Environmental Public Health Commons^™

Gender Specific Differences In The Pros And Cons Of Smoking Among Current Smokers In Eastern Kentucky: Implications For Future Smoking Cessation Interventions, Dana A. Hazen, David M. Mannino, Richard Clayton

Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

This study investigated gender differences in the perceived “pros” and “cons” of smoking using the constructs of decisional balance (DB) and stage of change from the Transtheoretical Model. The population distribution for stage of change among a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 155 current smokers over 40 years was: precontemplation (22.6%), contemplation (41.9%), preparation (35.5%). Results of stepwise regression models indicated significant gender differences in DB were in the preparation stage of change; scores on the DB measure increased 3.94 points (95% CI: 1.94, 5.93) for male smokers. Interventions targeting the “pros” and “cons” of smoking may need to be gender …

How Does A Riverine Setting Affect The Lifestyle Of Shellmound Builders In Brazil?, Sabine Eggers, C. C. Petronilho, K. Brandt, C. Jericó-Daminello, J. Filippini, Karl Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

The contact of inland and coastal prehistoric groups in Brazil is believed to have been restricted to regions with no geographical barrier, as is the case in the Ribeira de Iguape valley. The inland osteological collection from the riverine shellmound Moraes (5800–4500 BP) represents a unique opportunity to test this assumption for this region. Despite cultural similarities between riverine and coastal shellmounds, important ecological and site distribution differences are expected to impact on lifestyle. The purpose of this study is thus to document and interpret health and lifestyle indicators in Moraes in comparison to coastal shellmound groups. Specifically we test …

The Role Of The Environment In Poverty Alleviation, Paolo Galizzi, Alena Herklotz

Environment

The new millennium raised hopes for a better future for humanity through a new spirit of international cooperation. Participants at the United Nations Millennium Summit agreed on an ambitious agenda for international cooperation that singled out, among other issues, environmental protection and development as key objectives.

The increasing degradation of our planet continues to emphasize the need to conserve and preserve natural resources. Yet with more than half of the global population still living on $2 dollars a day or less, there is also a glaring need for development initiatives to combat poverty.

This book draws on contributions to the …

Dampak Cadmium Dalam Ikan Terhadap Kesehatan Masyarakat, Agus Purnomo, Rachmadi Purwana

Kesmas

Kandungan Chemicals Oxygen Demand (COD) dan logam Cadmium pada air laut di Indonesia, dalam kisaran 123-398 ppm dan 0,024-0,044 ppm berada di luar batas yang diizinkan (COD = 40 ppm dan Cd = 0,01 ppm). Masyarakat Teluk Lampung setiap hari terpajan dengan ikan Kurisi (Nomipterus hexodon), ikan Kembung (Rastrelliger neglectus), dan ikan Tongkol (Auxis thazard) dengan kadar rata-rata kandungan cadmium 0,146; 0,144; dan 0,137 mg/kg. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan analisis risiko dampak pencemaran cadmium pada ikan terhadap kesehatan masyarakat Pulau Pasaran yang berada tepat di hadapan Kota Bandar Lampung di Teluk Lampung. Disain studi yang digunakan adalah disain cross sectional …

Faktor Penentu Kontaminasi Bakteriologik Pada Makanan Jajanan Di Sekolah Dasar, Anton Wibawa

Kesmas

Makanan jajanan merupakan produk pengolahan makanan yang banyak dijumpai di sekitar sekolah dan dikonsumsi secara rutin oleh banyak anak usia sekolah. Selain bermanfaat makanan jajanan juga berisiko menimbulkan masalah kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kontaminasi bakteriologi pada makanan jajanan serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain potong lintang (Cross Sectional), dengan sumber data sekunder kegiatan pengawasan makanan dan minuman oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2006. Sampel diambil dari 159 Sekolah Dasar di kabupaten Tangerang. Variabel yang diamati adalah : pengetahuan, perilaku, peralatan sarana air bersih, sarana pembuangan limbah, tempat pembuangan sampah dan lokasi usaha, sedangkan variabel terikat …

