Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene Commons^™

Bancroftian Filariasis Transmission Parameters After The Fifth Year Of Filiariasis Mass Drug Administration In Pekalongan City, Tutik Ida Rosanti, Sugeng Juwono Mardihusodo, Wayan Artama

Kesmas

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur parameter parasitologi (microfilaria rate, kepadatan mikrofilaria), parameter imunologi (antigen prevalence) dan parameter entomologi (infection rate dan infective rate) pada tahun kelima pelaksanaan mass drug administration di Kelurahan Pabean Kota Pekalongan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai dengan Agustus 2015 di Kelurahan Pabean Kota Pekalongan. Microfilaria rate dan kepadatan mikrofilaria ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan darah jari pada 313 responden. Antigen prevalence ditentukan dengan mengukur antigen beredar menggunakan metode immunochromatographic test (ICT) Wuchereria bancrofti. Incective rate dan infection rate diukur dengan cara menemukan larva cacing filaria pada nyamuk hasil …

Provision Of Informed Consent Towards The Level Of Anxiety In Pre-Operative Patients At Mamuju District Public Hospital, Imelda Appulembang

Kesmas

Tindakan pembedahan merupakan salah satu tindakan medis yang dapat mendatangkan stressor sehingga menimbulkan kecemasan pada pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian informed consent terhadap tingkat kecemasan pada pasien pra-operasi di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Mamuju. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah pasien pra-operasi. Sampel ditentukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan accidental sampling sehingga diperoleh sampel sebanyak 32 orang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode quasi experimental design melalui pendekatan non-equivalent time sample design yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji statistik Wilcoxon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemberian informed consent terhadap tingkat kecemasan pasien. Dapat disimpulkan pemberian informed …

Effects Of Contraceptive Use On Productivity Of Women Labor At Pt. Bomar Makassar Industrial Area, Masni Mappajanci, Andi Misnawati, Darmawansyah Darmawansyah

Kesmas

Produktivitas kerja potensial pada kelangsungan hidup perusahaan. Penggunaan kontrasepsi dapat memengaruhi fisiologi setiap perempuan, sehingga dapat memengaruhi aktivitas sehari-hari dan akan berdampak terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan alat kontrasepsi terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja perempuan dengan mengontrol usia, pendidikan dan motivasi kerja. Penelitian dengan rancangan potong lintang melibatkan 71 pekerja perempuan PT Bomar Makassar yang telah menikah. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner pada bulan Mei sampai Juni 2015, kemudian dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penggunaan alat kontrasepsi terhadap produktivitas kerja setelah dikontrol dengan variabel usia (nilai …

Influence Of Scaling Up Nutrition Education Towards Knowledge And Attitude Of Students At Santa Elisabeth Medan School Of Health Sciences, Rani Gartika Holivia Silalahi, Yesschi Anggraeni Tambunan

Kesmas

Tingginya angka pernikahan pada usia remaja yang disertai dengan rendahnya pengetahuan tentang pola asuh merupakan salah satu pemicu terjadinya masalah gizi. Remaja merupakan orang tua masa depan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan 1.000 hari pertama kehidupan terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap mahasiswi Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Santa Elisabeth Medan tahun 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuasi eksperimental dengan desain one group pre- dan post test. Metode pengambilan sampel dengan metode purposive sampling sebanyak 115 mahasiswi tingkat III program studi Diploma III Kebidanan. Pendidikan dilakukan di kelas sebanyak 4 kali dalam 2 minggu dengan menggunakan metode mengajar dan diskusi. Penelitian ini …

The Profile And Determinant Factors Of Quality Of Life In Patients With Diabetic Neuropathy, Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Kadek Sinthia Grahita Adnyana, Marta Lisnawati Zalukhu

Kesmas

Neuropati merupakan salah satu komplikasi tersering pada diabetes melitus (DM). Neuropati dapat memengaruhi kualitas hidup, derajat kesehatan, maupun tingkat ekonomi. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk mengetahui kualitas hidup pasien DM dengan neuropati beserta dampak yang ditimbulkannya terlebih dahulu agar mendapatkan penanganan yang tepat demi meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil kualitas hidup pasien DM dengan neuropati. Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional menggunakan Short Form 8 (SF-8) Health Survey Standard Indonesia terhadap pasien diabetes melitus dengan neuropati yang diambil secara konsekutif pada bulan Maret hingga Agustus 2016 di Poli Saraf Rumah Sakit Bethesda, Yogyakarta. Terdapat 57 subjek …

