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Family Planning

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Full-Text Articles in Public Health

Population Weights In The International Order, Geoffrey Mcnicoll Jan 1999

Population Weights In The International Order, Geoffrey Mcnicoll

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Population relativities play little part in the international system. A nation’s economic and military power is influenced by population size, but as one factor among many. Formal relations among states exclude population from consideration by the principle of sovereign equality. Three sources of possible change in this situation are explored, in which states would be “population-weighted” to a greater degree than before. Convergence of productivity levels around the world, expected by many, would bring the economic and population rankings of states more into line. Such convergence is occurring, but selectively and for the most part quite slowly. Anticipation of its …

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Fertility Preferences And Contraceptive Change In Developing Countries, Bamikale J. Feyisetan, John B. Casterline Jan 1999

Fertility Preferences And Contraceptive Change In Developing Countries, Bamikale J. Feyisetan, John B. Casterline

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Fertility has declined substantially in developing countries in the period since 1960, primarily as the result of increases in contraceptive prevalence. Little dispute is found on this point, but considerable debate has arisen about the causes of the increase in contraceptive prevalence. One unresolved issue is the causal contribution of changes in fertility desires. The sources of increase in contraceptive prevalence are analyzed in 22 countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa in the period from the 1970s to the 1990s, using World Fertility Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys data. Through regression decomposition, change in prevalence is attributed to …

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Measuring Living Standards With Proxy Variables, Mark R. Montgomery, Michele Gragnolati, Kathleen A. Burke, Edmundo Paredes Jan 1999

Measuring Living Standards With Proxy Variables, Mark R. Montgomery, Michele Gragnolati, Kathleen A. Burke, Edmundo Paredes

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Very few demographic surveys in developing countries gather information on household income or consumption expenditure, despite the theoretical importance of these measures. Consequently, researchers have been forced to rely on ad hoc collections of proxy measures for living standards, and the properties of these proxies have not been systematically analyzed. In this research, we ask what hypotheses can be tested using proxy variables, and evaluate the performance of proxy measures in relation to consumption expenditures per adult, our preferred measure of living standards. We find that the proxy variables commonly employed in demographic research are very weak predictors of consumption …

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Zimbabwe: Los Métodos De Detección De Itr En Mujeres No Son Cost-Efectivos, Population Council Jan 1999

Zimbabwe: Los Métodos De Detección De Itr En Mujeres No Son Cost-Efectivos, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Las infecciones del tracto reproductivo (ITR) son frecuentes en Zimbabwe. Muchas de estas infecciones aumentan el riesgo de contraer el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). En 1998, el Consejo Nacional de Planificación Familiar de Zimbabwe (en inglés, ZNFPC) realizó un estudio de IO para evaluar la viabilidad de integrar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de ITR en su oferta de servicios. La población estudiada estaba constituida por 1,634 clientas de tres clínicas de ZNFPC. Se preguntó a las usuarias si presentaban dolor en la región abdominal inferior, flujo vaginal y otros síntomas de ITR; asimismo, se les examinó para detectar la …

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Lessons From Community-Based Distribution Of Family Planning In Africa, James F. Phillips, Wendy L. Greene, Elizabeth F. Jackson Jan 1999

Lessons From Community-Based Distribution Of Family Planning In Africa, James F. Phillips, Wendy L. Greene, Elizabeth F. Jackson

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper reviews findings and experiences from efforts to implement community-based family planning services in sub-Saharan Africa. Although research suggests that community-based service delivery can contribute to contraceptive use, the magnitude of impact is often in doubt or is considerably less than was observed in similar projects in Asia in the 1970s and 1980s. Reasons for the constrained impact of community-based family planning in Africa are reviewed and assumptions about the efficacy and mechanism of community-based distribution (CBD) are discussed. Whereas several contrasting approaches to CBD have been tried, little is known about the relative merits of alternative CBD approaches.