Pengelolaan Sampah Berbasis Masyarakat Di Kampung Rawajati Jakarta Selatan, Catur Puspawati, Besral Besral

Kesmas

Kampung Rawajati di Jakarta yang menerapkan sistem pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat merupakan alternatif upaya mengatasi sampah rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh sistem tersebut terhadap penurunan berat sampah rumah tangga. Dengan desain studi potong lintang, penelitian ini dilakukan pada sampel 175 ibu rumah tangga yang dipilih secara acak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat dapat menurunkan berat sampah sebesar 28,3%. Analisis regresi linier ganda memperlihatkan bahwa kegiatan pengelolaan yang berpengaruh terhadap penurunan berat sampah adalah kegiatan reuse, daur ulang, dan pembuatan kompos (nilai-p < 0,05). Pembuatan kompos merupakan variabel yang berkontribusi terhadap penurunan berat sampah 657,3 gram setelah dikontrol variabel perancu. Penurunan berat sampah ditemukan lebih besar pada rumah tangga yang mendapat pelatihan. Tidak ada perbedaan penurunan berat sampah menurut jumlah anggota keluarga, penghasilan rumah tangga, dan pengetahuan ibu. Disarankan agar Pemerintah DKI Jakarta dapat melakukan replikasi model pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat kepada wilayah lainnya, dengan memberikan pelatihan pengelolaan sampah kepada masyarakat. Kampung Rawajati in Jakarta applies community-based solid waste management system as an alternative way to overcome household waste problem. The objective of the research is to assess the effect of community-based solid waste management on reduction of household waste weight. This study has crosssectional study design and was conducted on 175 housewife as respondent who were selected randomly. The data was collected by interview using structured questionnaire and weighing of household waste. The result shows that the community-based solid waste management can reduce 28.3% of household waste weight (weight before: 1.845 gram/house/day and after: 1.324 gram/house/day). Multiple linear regression analysis shows that variables affecting the reduction of solid waste including re-using activity, recycling, and composting (p-value <0.05). Composting represents the biggest effect to reduction (657.26 gram) after controlled by potential confounders. The reduction was higher among household with waste training and number of trained household member. It was found that number of family member, family income, and mother knowledge are not significant. It was recommended to the Government of DKI Jakarta to replicate this community-based waste management system to other regions by providing training facilities on solid waste management.

Plymouth-Carver Sole Source Aquifer: Regional Open Space Plan, Urban Harbors Institute, University Of Massachusetts Boston

Urban Harbors Institute Publications

The second largest sole source aquifer in Massachusetts, the Plymouth-Carver Sole Source Aquifer (the Aquifer) covers 140 square miles underlying the towns of Plymouth, Carver, Kingston, Wareham, Plympton, Middleborough, and Bourne. The Aquifer contains over 500 billion gallons of fresh water (USGS 1992), and serves as a critical water resource for residential, commercial, and agricultural uses in the area. Though its resources are vast, they are not unlimited, nor are they unaffected by contamination.

On August 7, 1990, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released a notice announcing that the Plymouth-Carver Aquifer satisfies all criteria for designation as a sole source …

The Guacamole Fund Presents...

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Special Bonnie Raitt Benefit Tickets

Lingkungan Rumah Dan Kejadian Difteri Di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Dan Kabupaten Garut, Basuki Kartono

Kesmas

Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) difteri yang terjadi di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya (55 kasus dan 15 meninggal) dan Kabupaten Garut (17 kasus dan 2 meningal, CFR = 11,76%, AR = 1,5%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan rumah dengan kejadian difteri pada Kejadian Luar Biasa difteri tersebut. Penelitian dengan desain kasus kontrol dengan kasus adalah anak usia 1 – 15 tahun penderita atau karier difteri berdasarkan hasil diagnosis klinis dan pemeriksaan laboratorium. Kontrol adalah anak usia 1 – 15 tahun yang bukan penderita atau karier. Pengumpulan data dilakukan wawancara terstruktur pada ibu anak pada kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol dengan menggunakan …

Kontaminasi Air Dan Infeksi Amuba Asimptomatik Pada Anak Usia Sekolah Di Kampung Melayu Jakarta Timur, Hera Agustina

