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Reproductive Health

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Full-Text Articles in Maternal and Child Health

Policies For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia Prevention And Management In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

Policies For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia Prevention And Management In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

Bangladesh experiences between 5,000 and 6,000 maternal deaths each year. Of those deaths, 20 percent are from pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), the second most common direct cause of maternal mortality in the country. In Bangladesh, best practices to prevent PE/E using aspirin and calcium and managing it through task sharing and use of magnesium sulphate and anti-hypertensive drugs have not been optimally examined. To appreciate the enormity of the problem, the Population Council conducted a landscape analysis in 12 upazilas in four districts. The study was cross sectional, and data collection activities included in-depth interviews (IDIs) with policymakers, development partners, …


Rapid Evidence Assessment: Quality Of Studies Assessing Interventions To Support Fgm/C Abandonment, Tammary Esho, Jamlick Karumbi, Carolyne Njue Jan 2017

Rapid Evidence Assessment: Quality Of Studies Assessing Interventions To Support Fgm/C Abandonment, Tammary Esho, Jamlick Karumbi, Carolyne Njue

Reproductive Health

The last decade has seen increased focus and investment in interventions to eliminate female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), along with the need to accelerate its abandonment. The UK Department for International Development (DFID) commissioned the Evidence to End FGM/C: Research to Help Girls and Women Thrive project to: 1) assess the quality of studies that have evaluated different interventions for the prevention of FGM/C, and 2) describe the FGM/C interventions that were evaluated by high-quality studies. The quality of evidence on the effectiveness and impact of FGM/C interventions is generally moderate to low. In addition, few baseline surveys are conducted prior …


Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Ebonyi, Population Council Jan 2017

Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Ebonyi, Population Council

Reproductive Health

As a partner on the Fistula Care Plus (FC+) project, the Population Council is conducting implementation research that tests solutions to treatment barriers. Formative research in Nigeria’s Ebonyi State found that a lack of knowledge among lower-level providers and women and families of how the condition occurs, where treatment is available, and the signs and symptoms of obstetric fistula, as well as transportation costs, affect women’s access to screening and repair. Baseline data reveal the necessity of a comprehensive intervention to address fistula treatment barriers in Ebonyi. Not only do primary healthcare providers lack adequate knowledge of fistula, referral, and …


Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Katsina, Population Council Jan 2017

Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Katsina, Population Council

Reproductive Health

As a partner on the Fistula Care Plus (FC+) project, the Population Council is conducting implementation research that tests solutions to treatment barriers. Formative research in Nigeria’s Katsina State found that a lack of knowledge among lower-level providers and women and families of how the condition occurs, where treatment is available, and the signs and symptoms of obstetric fistula, as well as transportation costs, affect women’s access to screening and repair. Baseline data reveal the necessity of a comprehensive intervention to address fistula treatment barriers in Katsina. Not only do primary healthcare providers lack adequate knowledge of fistula, referral, and …


Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Uganda, Population Council Jan 2017

Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Uganda, Population Council

Reproductive Health

As a partner on the Fistula Care Plus (FC+) project, the Population Council is conducting implementation research that tests solutions to treatment barriers. Formative research in Uganda found that a lack of knowledge among lower-level providers and women and families of how the condition occurs, where treatment is available, and the signs and symptoms of obstetric fistula, as well as transportation costs, affect women’s access to screening and repair. Baseline data reveal the necessity of a comprehensive intervention to address fistula treatment barriers in Uganda. Not only do primary healthcare providers lack adequate knowledge of fistula, referral, and counseling, but …


Results From Systematic Literature Review On Pe/E In Bangladesh, Karen Kirk, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

Results From Systematic Literature Review On Pe/E In Bangladesh, Karen Kirk, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

By 2015, at the conclusion of the Millennium Development Goals, Bangladesh had achieved a reduction in maternal death from 550 per 100,000 live births in 1990, to 170 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015. Despite this progress, there are still between 5,000 and 6,000 maternal deaths every year in Bangladesh, where 20 percent are the result of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E). This systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published between January 2000 and July 2016 identified interventions adopted to manage PE/E throughout Bangladesh. Specifically, it looked at issues around quality of care, gaps in the evidence, and barriers to …


Results From Systematic Literature Review On Pe/E In Nigeria, Amy Dempsey, Karen Kirk Jan 2017

Results From Systematic Literature Review On Pe/E In Nigeria, Amy Dempsey, Karen Kirk

Reproductive Health

Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, are consistently cited as a leading cause of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. A recent, nationwide cross-sectional survey found that PE/E contributes to 28.2 percent of national maternal deaths. The other main contributors to maternal mortality are hemorrhage and pregnancy-related infection or sepsis. To fully understand the key challenges, gaps, and interventions related to the prevention and treatment of PE/E, the Ending Eclampsia project conducted a systematic review of papers on PE/E in Nigeria published between 2000–15. The methods, results, and recommendations are discussed in this brief.


