, food insecurity, female gender, and race contribute to challenges performing effective DSM. The health belief model was the theoretical framework for this cross-sectional study, which examined how food insecurity, low-income, and race affect DSM activities in women with diabetes. The sample population from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey consisted of 1,842 women with diabetes who were 18 years of age or …

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Acculturation And Diabetes Among New York's Bangladeshi Immigrants, Renee Mehrra Jan 2019

Acculturation And Diabetes Among New York's Bangladeshi Immigrants, Renee Mehrra

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There are more than 3.4 million South Asians in the United States. Among this subgroup, Bangladeshis in New York have a high prevalence of Type 2 diabetes ranging from 15 to 24% compared to the general population. This study examined the effect of acculturation through length of stay in the United States and understanding of the English language, and the role of gender on self-efficacy (SE) and diabetes self-management among 336 New York Bangladeshi immigrants between the ages of 21 and 75 who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes with A1C -‰¥ 6.5%, as verified by their medical record …

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Strategies For Patient Engagement In A Self-Management Program For Adults With Diabetes, Carolinee Jokotola Ogungbayi Jan 2019

Strategies For Patient Engagement In A Self-Management Program For Adults With Diabetes, Carolinee Jokotola Ogungbayi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Patients' lack of adherence to diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) recommendations is a challenge for healthcare. One approach to addressing patient noncompliance with DSMES is through education of staff on current guidelines. In an outpatient facility in South Texas, staff training on current DSMES guidelines was recommended as one of the solutions to the problem of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complications observed among clinic patients. An educational module was created to increase staff knowledge on T2DM and to assist staff members in teaching patients to self-manage T2DM. The module was built on the self-management and health promotion models, …

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The Role Of Glucose Level On The Performance Of The Framingham Risk Score, Uohna June Thiessen Jan 2019

The Role Of Glucose Level On The Performance Of The Framingham Risk Score, Uohna June Thiessen

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for more deaths than any other disease, continue to threaten the quality of life for many, and is a major burden to the health care system. The Framingham Heart Study (FHS) identified the major CVD risk factors that became essential to effective CVD screening strategies and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), is used to assess CVD risk. Based on the concepts of the health behavior model and CVD as a cardiometabolic disorder, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and a CHD event, and to determine …

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Video-Based Diabetes Education For A Culturally Diverse Population, Heather Harris Dec 2018

Video-Based Diabetes Education For A Culturally Diverse Population, Heather Harris

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Translational and Clinical Research Projects

Immigrants and refugees represent an underserved population in need of quality, accessible, and culturally appropriate healthcare and education. Diabetes is a chronic condition frequently seen in this population. The author utilized the Wagner Chronic Care Model (CCM) as a theoretical framework for planning diabetes education delivery in this diverse population. Studies report significant health disparities in diabetes care and subsequent poor diabetes quality indicators in refugees and immigrants. Research has found that culturally sensitive diabetes education can improve diabetes outcomes in ethnically diverse populations. The author implemented a translational project to develop and evaluate a video-based diabetes health education intervention …

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The Association Between Immigration Generation Status And Intent To Engage In Diabetes Prevention Behaviors Influenced By Socioeconomic Status Among Men Living In El Paso, Texas In January 2018, Narges Khatun Kalantarian Dec 2018

The Association Between Immigration Generation Status And Intent To Engage In Diabetes Prevention Behaviors Influenced By Socioeconomic Status Among Men Living In El Paso, Texas In January 2018, Narges Khatun Kalantarian

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Background: The prevalence of diabetes is significantly higher in Hispanic/Latinos compared to non-Hispanic Whites, and even higher in men than in women. Foreign-born Hispanic/Latinos have lower prevalence of diabetes when first arriving to the U.S., however the longer the years of residence, and greater generations, they develop a greater risk for diabetes. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to: a) examine the relationship between Immigrant Generation Status (IGS), Diabetes Risk Perception (DRP), and Intent to Engage in Self-Care Behaviors (IES-CB) and b) investigate the role of Socioeconomic Status (SES) on this relationship. Hypothesis: First IGS individuals, compared to 2nd …

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Identifying Motivators And Barriers For Wellness Programs To Inform Recruitment And Retention Of Diabetes Prevention Programs (Dpps), Beenish Kamran, Kate Beatty, Leighanne Hurst, Deborah L. Slawson Apr 2018

Identifying Motivators And Barriers For Wellness Programs To Inform Recruitment And Retention Of Diabetes Prevention Programs (Dpps), Beenish Kamran, Kate Beatty, Leighanne Hurst, Deborah L. Slawson

Appalachian Student Research Forum

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has increased greatly in incidence in the United States over the past decade. Diagnosis of T2DM is typically preceded by insulin resistance, which is typically indicated by increases in fasting blood sugar and called pre-diabetes. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) is a group-based program focused on improving diet and maintaining consistent exercise towards a lower body weight. It has been found that minimum weight loss and 150 minutes of moderate exercise is more effective at preventing T2DM than medication-based treatment. Therefore, the DPP has potential in preventing T2DM however currently faces obstacles concerning recruitment …

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Seychelles: Diabetes, Camille Myers Jan 2018

Seychelles: Diabetes, Camille Myers

Global Public Health

One of the major health problems in Seychelles, a cluster of islands off the coast of Eastern Africa, is diabetes. There are many different types of diabetes, but the most common type to this region is Type 2 diabetes. At this time Seychelles, and many other countries in Africa, have about half of the adult population diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Along with the diagnosis of diabetes being a problem, people in Seychelles often go undiagnosed for a while because they are ignorant to the risks and the symptoms of the disease. Only about 50% of the population with pre-diabetic …

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A Qualitative Exploration Of Experiences And Motivations For Diabetes Self-Management In African American Men Between The Ages Of 40-85 With Type 2 Diabetes, Anthony Q. Walker Jan 2018