Kesmas

Di kelurahan Kampung Melayu, penyakit infeksi amuba menempati urutan 9 dari 10 besar penyakit di wilayah tersebut. Diduga di sana banyak terdapat kasus infeksi amuba asimptomatik yang dapat menular ke orang lain akibat kondisi sanitasi lingkungan dan higiene yang buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara kontaminasi air oleh E.histolytica dengan kejadian infeksi amuba asimptomatik pada anak usia sekolah. Penelitian dengan desain penelitian case control ini dilakukan terhadap 46 kasus dan 46 kontrol. Data dikumpulkan melalui pemeriksaan laboratorium, wawancara dan observasi. Analisa data dengan metode distribusi frekuensi, uji chi square dan regresi logistik. Prevalensi kejadian infeksi amuba asimptomatik dengan …

Nuclear Energy, Steve Kraft

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Abstract:

-Why Nuclear Energy?

-The lesson of the last 20 years in U.S. electricity policy:

– Diversified fuel and technology portfolio is essential

– All fuels and technologies (nuclear, coal, natural gas, renewables, efficiency) have a legitimate role

-The challenge for the future:

– Preserving/restoring diversified portfolio

– Ensuring resource adequacy, particularly in competitive markets

-Expanded use of nuclear energy is part of the answer

– Integrated used fuel management supports nuclear competitiveness

Nrc’S Decision Process: Judging The Safety Of A Proposed Repository, Janet Kotra

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Abstract:

-Provide an overview of the role of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) at Yucca Mountain

-Describe the process NRC will use to decide whether or not to authorize construction of a repository at Yucca Mountain

-Explain options and highlight important milestones that apply to Tribes as potential participants in NRC’s process

Native American Forum On Nuclear Issues Meet And Greet, Slideshow, And Attendance List

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Slideshow, 58 PowerPoint slides & Attendance list

Tribes And Yucca Mountain: Native American Forum On Nuclear Issues, Fred Dilger

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Abstract:

-Yucca Mountain: Extensive history of social-cultural studies

-No interaction on transportation

-Unsuccessful effort began in 1993 and ended in 1995

-DOE tribal policy was a very good start

-Restarted again in 2004-DOE invites tribes to TEC meeting

-Shape future interaction between DOE and other Tribes

-Tribes identify themselves as affected by DOE differently than DOE defines affected tribes

Yucca Mountain- Could The End Be Near?, Steve Frishman

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Presentation & Biography

Nuclear Risk Management For Native Communities, Ian Zabarte

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Abstract:

-NCAC The Native Community Action Council (NCAC) is a grassroots organization of Western Shoshone and Southern Paiute peoples.

-A common need to address the adverse human health impacts known to be plausible from exposure to ionizing radiation.

Fighting Nuclear Waste At Skull Valley, Margene Bullcreek

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Abstract:

-Reasons We Oppose Nuclear Waste

-Sovereignty

-Traditional values must be protected

-Protect sacredness of our culture, plants,

animals, air, and water

-Affects on community health

-Protect reservation and homeland

-To protect the air and water

-To protect future generations

-Environmental Justice

Native American Forum On Nuclear Issues Agenda

Native American Forum on Nuclear Issues

Conference agenda

Sponsored by: UNLV Department of Environmental Studies, UNLV Libraries, UNLV Department of History, UNLV Department of Sociology and the Native Community Action Council

Dampak Penggunaan Briket Batubara Dibandingkan Dengan Bahan Bakar Lain Terhadap Keluhan Pernafasan Kronik Pekerja Di Ukm, Johan Mardansyah

Kesmas

Pemerintah Indonesia berencana meningkatkan penggunaan batubara sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Untuk itu, diperlukan studi mengenai dampak kesehatan akibat pengguna briket batubara. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pajanan di udara tempat kerja dengan keluhan pernafasan kronik pekerja pengguna kompor briket batubara di UKM. Penelitian dengan disain Kohort Retrospektifl ini dilakukan terhadap data primer hasil wawancara dan pemeriksaan fisik pekerja serta hasil pengukuran pajanan di udara tempat kerja. Pajanan yang diukur meliputi debu total, NO2, SO2, Benzen, Cd dan Mn. Sampel terdiri dari 61 responden pada kelompok yang terpajan briket batubata dan 61 responden pada kelompok pembanding yang terpajan bahan bakar …