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Review Of The Policy Process In Bangladesh Following Icpd, Nancy J. Piet-Pelon, Ubaidur Rob, Syeda Nahid Mukith Chowdhury, Abul Barkat, Sushil Ranjan Howlader, Sharif M.I. Hossain, Ismat Bhuiya, Siraj-Us- Saleheen Jan 1999

Review Of The Policy Process In Bangladesh Following Icpd, Nancy J. Piet-Pelon, Ubaidur Rob, Syeda Nahid Mukith Chowdhury, Abul Barkat, Sushil Ranjan Howlader, Sharif M.I. Hossain, Ismat Bhuiya, Siraj-Us- Saleheen

Reproductive Health

The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994 was the culmination of months of national and international discussions. The issues had been crafted into a Program of Action, which represented a potential shift in thinking. Delegates left the conference espousing a new paradigm and a broad definition of what people, especially women, should expect from their national health services. Governments were encouraged to recognize that the improved health status of women could only be achieved by a life-cycle approach and that health depended not only on good family planning information and services but on women’s empowerment …

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The Cost Of Health Services At The Facilities Level Of The Nakuru Municipal Council, Nakuru, Kenya, Andrew Thompson, Barbara Janowitz, Julie Solo Jan 1999

The Cost Of Health Services At The Facilities Level Of The Nakuru Municipal Council, Nakuru, Kenya, Andrew Thompson, Barbara Janowitz, Julie Solo

Reproductive Health

The Nakuru Municipal Council (NMC), in Kenya, is concerned with the financial sustainability of its services and is considering increasing prices. The Council is currently charging for services but these fees are not based on the cost of providing services. Before changing its prices, the NMC wanted information on its costs because another strategy to improve financial sustainability is to decrease the costs of producing various services. Information on current costs of services can also help the NMC to determine ways to reduce these costs. The NMC, in collaboration with the Africa OR/TA II project and Family Health International, conducted …

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Assessing The Potential Demand For And Effectiveness Of Integrating Sti/Hiv Management Services With Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council's Clinic-Based Family Planning Services, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Sithokozille Simba, Ahmed Latif Jan 1999

Assessing The Potential Demand For And Effectiveness Of Integrating Sti/Hiv Management Services With Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council's Clinic-Based Family Planning Services, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Sithokozille Simba, Ahmed Latif

Reproductive Health

HIV/AIDS is a threat to individual lives and the national economies of many sub-Saharan African countries, despite efforts to contain its spread. The region also suffers from high levels of other reproductive tract infections (RTIs), some of which increase the risk of sexual transmission of HIV. The control of RTIs is therefore seen not only as an important reproductive health care strategy, but as a key strategy in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Most national health care programs in the region are actively seeking cost-effective ways of implementing an RTI management program that would reduce and prevent RTIs and HIV. …

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The Costs Of Integrating Reproductive Health Services: An Example Using Syndromic Management Of Stis In Family Planning Clinics In Zimbabwe, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Barbara Janowitz, Laura Johnson, Andrew Thompson, Caroline West Jan 1999

The Costs Of Integrating Reproductive Health Services: An Example Using Syndromic Management Of Stis In Family Planning Clinics In Zimbabwe, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Barbara Janowitz, Laura Johnson, Andrew Thompson, Caroline West

Reproductive Health

Estimates from the United Nations Population Fund indicate that the costs of family planning (FP) and other reproductive health (RH) services are increasing and that it will be difficult for donors and countries to meet these costs. Many institutions delivering RH services operate significantly below their physical capacity to see clients, and much of the equipment required for expanding RH services may already be available for use. The marginal costs of adding infrastructure could be low. Many institutions have staff that are not fully occupied, and thus the staff necessary to expand RH services may also be in place. In …

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Testing Strategies To Improve Access To Emergency Contraception Pills: Prescription Vs. Prophylactic Distribution, John P. Skibiak, Yusuf Ahmed, M. Ketata Jan 1999

Testing Strategies To Improve Access To Emergency Contraception Pills: Prescription Vs. Prophylactic Distribution, John P. Skibiak, Yusuf Ahmed, M. Ketata

Reproductive Health

This report is the second in a series of research summaries produced in connection with the operations research project “Enhancing Access to Family Planning Services through the Introduction of Emergency Contraception.” Launched in September 1997, the project explores the many issues surrounding the introduction and delivery of emergency contraception services in a developing country context. The study described in this report compares two different approaches to overcoming barriers that prevent women from accessing emergency contraception during the 72-hour period when the first dosage of emergency contraception pills (ECPs) must be taken. In one approach, new family planning (FP) acceptors were …