A Qualitative Exploration Of Experiences And Motivations For Diabetes Self-Management In African American Men Between The Ages Of 40-85 With Type 2 Diabetes, Anthony Q. Walker

Theses and Dissertations

Diabetes is a devastating disease that can affect an individual’s health and quality of life, but if managed properly, individuals with diabetes can have a good quality of life. Diabetes strikes African American men at a high rate. This study used a qualitative design to explore African American men between the ages of 40-85 with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and their definition of diabetes and motivation, their experience of living with diabetes, their self-management behaviors, their motivations for managing diabetes, and what they and healthcare providers believe motivates them to self-manage diabetes and to attend diabetes self-management education (DSME) programs. …

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Association Between Type Of Diabetes Education And Health Status, Limitations, And Healthcare, Starr Michelle Seip Jan 2018

Association Between Type Of Diabetes Education And Health Status, Limitations, And Healthcare, Starr Michelle Seip

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Diabetes is an epidemic that has started to capture political attention in the United States because of the devastating health care costs associated with the disease. Researchers in other studies have concluded that additional education face-to-face (FTF) and FTF with alternative forms of diabetes communication (FTF plus) have been beneficial. However, there is very little information on the comparison of the two groups as mentioned above when comparing chronic limitations, self-perception, health status, and healthcare satisfaction as circumscribed by specific demographic population. This study was an investigation of the above variables and explored how specific demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational …

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The Impact Of Diabetes And Obesity In The African American Population, Andrea Lynette Swails Jan 2018

The Impact Of Diabetes And Obesity In The African American Population, Andrea Lynette Swails

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Within the 21st century, Type II diabetes has emerged as a public health crisis. African Americans and Hispanic Americans have the highest rates of Type II diabetes and obesity compared to European Americans. The purpose of this DNP project was to teach medical assistants (MA) to provide self-management of diabetes and obesity for the African American population in the local clinical setting. An educational tool kit for health providers was developed to guide the educational project. The chronic care model was used to guide the development of the educational toolkit. A pretest posttest design was incorporated into the educational program. …

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Association Between Body Mass Index And Depression On Hbaic Control Among Veterans, Opokua Osei-Yeboah Jan 2018

Association Between Body Mass Index And Depression On Hbaic Control Among Veterans, Opokua Osei-Yeboah

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The study investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and depression based upon glycated hemoglobin levels (HBA1C) among United States veterans. Based on Bandura's social cognitive theory, a cross-sectional analysis examined the association between BMI and depression on HBA1C regulation, and if the interaction between BMI and depression affects HBAIC regulation among veterans. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the multivariate associations between depression and BMI on the outcome variable of HBA1C. Linearity, normality, and homoscedasticity were assessed using normal probability plots and residual analysis. Durbin-Watson statistics were used to test for autocorrelations, and variance inflation factor was …

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Physical And Psychological Health Outcomes Of Pregnancy-Related Intimate Partner Violence, Darrlyn Waynette Cornelius-Averhart Jan 2018

Physical And Psychological Health Outcomes Of Pregnancy-Related Intimate Partner Violence, Darrlyn Waynette Cornelius-Averhart

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health issue that transcends cultures and nationalities. Women and men have been impacted by sexual violence through rape and other types of IPV. Each year, women experience IPV before and during pregnancies and are impacted by physical and psychological outcomes as a result. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of IPV on the health outcomes of diabetes (Types 1, 2, and gestational), high blood pressure before pregnancy, and depression/anxiety among adult women before and during pregnancy. The social ecological model provided the framework for this quantitative cross-sectional study that …

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Implementation Of A Diabetic Resource Toolkit In A Veterans Administration Emergency Department, Caroline Hairston Jan 2018

Implementation Of A Diabetic Resource Toolkit In A Veterans Administration Emergency Department, Caroline Hairston

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the United States. Uncontrolled diabetes and lack of self-care knowledge leads to increased emergency department (ED) visits, utilizing limited health care resources. The practice-focused question asked whether a patient-focused diabetic self-care toolkit could decrease the number of diabetes-related ED visits. The purpose of this project was to reduce the number of diabetes-related ED visits and was supported by the social cognitive theory. The sources of evidence included the facility's ED Information System (EDIS) data and a patient survey developed by the project lead. There were 149 participants (135 males and 14 …

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Impediments Of Self-Managed Type 2 Diabetes In Mgbidi Women, Nigeria, Augustina Oha Jan 2018

Impediments Of Self-Managed Type 2 Diabetes In Mgbidi Women, Nigeria, Augustina Oha

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Type 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia that affects fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism. Researchers have identified that for individuals with Type 2 diabetes, staying on interventions for diabetes self-management is sometimes difficult and challenging. It is an increasing public health concern, especially in certain minority populations and in many developing and developed nations. This is especially true for the population of women 40 years and older in Mgbidi, Nigeria. In the Enugu State of Nigeria, women bear most of the burden of Type 2 diabetes when compared to the males in the state. …

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Inpatient Rehabilitation, Diabetes, And The Risk Of Clostridium Difficile Infection, Kerry A. Flint Jan 2018

Inpatient Rehabilitation, Diabetes, And The Risk Of Clostridium Difficile Infection, Kerry A. Flint

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Clostridium difficile is a frequent cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Studies suggest environmental and host characteristics increase patient's susceptibility to C. difficile infection (CDI). However, few studies have examined the risk of CDI among those with diabetes or patients in the acute rehabilitation (AR) setting. A case-control study, using secondary data (n = 473), evaluated the relationship between CDI and diabetes and identified modifiable environmental exposures. An ecosocial framework was used to examine the relationship between these two complex diseases among hospitalized patients in an AR setting. Results of the …

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