Barriers To Fistula Repair In Nigeria: A Formative Study, Population Council Jan 2016

Barriers To Fistula Repair In Nigeria: A Formative Study, Population Council

Reproductive Health

A formative research study was conducted in Nigeria to better understand the barriers and enabling factors for fistula repair care delivery and access. This brief presents results from a literature review conducted to identify and understand the delays in accessing and receiving treatment and corresponding barriers, to document interventions that help to overcome barriers, and to specify gaps in the literature that require further research. The report concludes that women’s concern over healing and reintegration reflects their expectation that the holistic approach of hospitals will bring them back to normal life incorporating physical, sexual, psychosocial, and economic rehabilitation. Awareness, financial, …


Landscape Analysis Of The Family Planning Situation In Pakistan—District Profile: Sukkur, Population Council Jan 2016

Landscape Analysis Of The Family Planning Situation In Pakistan—District Profile: Sukkur, Population Council

Reproductive Health

This district profile of Sukkur is part of the Landscape Analysis of the Family Planning Situation in Pakistan. The factsheet provides a detailed picture of use of antenatal and delivery care services; use of family planning; other socioeconomic indicators; availability of health facilities, pharmacies, and lady health workers; distribution of public static and private facilities by cadre; provision of specific family planning methods by sector; and presence and provision of family planning services/products. The factsheet concludes with a review of consumers’ perspectives on barriers to use of family planning and a chart listing district-specific donors, projects, and implementing partners. The …


The Africa Regional Sgbv Network Learning Brief Series: Learning Updates From Swaziland (Brief #3), Population Council Jan 2016

The Africa Regional Sgbv Network Learning Brief Series: Learning Updates From Swaziland (Brief #3), Population Council

Reproductive Health

Nearly half of girls aged 13–24 in Swaziland suffer some form of sexual violence, according to the country’s 2007 Violence Against Children (VAC) survey. About 10 percent of girls reported experiencing sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in school in particular. The Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA) is recognized as Swaziland’s leading SGBV prevention, response, and advocacy organization. This Learning Brief describes how SWAGAA is tackling SGBV in schools in three different ways: 1) helping girls take more control of their school experience through a new self-efficacy module in the Girls’ Empowerment Clubs; 2) encouraging girls, and giving them the …


Operationalizing National Protocol For Preventing And Managing Pe/E In Community Facilities In Bangladesh, Population Council Jan 2016

Operationalizing National Protocol For Preventing And Managing Pe/E In Community Facilities In Bangladesh, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Considering the maternal deaths associated with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, with technical assistance from the Obstetrical and Gynecological Society of Bangladesh, developed a national protocol allowing community providers to provide a magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) loading dose. With the approval of the National Technical Committee of the Directorate General of Family Planning, this study operationalized and assessed the ability of community providers to detect and treat PE/E, and administer the loading dose of MgSO4 before referral to higher-level facilities. The study results presented in this brief indicate that with national protocol, training, and …


Formative Research On Factors Influencing Access To Fistula Care And Treatment In Uganda, Pooja Sripad, Charlotte E. Warren Jan 2016

Formative Research On Factors Influencing Access To Fistula Care And Treatment In Uganda, Pooja Sripad, Charlotte E. Warren

Reproductive Health

This formative research builds upon the results of a systematic review by the Population Council for better understanding of the barriers and enabling factors for fistula repair care and access in Uganda. The study focuses on Fistula Care Plus project-supported treatment facilities where fistula camps are routinely held. Results reveal the nuances of women’s experiences, along with the additional perspectives of their spouses, family members, community stakeholders, and fistula camp care providers including nurses/counselors, surgeons, and facility and district managers. Barriers and enablers to fistula repair care are clustered around the following factors: psychosocial, cultural, social, financial, transportation, facility shortages, …


Findings From Landscape Analysis In Nigeria On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Nigeria On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal mortality. The Population Council conducted a landscape analysis on PE/E in 2015 in seven states in Nigeria. This brief details the findings on national policy awareness, service provider knowledge and skills, facility capacity and preparedness, quality of care and community knowledge and perceptions. The brief concludes with recommendations based on these findings.