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Zimbabwe: Rti Screening Methods For Women Are Not Cost-Effective, Population Council Jan 1999

Zimbabwe: Rti Screening Methods For Women Are Not Cost-Effective, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are common in Zimbabwe. Many RTIs increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In 1998, the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC) conducted an operations research study to assess the feasibility of adding RTI diagnosis and treatment to its menu of services. The study population consisted of 1,634 clients at three ZNFPC clinics. Each client was asked about lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and other RTI symptoms; examined for clinical signs of RTIs; and given laboratory tests to confirm the accuracy of diagnosis based upon symptoms and signs. Findings detailed in this brief were …

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Zimbabwe: Les Méthodes De Dépistage Des Iar Chez Les Femmes Sont Chères Et Inefficaces, Population Council Jan 1999

Zimbabwe: Les Méthodes De Dépistage Des Iar Chez Les Femmes Sont Chères Et Inefficaces, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Les Infections de l’Appareil Reproductif (IAR) sont courantes au Zimbabwe. Beaucoup d’IAR augmentent le risque d’infection au Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine. En 1998, le Conseil National de Planification Familiale du Zimbabwe (ZNFPC) a entrepris une recherche opérationnelle afin d’évaluer la faisabilité de l’intégration du diagnostic des IAR et des services de traitement dans son menu de services. La population étudiée consistait en 1634 clientes de trois cliniques du ZNFPC. Chaque cliente a été interrogée sur les douleurs au bas ventre, les pertes vaginales et autres symptômes d’IAR. Elles ont ensuite été examinées pour des signes cliniques d’IAR, et ont subi …

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Quality Of Care And Utilisation Of Mch And Fp Services At Kenyan Health Facilities, Lewis Ndhlovu Jan 1999

Quality Of Care And Utilisation Of Mch And Fp Services At Kenyan Health Facilities, Lewis Ndhlovu

Reproductive Health

Quality of services is playing an increasingly important role in many family planning (FP) programs. In 1995, a national Situation Analysis Study of 254 health facilities was conducted in Kenya to assess the status and quality of FP services in the country. An in-depth survey of a subsample of 28 health facilities was conducted the following year. From these facilities, 1,834 women were interviewed about their experiences with services at facilities when they sought antenatal, child health, and FP services. The goal of the survey was to examine the links between quality of care in FP services and contraceptive behavior. …

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Strengthening Reproductive Health Services In Africa Through Operations Research, Population Council Jan 1999

Strengthening Reproductive Health Services In Africa Through Operations Research, Population Council

Reproductive Health

The health status of women, men, and children in sub-Saharan Africa remains the poorest in the world. Moreover, virtually every country in the region is suffering mediocre economic growth or economic decline, thereby reducing the ability of their health care systems to respond adequately, and increasing dependence on external donor assistance. In terms of reproductive health (RH), the region is faced with high levels of unwanted fertility; high levels of maternal, child, and infant morbidity and mortality; and an almost exponential growth in HIV prevalence. Access to and quality of RH services remains poor in most countries, thereby maintaining unmet …

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Reproductive Decisionmaking In The Context Of Hiv/Aids In Ndola, Zambia, Naomi Rutenberg, Ann E. Biddlecom, Frederick A.D. Kaona Jan 1999

Reproductive Decisionmaking In The Context Of Hiv/Aids In Ndola, Zambia, Naomi Rutenberg, Ann E. Biddlecom, Frederick A.D. Kaona

Reproductive Health

Family planning (FP) programs are increasingly being considered as a logical focal point for STD and HIV/AIDS prevention services because they serve large numbers of women at risk, address the sensitive issue of sexual behavior and fertility control, and the methods for preventing unwanted pregnancy and disease can be the same. FP programs, by providing contraceptive methods, are currently one of the few sources of assistance in the sub-Saharan African region for preventing perinatal transmission of HIV, while the promotion of barrier methods contributes to the prevention of heterosexual transmission. Given this potential, research is needed to understand how the …

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Strengthening The Evaluation And Research Unit Of The Zimbabwe Family Planning Council (1995–1998), Lewis Ndhlovu, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda Jan 1999

Strengthening The Evaluation And Research Unit Of The Zimbabwe Family Planning Council (1995–1998), Lewis Ndhlovu, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda

