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Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

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The Geographic Pattern And Socioecological Factors Of Helicobacter Pylori Infections In The United States, Judith Ann Merryweather Jan 2023

The Geographic Pattern And Socioecological Factors Of Helicobacter Pylori Infections In The United States, Judith Ann Merryweather

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common human pathogens and may play a role in the development of several distinct diseases, which include gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and gastric cancer. Studying geographic territories of the United States may reveal clusters with high rates of H. pylori infection and perhaps the prevalence of gastric cancer; however, geographic mapping of patterns in the United States is scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in H pylori infection patterns in the United States between two different time points (2000–2002 and 2016–2018). The primary hypotheses of this study …

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Effect Of Treatment, Stage Of Lung Cancer, And Socioeconomic Status On Life Expectancy Within Marginalized Communities, Elsadig Ahmed Elsharif Jan 2023

Effect Of Treatment, Stage Of Lung Cancer, And Socioeconomic Status On Life Expectancy Within Marginalized Communities, Elsadig Ahmed Elsharif

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States, and it accounts for 25% of cancer deaths. About 70% of cancer cases are diagnosed during late stages, leading to poor outcomes. An estimated 60% of cancer cases involve underserved and disadvantaged communities. However, there are limited studies had addressed effects of treatment, stage of lung cancer, and socioeconomic status on life expectancy within marginalized communities. Research questions examined effect of treatment, stage of lung cancer, and socioeconomic status on life expectancy of lung cancer patients between 2009 and 2019. This study was grounded in the deductive …

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Traditional Healing And Biomedicine Use In Urban American Indians Living With Diabetes, Elin Elise Kambuga Jan 2023

Traditional Healing And Biomedicine Use In Urban American Indians Living With Diabetes, Elin Elise Kambuga

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this interpretative qualitative study was to describe influences that affect the use of traditional healing and biomedical health services for type 2 diabetes to help health educators develop more culturally competent diabetes education programs for urban American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities in the United States. The theoretical framework used for this study was the social ecological model (SEM). Using the SEM, the research questions were crafted to explore experiences of participants connected to personal, interpersonal, community, institutional, policy, and educational factors that influenced the use of traditional healing and biomedical health services. Urban AI/AN adults living in …

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Educating Providers And Nurses On Human Trafficking, Valerie Smith Jan 2023

Educating Providers And Nurses On Human Trafficking, Valerie Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Human trafficking is a global public health problem. Victims of human trafficking experience higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases, reproductive damage, sexual violence, infertility, and mental and behavioral issues. To help end human trafficking, which is potentially deadly, raising awareness about this topic is essential for victim survival. A gap in practice among staff at a community health center regarding recognition of victims of human trafficking and procedures for potential victims was identified. An education program focused on increasing knowledge and awareness was developed to close this gap. Guided by Watson’s theory of human caring, a 30-minute educational session followed …

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Maternal Folate Status And Risk Factors For Autism Spectrum Disorders, Michael M. Haniff Jan 2023

Maternal Folate Status And Risk Factors For Autism Spectrum Disorders, Michael M. Haniff

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are thought to be influenced by environmental, genetic, and maternal factors, including potential links to periconceptional folic acid. This quantitative case-control study, guided by the life course theory, explored the association of maternal risk factors (age, race, education, income, folate status, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and MTHFR mutation) on the precipitation of ASD in offspring. The sample comprised 96 mothers of children with ASD and 143 mothers of children without ASD. Logistic regression analysis indicated no significant association between maternal folate status and ASD (OR = 1.00, 95% CI [1.000, 0.001], p = .755). Mothers with …

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The Court Experiences Of Survivors Of Interpersonal Violence, Angela Cartwright Jan 2023

The Court Experiences Of Survivors Of Interpersonal Violence, Angela Cartwright

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractInterpersonal violence (IPV) is a complicated public problem that requires collaborative and coordinated strategies in order to address this issue effectively and appropriately. Although the court system has a significant role in their response, IPV is a complex issue for the justice system to address alone. Court system experiences may significantly impact survivors’ outcomes overall health and well-being. There are a limited number of studies showing that survivor experiences in the court have a significant impact on victim outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experiences of female IPV survivors who have encountered IPV, highlighting their …

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Relationship Between Homelessness, Substance Use, Employment, Living On A Reservation And Tuberculosis Among Northern Plains Native Americans, Darla Mccloskey Jan 2023