Adolescent Sexual And Reproductive Health Situation: Insights From The 2014 Kenya Demographic And Health Survey, Francis Obare, George Odwe, Harriet Birungi Jan 2016

Adolescent Sexual And Reproductive Health Situation: Insights From The 2014 Kenya Demographic And Health Survey, Francis Obare, George Odwe, Harriet Birungi

Reproductive Health

The 2015 Kenya National Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy recognized the importance of addressing adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs for achieving the country’s development goals. Although estimates from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) show the country registered improvements in key reproductive, maternal, and child health outcomes, adolescent outcomes likely remain poor given the challenges associated with adequately addressing their sexual and reproductive health needs. This report presents findings of further analysis of the 2014 Kenya DHS on key SRH outcomes among adolescent girls and boys 15 to 19 years old in Kenya. Understanding the …


A Systematic Review Of The Treatment And Management Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Pakistan, Saleem Shaikh, Ali M. Mir Jan 2016

A Systematic Review Of The Treatment And Management Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Pakistan, Saleem Shaikh, Ali M. Mir

Reproductive Health

Pakistan is one of the six countries that account for more than 50 percent of the world’s maternal deaths. According to Population Council estimates, each year nearly 8.6 million women become pregnant in the country. Of these, 1.2 million women are likely to face obstetric complications. Each year, there are nearly 14,000 pregnancy-related deaths. Information is lacking on context-specific health-system barriers that prevent optimal use of the lifesaving medicine magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in Pakistan. Although efforts in Pakistan both at the national and subnational level are ongoing on the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), results are generally …


Ending The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting In Egypt, Sarah Ghattass, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Salma Abou Hussein Jan 2016

Ending The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting In Egypt, Sarah Ghattass, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Salma Abou Hussein

Reproductive Health

This policy brief examines the extent of medicalization of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Egypt, the characteristics of girls who were cut by medical personnel, factors that may have contributed to increased medicalization, and potential interventions that could influence both physicians and the public to completely abandon the practice. The data show that younger cohorts of women, those from higher wealth quintiles, higher levels of education, and living in urban regions are more likely to have been cut by medical personnel. More importantly, the analysis shows that despite medicalization being more common among young women with the above-mentioned characteristics, it …


Ending The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting In Egypt [Arabic], Sarah Ghattass, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Salma Abou Hussein Jan 2016

Ending The Medicalization Of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting In Egypt [Arabic], Sarah Ghattass, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Salma Abou Hussein

Reproductive Health

[In Arabic] This policy brief examines the extent of medicalization of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Egypt, the characteristics of girls who were cut by medical personnel, factors that may have contributed to increased medicalization, and potential interventions that could influence both physicians and the public to completely abandon the practice. The data show that younger cohorts of women, those from higher wealth quintiles, higher levels of education, and living in urban regions are more likely to have been cut by medical personnel. More importantly, the analysis shows that despite medicalization being more common among young women with the above-mentioned …


Evidence To End Fgm/C: Research To Help Girls And Women Thrive [Arabic], Population Council Jan 2016

Evidence To End Fgm/C: Research To Help Girls And Women Thrive [Arabic], Population Council

Reproductive Health

[In Arabic] This factsheet describes a new Population Council–led research program, funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development, which will join the UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on FGM/C: Accelerating Change and the Girl Generation in the Campaign to End Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) within One Generation. The program will generate high-quality evidence to influence strategic investment, policy, and programming to end FGM/C. This five-year program will work in 6–9 sub-Saharan African countries to dramatically expand the body of evidence on the most effective approaches to ending FGM/C. The research program will be organized around four themes: building the picture …


Evidence To End Fgm/C: Research To Help Girls And Women Thrive, Population Council Jan 2016

Evidence To End Fgm/C: Research To Help Girls And Women Thrive, Population Council

Reproductive Health

This factsheet describes a new Population Council–led research program, funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development, which will join the UNFPA-UNICEF Joint Programme on FGM/C: Accelerating Change and the Girl Generation in the Campaign to End Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) within One Generation. The program will generate high-quality evidence to influence strategic investment, policy, and programming to end FGM/C. This five-year program will work in 6–9 sub-Saharan African countries to dramatically expand the body of evidence on the most effective approaches to ending FGM/C. The research program will be organized around four themes: building the picture of where, …


Kenya: Helping Adolescent Mothers Remain In School Through Strengthened Implementation Of School Re-Entry Policies, Esther Lwanga Walgwe, Nancy Termini Lachance, Harriet Birungi, Chi-Chi Undie Jan 2016

Kenya: Helping Adolescent Mothers Remain In School Through Strengthened Implementation Of School Re-Entry Policies, Esther Lwanga Walgwe, Nancy Termini Lachance, Harriet Birungi, Chi-Chi Undie