Developing An International Competence-Based Curriculum For Environmental Health, R. Steven Konkel, Maurice Brennan, Tony Lewis

Environmental Health Science Faculty and Staff Research

In 1998, the International Federation of Environmental Health (IEFH) commissioned the International Faculty Forum (IFF) of environmental health educators to develop an international curriculum for environmental health. In commissioning such a curriculum, IFEH implicitly recognised and sought to address the ongoing issues of professional identity, status and the transportability of qualifications for Environmental Health Practitioners (EHPs). A draft model for an international curriculum based on competence was proposed by Brennan, Konkel and Lewis and developed and supported by IFF members when they met in May 2008 in Brisbane, Australia. Development of the model and its underpinning concepts of 'environmental healthiness' …

Factors That Influence The Distribution Of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria In The Mud River, Wv, Timothy Shaun Dotson

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Background: Prior studies of the Ohio and Mud Rivers have shown that fecal contamination alone does not explain the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in surface waters. The objectives of this study were to determine effects on the distribution of ARB in the Mud.

Methods: Water samples and physical parameters were collected twice per season in spring through fall at 12 sites on the Mud River. Aliquots were plated on R2A agar and R2A agar plus individual antibiotics for the enumeration of total cultivable bacteria, and cultivable bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin, virginiamycin, or tetracycline respectively. The IDEXX Quanti-Tray/2000™ method …

Urban Containment Policies And Physical Activity A Time–Series Analysis Of Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2002, Semra Aytur, Daniel A. Rodriguez, Kelly R. Evenson, Diane J. Catellier

Health Management & Policy

Background: Urban containment policies attempt to manage the location, character, and timing of growth to support a variety of goals such as compact development, preservation of greenspace, and efficient use of infrastructure. Despite prior research evaluating the effects of urban containment policies on land use, housing, and transportation outcomes, the public health implications of these policies remain unexplored. This ecologic study examines relationships among urban containment policies, state adoption of growthmanagement legislation, and population levels of leisure and transportation-related physical activity in 63 large metropolitan statistical areas from 1990 to 2002. Methods: Multiple data sources were combined, including surveys of …

Listening To The Stars: The Constellation Model Of Collaborative Social Change, Tonya Surman, Mark Surman

Social Space

There has been much talk about social sector partnerships and networks. Tonya Surman and Mark Surman explain how the ‘constellation model’, developed for the Canadian Partnership for Children’s Health and the Environment, offers an innovative approach to organising such collaborative efforts.

Parasite Pathoecology Of Salmon Pueblo And Other Chacoan Great Houses: The Healthiest And Wormiest Ancestral Puebloans, Karl Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

Two fields of paleopathological investigation originated in the Southwest. Archaeoparasitology is the study of ancient parasite infection (Reinhard 1990, 1992b). It includes comparisons between time periods of single societies as well as comparisons of parasitism between different, contemporaneous cultures. For example, Fry (1980) compared Fremont and Anasazi parasitism, and also Archaic hunter-gatherer and ancestral Pueblo parasitism. All of these studies fall into the definition of archaeoparasitology.

By contrast, pathoecology is the reconstruction of relationships among behavior, environment, and disease organisms in the development of illness (Martinson et al. 2003; ReinhardandBuikstra2003; Reinhardet al. 2003; Santoro et al. 2003).1his field developed from …

Pathoecology And The Future Of Coprolite Studies In Bioarchaeology, Karl J. Reinhard, Vaughn M. Bryant Jr.