Relationship Between Homelessness, Substance Use, Employment, Living On A Reservation And Tuberculosis Among Northern Plains Native Americans, Darla Mccloskey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Native Americans in the Northern Plains have a long history of tuberculosis (TB) infections. There is limited research on the causes of latent TB infections (LTBI) and TB in this population. The purpose of this quantitative study was to assess the relationship between latent TB and factors of homelessness, substance use, employment, living on a reservation, and active or latent TB among this population using the eco-social theory as the theoretical framework. Data from 146 TB cases of Native Americans living in the Northern Plains and diagnosed with TB from 1999 to 2019 were analyzed using chi-square tests that showed …

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The Relationship Between Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis And Race, Gender, And Age, Johnny James Mcgrew Jan 2023

The Relationship Between Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis And Race, Gender, And Age, Johnny James Mcgrew

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this quantitative correlational design using secondary data from Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment was to examine the relationship between different types of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), specifically, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, and race, gender, and age in the United States. This study is significant because it could assist medical personnel to focus on more personally-based STI treatments. This study could also lead to a call for more research regarding sexual health programs across the nation, individuals’ willingness to share personal information regarding STIs, and how sexual health programs could increase testing for STIs. The study …

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Pancreatic Cancer: Quantitative Study Investigating The Regional Risk Factors In North Carolina, Holly Marie Myers Jan 2023

Pancreatic Cancer: Quantitative Study Investigating The Regional Risk Factors In North Carolina, Holly Marie Myers

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, killing more than 90% of individuals diagnosed within 5 years. Due to the lack of signs and symptoms, 82% of all pancreatic cancer cases are diagnosed in terminal stages. As such, the most powerful method to reducing the morbidity and mortality of pancreatic cancer is to further investigate the risk factors. According to the theoretical framework of the ecosocial theory, long-term exposure to exposures to unfavorable socioecological and environmental factors serve as a “web of causation” for adverse health outcomes. Using data from the North Carolina Department …

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Food Environment As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Ultra-Processed Food Intake And Mortality In The United States, Brandon Jerod Grandy Jan 2023

Food Environment As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Ultra-Processed Food Intake And Mortality In The United States, Brandon Jerod Grandy

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

According to recent studies, the consumption of ultra-processed food is a major issue that leads to fatal outcomes within the United States, which is relevant because this type of food has become more accessible over the years. Using data from the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), previous researchers found that frequent consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with greater chances of all-cause mortality in U.S. adults, but little research has focused on factors that can impact ultra-processed food consumption, such as food environment. The purpose of this quantitative longitudinal study was to examine the effect of …

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An Association Of The Transgenerational Implications Of Redlining And Obesity On Pediatric Type Ii Diabetes, Carlin Dexter Nelson Jan 2023

An Association Of The Transgenerational Implications Of Redlining And Obesity On Pediatric Type Ii Diabetes, Carlin Dexter Nelson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

s the prevalence and incidence of childhood obesity has increased, so has the number of cases of pediatric Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although made unconstitutional in 1968, the transgenerational implications of redlining can be observed in disinvestments resulting in neighborhood detraction. Utilizing the 2019–2020 National Children’s Health Survey, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between obesity, T2DM, and neighborhood detraction elements as well as assessed indicators of T2DM in non-institutionalized children 6 through17 years of age (N = 34,725). The social determinants of health perspective served as the conceptual framework for the study. Results indicated …

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Neighborhood Factors, Cardiovascular Illness, Mental Health, And Aging In The United States, Brenda Billings Jan 2023

Neighborhood Factors, Cardiovascular Illness, Mental Health, And Aging In The United States, Brenda Billings

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The inability to age in place among people 65 years old and older is a public health problem in the United States. However, it is unknown what neighborhood factors (i.e., trust, safety, shared values) impact the communities that are struggling to support individuals looking to stay in their homes as they age. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between neighborhood factors (i.e., trust, safety, and shared values), cardiovascular illness (i.e., heart attack and stroke), mental health (i.e., depression), and aging in place, controlling for sex, age, marital status, educational level, employment status, and race. …

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The Role Of Parental Military Status And Educational Attainment On Mental Health Service Usage Among Children And Adolescents, Cierra Jones Williams Jan 2023

The Role Of Parental Military Status And Educational Attainment On Mental Health Service Usage Among Children And Adolescents, Cierra Jones Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