Reproductive Health

By applying robust evidence, securing the support of decisionmakers, and engaging stakeholders, STEP UP enabled national and local decisionmakers to better understand the consequences of unintended pregnancy for adolescent girls’ schooling in Homa Bay County, Kenya. STEP UP is playing an important role in informing the implementation of policies within the Kenyan educational sector that will improve educational opportunities for school-age mothers. Through early stakeholder engagement, strong partnerships, the support of implementers and policymakers, effective communication and dissemination strategies, decisionmaker capacity, and the dedication of the adolescent mothers themselves, evidence generated by STEP UP was successfully utilized by key stakeholders. …


Senegal: The Impact Of A Study On Misoprostol Use And Knowledge Among Pharmacists, Eva Burke, E. Robinson, Nafissatou Diop, Kate Reiss, Katharine Footman, Maaike Van Min, Barbara Reichwein, Ian Askew Jan 2016

Senegal: The Impact Of A Study On Misoprostol Use And Knowledge Among Pharmacists, Eva Burke, E. Robinson, Nafissatou Diop, Kate Reiss, Katharine Footman, Maaike Van Min, Barbara Reichwein, Ian Askew

Reproductive Health

The availability of misoprostol is a key part of improving maternal health in low- and middle-income countries. In Senegal, where the drug is not widely available, pharmacies are one of the few places women can access it. STEP UP conducted a study to understand misoprostol knowledge and provision in these pharmacies. The Ministry of Health’s (MoH) commitment to training public providers and pharmacists on all products on the essential medicines list is a promising step toward bettering the health of women in Senegal. Marie Stopes International (MSI) Senegal continues to work to build the capacity of healthcare providers in the …


Acceptability And Feasibility Of Introducing Strengthened School-Based Sexual And Reproductive Health Information And Services In Accra, Ghana, Terence Adda-Balinia, Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong, Maya Teye, Philip Baba Adongo, Placide Tapsoba, Harriet Birungi Jan 2016

Acceptability And Feasibility Of Introducing Strengthened School-Based Sexual And Reproductive Health Information And Services In Accra, Ghana, Terence Adda-Balinia, Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong, Maya Teye, Philip Baba Adongo, Placide Tapsoba, Harriet Birungi

Reproductive Health

An initial study conducted by Population Council under the Strengthening Evidence for Programming on Unintended Pregnancies (STEP UP) project in 2012 assessed the knowledge and reproductive health needs of adolescents living in selected slums in Brong Ahafo and Greater Accra regions with the view of informing an improvement in adolescent sexual health (ASRH) programming in Ghana. The study concludes that stakeholders generally believed there was the need for enhanced adolescent sexual and reproductive health services in school as the present system of delivering these services were not sufficiently addressing ASRH needs. The use of trained psychologists and health workers was …


L’Expérience De Femmes Ayant Subi Une Grossesse Non Désirée Au Sénégal : Une Étude Qualitative, Fatou Mbow, Nafissatou Diop, Awa Diop Dabo, Awa Tounkara Cissé, Seynabou Ba Diakhaté Jan 2016

L’Expérience De Femmes Ayant Subi Une Grossesse Non Désirée Au Sénégal : Une Étude Qualitative, Fatou Mbow, Nafissatou Diop, Awa Diop Dabo, Awa Tounkara Cissé, Seynabou Ba Diakhaté

Reproductive Health

Dans le cadre du projet Strengthening Evidence for Programming on Unintended Pregnancy (STEP UP), et sur financement de DFID, une étude qualitative a été menée dans la région de Dakar, au Sénégal, par le Population Council en partenariat avec la Taskforce pour développer une meilleure compréhension de la vie des femmes ayant subi une grossesse non désirée suite à un viol ou un inceste et apporter leur voix au débat sur la légalisation de l’avortement médicalisé. Actuellement, qu’elles décident de garder la grossesse non désirée ou de s’en débarrasser, dans tous les cas, leur vie en est affectée. En interdisant …


Rencontre De Partage Sur La Problématique Des Grossesses Non Désirées Chez Les Adolescents/Jeunes Au Sénégal : Compte Rendu De Rencontre, Babacar Mane, Marie-Jesus Buabey, Nafissatou Diop, Patrick Mugirwa Jan 2016

Rencontre De Partage Sur La Problématique Des Grossesses Non Désirées Chez Les Adolescents/Jeunes Au Sénégal : Compte Rendu De Rencontre, Babacar Mane, Marie-Jesus Buabey, Nafissatou Diop, Patrick Mugirwa