Colonizing Opportunistic Pathogens (Cops): The Beasts In All Of Us., Lance B Price, Bruce A Hungate, Benjamin J Koch, Gregg S Davis, Cindy M Liu

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Colonizing opportunistic pathogens (COPs) are microbes that asymptomatically colonize the human body and, when the conditions are right, can cause infections. Their ability to persist indefinitely and to be transmitted without detection [1] gives COPs a unique epidemiology that warrants special consideration. There are examples of COPs among bacteria, fungi (e.g., Candida albicans [2]), protozoa (e.g., Blastocystis [3, 4]), and viruses (e.g., Rhinovirus [5]), but bacterial COPs are of particular relevance because of their major contribution to today’s antibiotic resistance crisis. The COPs include a long list of notorious bacteria that …

Colonizing Opportunistic Pathogens (Cops): The Beasts In All Of Us., Lance B Price, Bruce A Hungate, Benjamin J Koch, Gregg S Davis, Cindy M Liu

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Colonizing opportunistic pathogens (COPs) are microbes that asymptomatically colonize the human body and, when the conditions are right, can cause infections. Their ability to persist indefinitely and to be transmitted without detection [1] gives COPs a unique epidemiology that warrants special consideration. There are examples of COPs among bacteria, fungi (e.g., Candida albicans [2]), protozoa (e.g., Blastocystis [3, 4]), and viruses (e.g., Rhinovirus [5]), but bacterial COPs are of particular relevance because of their major contribution to today’s antibiotic resistance crisis. The COPs include a long list of notorious bacteria that …

Bibliography Of Physician Wellness Resources, Elizabeth C. Lawrence

Office of Physician and Student Wellness (OPSW)

Current list of articles and books on physician wellness.

The Effect Of Magnification Loupes On Dental Hygienists' Posture While Exploring, Emily Ludwig, Gayle B. Mccombs, Susan L. Tolle, Daniel M. Russell

Dental Hygiene Faculty Publications

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dental magnification loupes on posture during instrumentation.

Methods: A convenience sample of 27 right-handed dental hygienists, with no prior history of injuries or disabilities of the head, neck, or trunk region, enrolled in the study. Baseline posture calibration was taken and tri-axial accelerometers were placed on four locations of the head and trunk (occipital region of head; cervical vertebrae C5; thoracic vertebrae T5; lumbar vertebrae L1) to measure acceleration and the orientation of the body to gravity. Participants were randomly assigned to wear self-supplied magnification loupes during either …

Return-To-Work Coordination Practices Of Large Organizations In Québec, Marie-José Durand, Marie-France Coutu, Iuliana Nastasia, Michael Bernier

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Chaque année, un nombre considérable de travailleurs doit s’absenter du travail en raison de problèmes de santé physique ou mentale. Parmi ceux-ci, un certain nombre éprouvera de la difficulté à réintégrer le travail et devra s’absenter de façon prolongée. Ces difficultés sont dénommées « incapacité au travail ». Étant donné l’ampleur des coûts humains et financiers qu’occasionnent ces problèmes de santé, plusieurs stratégies ont été proposées dans le but de faciliter le retour au travail. Ainsi, plusieurs études ont démontré que la présence d’un coordonnateur de retour au travail (CoRAT) permettait de réduire les incapacités prolongées et les coûts associés. …

Conditions Facilitating Managers' Adoption Of Organizational Interventions Designed To Prevent Mental Health Problems In The Workplace, Caroline Biron, France St-Hilaire, Geneviève Baril-Gingras, Marie-Esther Paradis, Shirley Chabot, Rébecca Lefebvre, Hans Ivers, Michel Vézina, Pierre-Sébastien Fournier, Mahée Gilbert-Ouimet, Chantal Brisson

Rapports de recherche scientifique

De plus en plus d’évidences scientifiques montrent que les risques psychosociaux (RPS), tels une demande psychologique élevée, une faible latitude décisionnelle, un faible soutien social et un déséquilibre entre les efforts et la reconnaissance reçue au travail, contribuent au développement de problèmes de santé psychologique, de troubles musculosquelettiques de même que de maladies cardiovasculaires. Ces atteintes à la santé figurent parmi les principales causes d’absence du travail pour maladie. La littérature sur les interventions préventives en santé psychologique concerne principalement les interventions visant à modifier certaines caractéristiques individuelles (par exemple les habitudes de vie des travailleurs) plutôt que …

The Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Network: A Model For Community-Based Environmental Monitoring For Public Health Action., Paul B English, Luis Olmedo, Ester Bejarano, Humberto Lugo, Eduardo Murillo, Edmund Seto, Michelle Wong, Galatea King, Alexa Wilkie, Dan Meltzer, Graeme Carvlin, Michael Jerrett, Amanda Northcross