Karl Reinhard Publications

Human coprolites currently provide an expanding array of information about the diet, health, and ecology of prehistoric people in the Southwest, but for many years coprolites were not recognized or preserved, or they were not considered important and thus were not saved (Bryant and Dean 2006). With the expansion of archaeological field work during the last half of the twentieth century archaeologists have increasingly explored the "complete" potentials of sites, including the collection and analysis of geomorphologic, botanical, and faunal data. In some ideal habitats (e.g., very dry or frozen) this includes exploring the scientific potential of human coprolite studies. …

A Child And His Fate: Tuberculosis, Perimortem Trauma And Mummification, Sheila M. M.De Souza, Karl J. Reinhard, Bernardo Tessarollo, Jose Fernando Cardona Zannier, Adauto Araujo

Karl Reinhard Publications

A male child, sitting, 7 years, circumferential deformation, skin marked by coiled fibers, nostril plugs, consistent with Aymara practices was CT scanned. Puppae in the skin suggest exposition of the body previous to the funeral. Dark brown color at the skin suggest blood perfusion. A broken area at the right frontal with the skin partially inside is suggestive of perimorten trauma. There were no bone debris inside the skull and the CT images show two confluent fractures defined by radiating lines extending beyond the missing bone surface. The right eyeball is projected out, the tongue is outside the mouth, the …

Enterobius Vermicularis Ancient Dna In Pre-Columbian Human Populations, Alena Mayo Iniguez, Karl J. Reinhard, Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Adauto Araujo, Ana Carolina, Paulo Vincente

Karl Reinhard Publications

In prehistoric populations the paleoparasitological findings show an Enterobius vennicularis homogeneous distribution among North American hunter-gatherers intensified with the advent of agriculture. The same occurred in the transition from nomad hunter-gatherers to sedentary farmers in South America, although E. vermicularis infection encompasses only the ancient Andean peoples. Since molecular techniques are sensitive in detecting ancient DNA (aDNA), in this work we have performed a molecular paleoparasitological study of E. vermicularis. aDNA was recovered from North and South American coprolites (4110 BC-AD 900). Human (cox 2 and HVR) and pinworm (5S rRNA spacer) sequences were determined. The sequence analysis confirmed E. …

Cranial Deformation As The Cause Of Death For A Child From The Chillon River Valley, Peru, Shelia M.F. Medoncade Souza, Karl J. Reinhard, Andrea Lessa

Karl Reinhard Publications

Two small mummy bundles, found in a tomb at the Chillon River Valley, Lima Plains, Peru exist in the collections of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They were donated to the collections at the beginning of the 20th century. A multidisciplinary team is now curating and studying them. CT scans confirmed both skeletons were of individuals less than one year old at death. One of the bundles is intact and will be preserved and displayed. The other one was partly decomposed and the authors received permission to unwrap it to analyze the bones in details. Mites and pollen …

Pathoecology Of Two Ancestral Pueblo Villages, Karl Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

Pathoecology is the study of the biotic, abiotic, and cultural environments of disease (Martinson et al. 2003). A parasitic infection is the result of the pathoecological interaction of host behavior, parasite life cycle, the environment in which both life forms live, the nutritional status of the host, and host physiological responses to all of these factors. Parasites contribute to anemia in many ways. Some, such as hookworm, actually consume blood and cause iron loss through their activities. For other parasites, symptoms such as profuse diarrhea reduce intestinal absorption of nutrients. Others, such as certain fish tapeworms, actually compete for absorption …

Paleoparasitology: Perspectives With New Techniques, Adauto Araújo, Karl Reinhard, Otilio M. Bastos, Ligia C. Costa, Claude Pirmez, Alena Iñighez, Ana Carolina Vicente, Carlos M. Morel, Luiz Fernando Ferreira

Karl Reinhard Publications

Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites found in archaeological material. The development of this field of research began with histological identification of helminth eggs in mummy tissues, analysis of coprolites, and recently through molecular biology. An approach to the history of paleoparasitology is reviewed in this paper, with special reference to the studies of ancient DNA identified in archaeological material.

Paleoparasitologia: perspectivas com novas técnicas
Paleoparasitologia é o estudo de parasitos encontrados em material arqueológico. O desenvolvimento deste campo da pesquisa teve início com a identificação de ovos de helmintos em tecidos mumificados, análise de coprólitos e, recentemente, através da …