Reproductive Health

En 2015, la Direction de la Santé de la Reproduction et de la Survie de l’Enfant du Ministère de la Santé et de l’Action Sociale (Sénégal), le Population Council, et le bureau régional de Partners in Population and Development Africa, ont co-organisé un atelier de partage des résultats de l’étude “Comprendre les grossesses non désirées au Sénégal—Profil pays.” Ce rapport de rencontre décrit une réunion de suivi en 2016 dont les objectifs étaient d'examiner l'état de faire le point sur la mise en œuvre des recommandations de la rencontre de juin 2015; s’informer de la situation de la santé sexuelle …


The Consumer Perspective: A Consultation With Senior Health Officials From Developing Countries On Standards Of Evidence For Reproductive And Maternal Health Care, The Evidence Project, Step Up Research Programme Consortium Jan 2016

The Consumer Perspective: A Consultation With Senior Health Officials From Developing Countries On Standards Of Evidence For Reproductive And Maternal Health Care, The Evidence Project, Step Up Research Programme Consortium

Reproductive Health

The Population Council (through the STEP UP consortium and the Evidence Project) and the High Impact Practices (HIP) Collaboration, together with other partners, held a series of three consultative meetings around the topic of standards of evidence in reproductive and maternal health. This report details the third and final meeting held in Bellagio, Italy in February 2016. The meeting brought together developing-country decisionmakers to vet, from the research “consumer” perspective, the recommendations that emerged from the second consultation and to elicit further recommendations on how to better generate and package evidence to meet the needs of decisionmakers. Also in attendance …


L’Expérience De Femmes Ayant Subi Une Grossesse Non Désirée Au Sénégal : Une Étude Qualitative [Compte Rendu De La Rencontre De Partage Des Résultats], Fatou Mbow, Nafissatou Diop, Babacar Mane Jan 2016

L’Expérience De Femmes Ayant Subi Une Grossesse Non Désirée Au Sénégal : Une Étude Qualitative [Compte Rendu De La Rencontre De Partage Des Résultats], Fatou Mbow, Nafissatou Diop, Babacar Mane

Reproductive Health

Dans le cadre du projet Strengthening Evidence for Programming on Unintended Pregnancy (STEP UP), et sur financement de DFID, une étude qualitative a été menée dans la région de Dakar au Sénégal par le Population Council en partenariat avec la Taskforce sur l’expérience des femmes ayant subi une grossesse non désirée suite à un viol ou un inceste pour apporter la voix de ces femmes au débat sur la légalisation de l’avortement médicalisée. Une rencontre plus large, dont ce rapport est la synthèse, a été organisée en janvier 2016 par la Direction de la Santé de la Reproduction et de …


Root Causes And Persistent Challenges In Accelerating The Abandonment Of Fgm/C, Jacinta Muteshi-Strachan Jan 2016

Root Causes And Persistent Challenges In Accelerating The Abandonment Of Fgm/C, Jacinta Muteshi-Strachan

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.


The Fgm/C Research Programme, Jacinta Muteshi-Strachan Jan 2016

The Fgm/C Research Programme, Jacinta Muteshi-Strachan

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.


A State-Of-The-Art Synthesis On Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: What Do We Know Now?, Bettina Shell-Duncan, Reshma Naik, Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs Jan 2016

A State-Of-The-Art Synthesis On Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: What Do We Know Now?, Bettina Shell-Duncan, Reshma Naik, Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs

Reproductive Health

Efforts to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are a rising priority on many national and global agendas. Thus it is imperative to have a clear understanding of the scale and scope of the practice, and where it occurs, as well as the dynamics of change and the broader context surrounding it. This state-of-the-art synthesis offers a snapshot of the most recent data available as of July 2016 and the most relevant contextual information on key FGM/C issues in clear, nontechnical language that can help inform policymakers, donors, program planners, and other key stakeholders. The data point to “hot spot” geographic …


Considerations On The Use And Interpretation Of Survey Data On Fgm/C, Bettina Shell-Duncan Jan 2016

Considerations On The Use And Interpretation Of Survey Data On Fgm/C, Bettina Shell-Duncan

Reproductive Health

This technical brief was written as an addendum to the trends presented in the “State of-Art-Synthesis of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: What Do We Know Now?” published in October 2016. This brief describes important sources of reliable data that have been generated in recent years, to provide accurate information on FGM/C practices and attitudes. The majority of these data are derived from cross-sectional survey research, and the brief notes the strengths and limitations of this research approach which should be borne in mind when using and interpreting these data. Table 1 summarizes nationally representative data on FGM/C available from a number …