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

The Imperial County Community Air Monitoring Network (the Network) is a collaborative group of community, academic, nongovernmental, and government partners designed to fill the need for more detailed data on particulate matter in an area that often exceeds air quality standards. The Network employs a community-based environmental monitoring process in which the community and researchers have specific, well-defined roles as part of an equitable partnership that also includes shared decision-making to determine study direction, plan research protocols, and conduct project activities. The Network is currently producing real-time particulate matter data from 40 low-cost sensors throughout Imperial County, one of the …

Heat Exposure And Maternal Health In The Face Of Climate Change., Leeann Kuehn, Sabrina Mccormick

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Climate change will increasingly affect the health of vulnerable populations, including maternal and fetal health. This systematic review aims to identify recent literature that investigates increasing heat and extreme temperatures on pregnancy outcomes globally. We identify common research findings in order to create a comprehensive understanding of how immediate effects will be sustained in the next generation. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guide, we systematically reviewed articles from PubMed and Cochrane Reviews. We included articles that identify climate change-related exposures and adverse health effects for pregnant women. There is evidence that temperature extremes adversely …

Reducing Chemical Exposures At Home: Opportunities For Action., Ami R Zota, Veena Singla, Gary Adamkiewicz, Susanna D Mitro, Robin E Dodson

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Indoor environments can influence human environmental chemical exposures and, ultimately, public health. Furniture, electronics, personal care and cleaning products, floor coverings and other consumer products contain chemicals that can end up in the indoor air and settled dust. Consumer product chemicals such as phthalates, phenols, flame retardants and per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances are widely detected in the US general population, including vulnerable populations, and are associated with adverse health effects such as reproductive and endocrine toxicity. We discuss the implications of our recent meta-analysis describing the patterns of chemical exposures and the ubiquity of multiple chemicals in indoor environments. …

Unm Gme Resources - July 2017, Elizabeth C. Lawrence

Office of Physician and Student Wellness (OPSW)

No abstract provided.

Penile Anaerobic Dysbiosis As A Risk Factor For Hiv Infection, Cindy Liu, Jessica Prodger, Aaron Tobian, Alison Abraham, Godfrey Kigozi, Lance B. Price, +Several Additional Authors

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Sexual transmission of HIV requires exposure to the virus and infection of activated mucosal immune cells, specifically CD4⁺ T cells or dendritic cells. The foreskin is a major site of viral entry in heterosexual transmission of HIV. Although the probability of acquiring HIV from a sexual encounter is low, the risk varies even after adjusting for known HIV risk factors. The genital microbiome may account for some of the variability in risk by interacting with the host immune system to trigger inflammatory responses that mediate the infection of mucosal immune cells. We conducted a case-control study of uncircumcised participants …

Hexavalent Chromium Exposure To Military Aircraft Painters, Doug Rosaaen

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

Military aircraft routinely operate in harsh, corrosive environments that necessitate aggressive maintenance methods and products to prevent deterioration. Three primary tasks associated with corrosion control of these aircraft are abrasive blasting, sanding, and primer paint application. The most frequently used primer paints for these applications contain chromium VI (Cr VI) in the form of barium chromate and strontium chromate. Due to aircraft size and the nature of these tasks, control of Cr VI exposures is often difficult.

Numerous studies of chromate related industries have identified worker exposures in excess of the OSHA PEL of 5 μg/m3. Long-term analysis of chromate …

Ability Of Physiological Strain Index To Discriminate Between Sustainable And Unsustainable Heat Stress, Dwayne Wilson

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Assessment of heat strain is an alternative approach to assessing heat stress exposures. Two common measures of heat strain are body core temperature (T_C) and heart rate (HR). In this study TC was assessed by rectal temperature (T_re). Physiological Strain Index (PSI) was developed to combine both T_re and HR into one metric. Data collected from progressive heat stress trials were used to (1) demonstrate that PSI can distinguish between Sustainable and Unsustainable heat stress; (2) suggest values for PSI that demonstrate a sustainable level of heat stress; and (3) determine if clothing or …

Secteur Minier : Approche Intégrée De Mesure De Contraintes In Situ Par Méthode Inverse, Robert Corthésy, Maria Helena Leite, Caroline Vézina, Amélie Ouellet, Hamza Ouziame, Simon Delattre

Rapports de recherche scientifique

La conception sécuritaire des excavations souterraines requises pour l’exploitation minière nécessite une bonne connaissance de l’état des contraintes naturelles du massif rocheux.