A lack of mental health services for children and adolescents has been linked to significant health problems in adulthood. Researchers have investigated factors that influence usage of mental health services among children and adolescence, but significant gaps persist regarding use of mental health service among military-connected youth. This quantitative study was conducted to examine if parental military status and parental education affected the usage of mental health services among children and adolescents ages 3–17 in the United States. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze secondary data from the combined 2019–2020 National Survey of Children’s Health. After adjusting for income, …

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Relationship Between Homelessness, Substance Use, Employment, Living On A Reservation And Tuberculosis Among Northern Plains Native Americans, Darla Mccloskey Jan 2023

Relationship Between Homelessness, Substance Use, Employment, Living On A Reservation And Tuberculosis Among Northern Plains Native Americans, Darla Mccloskey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Native Americans in the Northern Plains have a long history of tuberculosis (TB) infections. There is limited research on the causes of latent TB infections (LTBI) and TB in this population. The purpose of this quantitative study was to assess the relationship between latent TB and factors of homelessness, substance use, employment, living on a reservation, and active or latent TB among this population using the eco-social theory as the theoretical framework. Data from 146 TB cases of Native Americans living in the Northern Plains and diagnosed with TB from 1999 to 2019 were analyzed using chi-square tests that showed …

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African American Baby Boomers’ Lived Experiences In Skilled Nursing Facilities For Post-Acute Care Admissions, Dr. Charles A. Fraiser Jan 2023

African American Baby Boomers’ Lived Experiences In Skilled Nursing Facilities For Post-Acute Care Admissions, Dr. Charles A. Fraiser

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractPrevious studies have examined the quality of elderly healthcare offered in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) among older adults, in general, but the studies have not emphasized ex-periences unique to African America baby boomers and the factors they consider when making SNF-related decisions for post-acute care. The purpose of the study was to exam-ine the lived experiences of African American baby boomers who are currently in or have been treated in SNFs for post-acute care to learn about their decisions to select an SNF. Andersen’s behavioral model of health services served as the conceptual framework. A descriptive phenomenological qualitative design was …

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Nutrient Pollution And Chlorophyll-A As A Precursor To Harmful Algal Blooms And Cyanotoxins In Rehabilitated Machado Lake, California, Michael E. Shiang Jan 2023

Nutrient Pollution And Chlorophyll-A As A Precursor To Harmful Algal Blooms And Cyanotoxins In Rehabilitated Machado Lake, California, Michael E. Shiang

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Algal blooms result in the formation of cyanotoxic conditions in a freshwater lake causing severe detrimental impacts to community and public health. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and ammonia stimulate the growth of phytoplankton biomass and algae, as measured by chlorophyll. This retrospective quantitative research study, grounded in the socioecological model, examined the relationship between nutrient pollutants and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) that forecast harmful algal blooms, a precursor to cyanotoxins. A former impaired lake, Machado Lake in California, provided an ideal setting to assess relationships among nutrient indicators and Chl-a post-lake rehabilitation. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to determine if a relationship …

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Association Between Antidepressant Adherence And Major Depressive Disorder Complications, Philip Lisinge Jan 2023

Association Between Antidepressant Adherence And Major Depressive Disorder Complications, Philip Lisinge

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite evidence that antidepressants are more effective at treating major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms, there is growing evidence that MDD management is still hampered by nonadherence to antidepressant treatment regimens. Researchers have suggested that MDD, if untreated, might lead to MDD-related complications, but other researchers have argued that adherence to antidepressants can lead to these same MDD-related complications. This quantitative cross-sectional study used primary data collected from 298 volunteers to examine the association between MDD-related complications and antidepressant adherence to clarify these diverging opinions. The study’s objective was to provide evidence to accept or reject the premise that antidepressant adherence …

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A Quantitative Study On Molecular Cluster Detection In Virally Suppressed Communities, Mariska Belinda Osborne-Wells Jan 2023

A Quantitative Study On Molecular Cluster Detection In Virally Suppressed Communities, Mariska Belinda Osborne-Wells

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Viral suppression within human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and treatment planning is the gold standard of care for most providers when engaging with their patients. In many settings, the patient has received a positive lab that is indicative of HIV antibodies being detected; this in turn means they need additional medical attention to manage the infection. Upon receiving linkage to care services and attending an initial appointment, an initial genetic sequence is usually completed to assess the patient’s strain of HIV and how antiretroviral medications may antagonize or complement the HIV strain. It is possible that access, bias, and colorism …