Reproductive Health

The Evaluation and Research Unit (ERU) plays a crucial role in supporting the research activities of the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC). Research activities are conducted in addition to analysis of service statistics and compilation of quarterly and annual reports. With a staff capacity of five and inadequate research skills existing in other units, the ERU finds it difficult to manage and monitor the diverse activities of the organization. To address these problems, a buy-in was signed between the Zimbabwe Government and USAID in May 1995. The objectives were to assist the ZNFPC in conducting operations research studies and …

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Demand For And Cost-Effectiveness Of Integrating Rti/Hiv Services With Clinic-Based Family Planning Services In Zimbabwe, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Sithokozille Simba, Hazel M.B. Dube, Rick Homan, Barbara Janowitz, Ahmed Latif, Peter R. Mason Jan 1999

Demand For And Cost-Effectiveness Of Integrating Rti/Hiv Services With Clinic-Based Family Planning Services In Zimbabwe, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Sithokozille Simba, Hazel M.B. Dube, Rick Homan, Barbara Janowitz, Ahmed Latif, Peter R. Mason

Reproductive Health

The current spread of HIV/AIDS poses a major threat to individual lives and national economies in many sub-Saharan African countries. The region also has some of the highest levels of other reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in the world. Some of these RTIs increase the risk of sexual transmission of HIV infection. Thus, the control of RTIs is seen not only as an important reproductive health care strategy to alleviate symptoms of infection and long-term gynecological, obstetric, and neonatal complications, but also as a key strategy in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS. As a result, all national health care programs in …

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Improving Quality Of Care In India's Family Welfare Programme: The Challenge Ahead, Michael A. Koenig, M.E. Khan Jan 1999

Improving Quality Of Care In India's Family Welfare Programme: The Challenge Ahead, Michael A. Koenig, M.E. Khan

Reproductive Health

This book on family planning in India includes detailed empirical data and analysis of the various dimensions of quality of care in different regions of the country. Focus areas include: women’s perceptions of the care they receive; observations of provider-client interactions; barriers to quality of service delivery; existing interregional variations; contraceptive choice and interpersonal relations; technical quality of care; and the effect of the target system on the work style of outreach staff. All elements of the quality-of-care framework elaborated by Judith Bruce are well documented and their relationships to broader program constraints are clearly identified. The overall impression one …

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Investigación Operativa En Planificación Familiar: Lecturas Selectas, James R. Foreit, Tomas Frejka Jan 1999

Investigación Operativa En Planificación Familiar: Lecturas Selectas, James R. Foreit, Tomas Frejka

Reproductive Health

Desde que existen los programas de planificación familiar existe la investigación sobre este tema. En el nivel teórico, los investigadores examinan el efecto de la fertilidad sobre la salud y el desarrollo socioeconómico y estudian los determinantes de la fecundidad para los individuos y la poblaciones. En el nivel de las políticas, los estudios exploran el papel que juegan los programas de planificación familiar en la modificación de la fecundidad y la salud. El desarrollo de nuevos anticonceptivos se acompaña de pruebas clínicas y pre-introductorias en el contexto de los programas. Se llevan a cabo encuestas para medir los cambios …

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L'Approche De L'Analyse Situationnelle Pour L'Évaluation Des Services De Planification Familiale Et De Santé De La Reproduction: Manuel De Recherche, Robert A. Miller, Andrew A. Fisher, Kate Miller, Lewis Ndhlovu, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Diouratie Sanogo, Placide Tapsoba Jan 1999

L'Approche De L'Analyse Situationnelle Pour L'Évaluation Des Services De Planification Familiale Et De Santé De La Reproduction: Manuel De Recherche, Robert A. Miller, Andrew A. Fisher, Kate Miller, Lewis Ndhlovu, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Diouratie Sanogo, Placide Tapsoba

Reproductive Health

Une bonne prestation de services de planification familiale mettant l'accent à la fois sur l'accès et la qualité est la clé des objectifs interdépendants de satisfaction des besoins individuels et la réalisation du succès programmatique. L'analyse de situation (AS) fournit un lien nécessaire entre le responsable de programme et la cliente qu'il essaie de servir. Les données recueillies par l’AS offrent une image représentative du fonctionnement des composantes et permettent de «voir» l'expérience de la cliente. Les analyses situationnelles aident le responsable de programme à atteindre le plus grand but en termes de gestion—celui d’une administration efficace d'un service de …