À ce jour, la seule façon de connaître ces contraintes avec une justesse acceptable consiste à réaliser des mesures in situ. Or, les techniques de mesure de contraintes couramment utilisées dans les mines du Québec se heurtent à des limites importantes sur le plan de la fiabilité et de la précision, ce qui laisse toujours planer un doute sur la validité des résultats obtenus, exposant par le fait même les travailleurs miniers à des risques potentiels …

Influence Of Environmental Parameters On Mold Sampling Results, Benjamin Fishman

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Mold is a type of fungus present in nearly all environments. Mold thrives under several environmental parameters such as high humidity and an adequate food source. A professional, such as an industrial hygienist, can measure mold in indoor and outdoor environments. Industrial hygienists commonly use a cascade impactor with a culture plate to capture air within a sampling area. While collecting air samples, environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide are recorded. A laboratory then cultures and analyzes the samples, identifying the types and amounts of viable mold found in the sampling area.

In this study, a data …

Performance D’Outils De Modélisation Pour La Résolution De Deux Problématiques De Bruit Et De Vibrations De Type Impulsionnel, Celse Kafui Amédin, Franck Sgard, Noureddine Atalla

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Des centaines de milliers de travailleurs au Québec sont susceptibles d’être régulièrement exposés à des niveaux très élevés de bruit et de vibrations sur leurs lieux de travail. Ces nuisances sont associées à des lésions professionnelles qui peuvent même être irréversibles à long terme. Les bruits et vibrations de forts niveaux peuvent donc entraîner des coûts humains, sociaux et économiques très importants. Par conséquent, des actions vigoureuses de prévention seraient appropriées pour limiter l’exposition des travailleurs à ces agents nocifs.

Dans divers secteurs d’activité professionnelle comme les mines, la construction, la transformation de métaux, la forêt, l'agriculture, l'aéronautique, la police, …

Exploring The Health Effects Of Precarious Employment By Sex/Gender Using Mixed Methods, Kathleen Flandrick

Dissertations and Theses

Employment in the United States has changed dramatically since the mid-1970s. Labor market forces like globalization and diversification of the American workforce have led to a heavily segmented labor market where new types of flexible employment such as temporary, contingent, and nonstandard work arrangements are increasingly common. These newer types of work are often on the lower end of the precarious employment continuum, categorizing jobs by their degree of: 1) temporariness, 2) disempowerment, 3) vulnerability, 4) compensation (wages), 5) rights, and 6) ability to exercise worker rights. The increase in precarious employment likely disproportionately affects women when compared to men, …

Effects Of Temperature On The Emission Rate Of Formaldehyde From Medium Density Fiberboard In A Controlled Chamber, William Swankie

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Formaldehyde is a colorless gas that is found naturally in the environment. It is a popular additive in many consumer products including composite wood products. Composite wood products are engineered wood panels produced from pressing pieces, chips, particles, or fibers of wood together at high temperatures held together with a bonding agent. This bonding agent is often formaldehyde-containing resins that are known to release formaldehyde over time. This is concerning because of the carcinogenic classification of formaldehyde, the wide spread application of composite wood products, and the increasing amount of time spent in the indoor environment.

In a controlled 0.53 …

A Systematic Review Of Occupational Music-Induced Hearing Loss, Lilach Gez Saperstein

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The prevalence of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a public health concern with government regulations (i.e. OHSA, NIOSH) in place to protect employees in occupational settings. Sound pressure levels (SPL) of various industries have been measured and exposure dosages monitored as per the national regulations. Previous research has demonstrated that occupational exposure to loud noise has led to audiometric evidence of NIHL. Thus, it raises the question about the impact of occupational exposure to music on hearing. For the purposes of this capstone, literature pertaining to occupational music exposure levels, and the effects on both hearing threshold levels and …

E-Cigarettes: A Hazy Hazard, Cheryl (Cheri) L. Marcham, John (Jack) P. Springston

Publications

• Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs) are battery-powered devices that deliver vaporized nicotine and other substances, such as flavorings, to users without smoke or combustion. They are commonly marketed as smoking cessation tools and, as such, are promoted as being a healthier alternative to smoking.