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Food Environment As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Ultra-Processed Food Intake And Mortality In The United States, Brandon Jerod Grandy Jan 2023

Food Environment As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Ultra-Processed Food Intake And Mortality In The United States, Brandon Jerod Grandy

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

According to recent studies, the consumption of ultra-processed food is a major issue that leads to fatal outcomes within the United States, which is relevant because this type of food has become more accessible over the years. Using data from the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), previous researchers found that frequent consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with greater chances of all-cause mortality in U.S. adults, but little research has focused on factors that can impact ultra-processed food consumption, such as food environment. The purpose of this quantitative longitudinal study was to examine the effect of …

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Traditional Healing And Biomedicine Use In Urban American Indians Living With Diabetes, Elin Elise Kambuga Jan 2023

Traditional Healing And Biomedicine Use In Urban American Indians Living With Diabetes, Elin Elise Kambuga

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this interpretative qualitative study was to describe influences that affect the use of traditional healing and biomedical health services for type 2 diabetes to help health educators develop more culturally competent diabetes education programs for urban American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities in the United States. The theoretical framework used for this study was the social ecological model (SEM). Using the SEM, the research questions were crafted to explore experiences of participants connected to personal, interpersonal, community, institutional, policy, and educational factors that influenced the use of traditional healing and biomedical health services. Urban AI/AN adults living in …

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The Association Between Working Habits And Hypertension Among First Generation African Immigrants, Olalekan Kilo Jan 2023

The Association Between Working Habits And Hypertension Among First Generation African Immigrants, Olalekan Kilo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Even though hypertension affects people of all races, it is more prevalent among African Americans. However, recent research has revealed that the prevalence of hypertension is progressively increasing across Africa. African immigrants in the United States are the least-studied immigrant group prone to health inequalities when compared to their African American counterparts. To help bridge this gap, a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association between working habits (hours worked, diet at work), length of stay in the United States, and hypertension rates for first-generation African immigrants residing in the United States. The study …

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Associations Of Stress, Health Behaviors, And Obesity Among African American Immigrants, Wole David Akinsola Jan 2023

Associations Of Stress, Health Behaviors, And Obesity Among African American Immigrants, Wole David Akinsola

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractObesity has been identified as a predisposing factor that poses a serious threat for the development of chronic diseases and contributes to health disparities affecting both minority and vulnerable populations. Though previous studies reported the association of stress with health status and behavior, there is little or no research on the heterogeneity of obesity predictors in specific minority populations in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictors of obesity among adult African American immigrant populations in the United States. Studying obesity in this population may help policymakers tailor interventions that could reduce obesity prevalence. …

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Associations Between Socioecological Factors And Breastfeeding Duration Among Obese Mothers In Mississippi, Maria Mercedes Miranda Porter Jan 2023

Associations Between Socioecological Factors And Breastfeeding Duration Among Obese Mothers In Mississippi, Maria Mercedes Miranda Porter

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is a growing obesity pandemic in the United States. Low breastfeeding duration rates and socioecological factors lead to obesity in the most southern states. Overweight and obese breastfeeding mothers have not been primarily studied. There is mixed information regarding duration of breastfeeding, BMI, and heart health, as well as a lack of quantitative analyses involving reducing obesity rates in mother-child dyads. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to investigate whether there were any associations between breastfeeding duration and BMI, heart health problems, breastfeeding support, and eating and exercise among Mississippi overweight and obese postpartum women based on …

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A National Assessment Of Household, Community, And Environmental Situations On Breastfeeding Decisions, Marnita Siglar Thomas Jan 2023

A National Assessment Of Household, Community, And Environmental Situations On Breastfeeding Decisions, Marnita Siglar Thomas