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Peru: Providers' Compliance With Quality Of Care Norms, Federico R. Leon Jan 1999

Peru: Providers' Compliance With Quality Of Care Norms, Federico R. Leon

Reproductive Health

Peru's Ministry of Health (MOH) introduced changes in its family planning service delivery strategy and set quality-of-care goals purported to ensure informed choice of methods and respect for the users’ reproductive intentions and rights. This study was designed to assess the extent to which providers comply with the guidelines in their daily routine. The study found that among the strongest elements of care are interpersonal relationships and free choice of methods. However, shortcomings were observed in screening for contraindications and information given to the client. The report includes a number of recommendations, including offering providers IEC materials, training, and supervision …

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Comparing Alternative Products In The Provision Of Emergency Contraception, John P. Skibiak, Yusuf Ahmed, M. Ketata Jan 1999

Comparing Alternative Products In The Provision Of Emergency Contraception, John P. Skibiak, Yusuf Ahmed, M. Ketata

Reproductive Health

This report is the third in a series of summaries produced in connection with the operations research project “Enhancing Access to Family Planning Services through the Introduction of Emergency Contraception.” Launched in September 1997, the project explores the many issues surrounding the introduction and delivery of emergency contraception services in a developing country context. The study compares the introduction of two different emergency contraception pills—the combined oral contraceptive PC-4, introduced in Zambia in 1997, and the progestin-only contraceptive Postinor-2, introduced by this study in the following year. Client histories showed only minor differences in the attitudes of emergency contraception users …

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Manuel De Recherche Opérationnelle En Matière De Planification Familiale, Andrew A. Fisher, John E. Laing, John E. Stoeckel, John Townsend Jan 1998

Manuel De Recherche Opérationnelle En Matière De Planification Familiale, Andrew A. Fisher, John E. Laing, John E. Stoeckel, John Townsend

Reproductive Health

Le Manuel de recherche opérationnelle en matière de planification familiale, publié pour la première fois en anglais par le Population Council en 1984, se basait sur des projets de recherche en Asie. Cette seconde édition contient des sections révisées et développées. Le cas échéant, des exemples d'Amérique latine et d'Afrique ont été ajoutés. Le chapitre d'introduction comprend une exposé actualisé sur le processus de la recherche opérationnelle (RO) en matière de santé et planification familiale. De nouveaux chapitres concernent le choix du type d’intervention à tester dans une étude RO ainsi que les principaux éléments constituant un programme d'intervention. Le …

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Integrating Sti/Hiv Services Into Existing Mch/Fp Programs, Baker Ndugga, Ian Askew Jan 1998

Integrating Sti/Hiv Services Into Existing Mch/Fp Programs, Baker Ndugga, Ian Askew

Reproductive Health

The presence of certain STIs increases the risk of the sexual transmission of HIV. Thus, controlling STIs can reduce the incidence of HIV. Almost all women in the East and Southern African regions attend MCH/FP clinics regularly, and recent surveys have shown that the prevalence levels of many STIs, including HIV, can be high for women seeking FP and antenatal services, even though they are frequently asymptomatic. MCH/FP services are provided by medically trained staff with many of the same skills needed for managing STIs. Consequently, several MCH/FP programs have started looking for ways to integrate STI management strategies, such …

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Reproductive Health Operations Research, 1995–1998, James R. Foreit, Federico R. Leon, Ricardo Vernon, Timothy D.N. King, Deborah L. Billings, A.B Friedman, Janie Benson Jan 1998

Reproductive Health Operations Research, 1995–1998, James R. Foreit, Federico R. Leon, Ricardo Vernon, Timothy D.N. King, Deborah L. Billings, A.B Friedman, Janie Benson

Reproductive Health

This book presents in-depth reports on promising new interventions that have been developed and important programmatic changes that have been achieved by operations research in Latin America between 1995 and 1998. The INOPAL III project has made advances in five areas including access and quality of services, integration of family planning and other reproductive health services, financial sustainability, post-abortion care, and emergency contraception. Each of these topics are represented by at least three studies conducted in two or more countries. The operations research projects discussed under each topic are not replications of a single study. They use different research designs …