• A common misperception is that that e-cigarettes only release water vapor. In reality, though, these devices release nicotine and other chemicals in a vapor form that can expose both the user (a.k.a., the vaper), as well as those in the immediate vicinity, to those contaminants. While the health risks of e-cigarettes compared to regular …

Counterfeit Medicines In Socioeconomic Perspective, Desy Nuryunarsih Nuryunarsih

Kesmas

Obat-obatan palsu berpotensi mencapai 70% dari pasaran obat internasional dengan proporsi terbanyak ditemukan di negara berkembang. Meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat akan adanya obat-obatan palsu akan secara langsung memengaruhi permintaan produk obat palsu yang akhirnya akan mengurangi kegiatan pemalsuan obat. Akan tetapi, meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat akan bahaya obat-obatan palsu tidaklah mudah sebab profesi kesehatan masyarakat harus juga mempertimbangkan keberagaman faktor-faktor sosial, ekonomi dan pendidikan. Laporan ini menelaah artikel jurnal yang ditelaah oleh kelompok seminat, laporan media, laporan resmi pemerintah dan non-pemerintah. Sebanyak 179 artikel (dari 1990 sampai 2014) ditelaah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara indeks pembangunan manusia (IPM) dari USA, Jepang, Brasil, Iran, …

The Use Of “Kakayu Dental Flipbook” In Oral Health Knowledge Improvement For Elementary School Students In Depok, Rikawarastuti Rikawarastuti, Eka Anggreni, Rahaju Budiarti, Nurlaila Ramadhan Suid

Kesmas

Perlu adanya edukasi untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan anak Indonesia tentang pentingnya memelihara kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara faktor siswa sekolah dasar seperti kelas, usia, jenis kelamin dengan jumlah anak dalam keluarga atau faktor ekonomi seorang ibu rumah tangga atau berpenghasilan tetap, yang dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan pengetahuan dari edukasi kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Disain penelitian quasi experiment pre-test dan post-test tanpa desain grup kontrol melibatkan 141 siswa yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling. Sampel tersebar pada siswa kelas IV, V, dan VI sekolah dasar swasta di Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia pada April-Oktober 2016. Data penelitian diperoleh dari …

Extrovert Personality Type And Prolonged Second Stage Of Labor, Yuni Kusmiyati, Chandra Tyas Nurfitria, Suherni Suherni, Heni Puji Wahyuningsih

Kesmas

Kepribadian dapat memengaruhi respons individu yang dapat berdampak pada proses persalinan lama. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan adanya hubungan kepribadian dengan waktu persalinan. Tipe kepribadian ekstrover (tipe A) cenderung lebih rentan terhadap stres dibandingkan orang dengan tipe kepribadian introvert (tipe B). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan tipe kepribadian ekstrover dan variabel luar (pendidikan, ekonomi, usia ibu dan paritas) dengan persalinan kala II lama. Studi kasus kontrol dilakukan pada 156 ibu bersalin yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi pada tahun 2015 di Yogyakarta. Sampel kasus adalah 52 ibu dengan persalinan kala II lama dan kontrol adalah 104 ibu dengan persalinan kala II normal. Penelitian …

Impact Of Women’S Empowerment On Infant Mortality In Indonesia, Hanik Stiyaningsih, Febri Wicaksono

Kesmas

Secara umum, otonomi dan pemberdayaan perempuan menjadi salah satu faktor penting dalam pembangunan. Kurangnya otonomi dan pemberdayaan perempuan dapat menyebabkan hasil negatif pada kesehatan dan kematian anak. Belum terdapat penelitian terkini yang menganalisis hubungan antara pemberdayaan perempuan dan kematian bayi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini berusaha mengisi kekosongan tersebut dengan menelusuri pengaruh pemberdayaan perempuan terhadap kematian bayi di Indonesia. Sampel berjumlah 9.754 perempuan berusia 15-49 tahun yang terakhir melahirkan pada periode tahun 2007-2012 diambil dari Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2012. Pemberdayaan perempuan diukur dengan menggunakan indeks komposit yang dibangun dari delapan indikator dari tiga dimensi pemberdayaan perempuan, yaitu partisipasi dalam …

Risk Factors Of Acute Respiratory Infections In Practice Area For Community Of Medical Students In Semarang, Siti Thomas Zulaikhah, Purwito Soegeng, Titiek Sumarawati

Kesmas

Infeki saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) menempati urutan pertama dari 10 besar penyakit di Puskesmas Bangetayu dengan persentase terbanyak di Kelurahan Penggaron Lor. Keterampilan untuk mempelajari distribusi dan frekuensi penyakit serta faktor determinan yang memengaruhi manusia sangat diperlukan untuk menetapkan intervensi yang paling efektif untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor risiko yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian ISPA di lokasi praktik komunitas mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan jumlah responden 100 orang dan sampel dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan stratified random sampling. Sepuluh variabel yang diteliti adalah faktor risiko …