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An Assessment Of The Zimbabwe Family Planning Programme: Results From The 1996 Situation Analysis Study, Lewis Ndhlovu, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda Jan 1998

An Assessment Of The Zimbabwe Family Planning Programme: Results From The 1996 Situation Analysis Study, Lewis Ndhlovu, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda

Reproductive Health

Within the past ten years, the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC) has conducted two major studies for assessing the availability and quality of reproductive health services. The two studies, generally referred to as Situation Analysis studies, were conducted in 1991 and 1996. The 1996 survey collected data from 192 health facilities spread throughout Zimbabwe. During this exercise, an inventory of physical facilities, equipment, and educational materials was taken. In addition, 758 provider–client interactions of new and revisit clients were observed. Exit interviews were conducted with service providers, and with family planning and maternal and child health clients. In this …

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Introduction Du Traitement Médical D'Urgence Ainsi Que Les Services Et Conseils Ultérieurs En Planification Familiale Pour Les Femmes Qui Souffrent De Complications Suite À Un Avortement Au Burkina Faso, Population Council, Jpiego Jan 1998

Introduction Du Traitement Médical D'Urgence Ainsi Que Les Services Et Conseils Ultérieurs En Planification Familiale Pour Les Femmes Qui Souffrent De Complications Suite À Un Avortement Au Burkina Faso, Population Council, Jpiego

Reproductive Health

Cette étude de recherche opérationnelle a examiné la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité de la mise en place de services de soins après avortement (SAA) pour améliorer les soins cliniques et le suivi des patientes post-avortement dans deux sites pilotes au Burkina Faso. Une étude pré-test / post-test, sans groupe témoin, a été utilisée pour mesurer les effets d'une intervention qui a amélioré les compétences de communication clinique et interpersonnelle des médecins et des sages-femmes pour les soins aux patientes après avortement, y compris le conseil et la planification familiale. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que l'introduction d'une approche plus globale …

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Women's Lives And Rapid Fertility Decline: Some Lessons From Bangladesh And Egypt, Sajeda Amin, Cynthia B. Lloyd Jan 1998

Women's Lives And Rapid Fertility Decline: Some Lessons From Bangladesh And Egypt, Sajeda Amin, Cynthia B. Lloyd

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In some of the more traditional parts of the world, fertility is falling steadily, sometimes rapidly, in environments where women’s lives remain severely constrained. The recent experiences of Bangladesh and Egypt, both predominantly Muslim countries, are illustrative in this regard. Since the late 1970s, rural and urban areas in both countries have experienced steady declines in fertility, with recent declines in rural Bangladesh similar to those in rural Egypt, despite lower levels of development and higher rates of poverty. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the demographic transition in these two societies as seen through the dual lens of …

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Fertility And Reproductive Preferences In Post-Transitional Societies, John Bongaarts Jan 1998

Fertility And Reproductive Preferences In Post-Transitional Societies, John Bongaarts

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Conventional theories have little to say about the level at which fertility will stabilize at the end of the transition although it is often assumed that replacement fertility of about 2.1 births per woman will prevail in the long run. However, fertility has dropped below the replacement level in virtually every population that has moved through the demographic transition. If future fertility remains at these low levels populations will decline in size and age rapidly.This paper attempts to contribute to the understanding of levels and trends of post-transitional fertility by examining the causes of discrepancies between reproductive preferences and observed …

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The Onset Of Fertility Transition In Pakistan, Zeba Sathar, John B. Casterline Jan 1998

The Onset Of Fertility Transition In Pakistan, Zeba Sathar, John B. Casterline

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Recent trends in fertility and contraceptive prevalence indicate that the marital fertility transition in Pakistan, which has been anticipated for three decades, has begun in the 1990s. Before that decade, the total fertility rate had exceeded 6 births per woman for at least three decades, and fewer than 10 percent of married women practiced contraception. The most recent survey data, collected in 1996- 97, show a total fertility rate of 5.3 births per woman and a contraceptive prevalence rate of 24 percent. Underlying this development are macroeconomic trends that have led to widespread economic distress at the household level, and …

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