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Exclusively breastfeeding has been proven to be an effective preventive measure for childhood obesity; however, breastfeeding practices decline after 6 months. Secondary data from the 2018-2019 combined National Survey of Children's Health were used for this study to determine the household, community, and physical environment relationship between individuals' decisions to breastfeed and sustainment in the United States (N=16,750). Grounded by the theoretical framework of the socio-ecological model, the results suggested that household, community, and physical environments predict individuals' decisions to initiate breastfeeding and sustainment nationally (p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression, controlling for maternal age, indicated a statistical significance between breastfeeding initiation and income (p = 0.043, p = 0.041), family structure (p = 0.003, p < 0.001), education (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001), neighborhood support (p < 0.001), and neighborhood amenities (p = 0.039, p <0.001, p < 0.001). A statistical significance between breastfeeding duration and family structure (p = 0.061), education (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), maternal overall health (p <0.001), neighborhood support (p = 0.008), neighborhood safety (p = 0.006), and neighborhood amenities (p = 0.019) was found when controlling for maternal age. Implications for positive social change include providing health professionals with knowledge on breastfeeding decision making to encourage new recommendations and implement new practices and policies to promote breastfeeding and ultimately reduce the incidence of overweight and obesity in children nationwide.

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Predictors Of Psychoactive Substance Abuse Among Eastern Nigeran Youth, Kingsley Chidiebere Izuka Jan 2023

Predictors Of Psychoactive Substance Abuse Among Eastern Nigeran Youth, Kingsley Chidiebere Izuka

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractPsychoactive substance (PAS) abuse is a major public health problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality. In Nigeria, the incidence rate of PAS abuse has remained high, particularly in the youth population. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of social factors and school enrollment status on PAS abuse in youth in Southeast Nigeria. The social ecological model and the theory of reasoned action were the theoretical frameworks used for this study; they were selected due to their focus on multiple levels of factors that influence behavior. A quantitative cross-sectional study design approach was used to determine …

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Risk Factors Of Human Papillomavirus Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer In Men, Kentress Davison Jan 2023

Risk Factors Of Human Papillomavirus Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer In Men, Kentress Davison

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a leading domestic and global sexually transmitted disease. The purpose of this secondary quantitative, cross-sectional study is to investigate if there is an relationship between the rate of oral HPV-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and race, exposure to smoking cigarettes (tobacco), risky sexual behavior, and participation in oral sex of male-to-male contact vs. male-to-female contact. The social cognitive theory grounded this study. The University of Alabama at Birmingham cancer database population supplied the study’s sample size of 337 males greater than 18 years of age with a diagnosis of OPSCC. I conducted descriptive analyses using …

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Experiences With Access To Seeking And Maintaining Home Health Care Services In Low-Income Communities, Staci Yvette Kennedy Jan 2023

Experiences With Access To Seeking And Maintaining Home Health Care Services In Low-Income Communities, Staci Yvette Kennedy

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

AbstractHome health care services (HHCS) are a cost-effective service option often underutilized by individuals living in low-income communities. For this population, barriers to care may result in higher health care costs and poor health outcomes. Gaps in literature indicated a need to explore experiences of accessing and maintaining home health care among individuals living in low-income communities. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to gain insight into how individuals living in low-income communities perceive their access to HHCS. The conceptual framework used for this phenomenological study was Penchansky and Thomas’s model of access, which addresses access from seven …

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A Midwestern United States Latino Study Of Sexual Behaviors Among Latino Adolescents, Astrid Alejandra Cartagena Cabrera Jan 2023

A Midwestern United States Latino Study Of Sexual Behaviors Among Latino Adolescents, Astrid Alejandra Cartagena Cabrera

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Increasing rates of adolescent unwanted pregnancies can be detrimental to families and the health of the infant. Rates of teen pregnancy among Blacks, Whites, Asians, and other races has decreased; however, the Latino population has not seen similar declining numbers. The Hispanic population currently has the highest rate of teen pregnancy that continues to increase in comparison to any other racial–ethnic group. In this study involving data from the Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System, a sample of 17,303 was used. Chi-square analyses and descriptive frequencies were used to identify associations between teen pregnancy and sexual behaviors; and how existing programs …

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Influences On Influenza Vaccine Uptake Among Older Lebanese Adults, Doha D'Agostini Jan 2023

Influences On Influenza Vaccine Uptake Among Older Lebanese Adults, Doha D'Agostini

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Influenza is a viral infection that is globally transmitted and that increases the risk for infectious diseases, hospitalization, and morbidity and mortality, especially among the older adult population. Although influenza vaccines are recommended in several countries, influenza vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge. In Lebanon, there is minimal research related to older adults’ attitudes and perceptions associated with influenza vaccination. To explore older Lebanese adults’ vaccination experiences and perceptions of the factors that affect their influenza vaccine uptake, a qualitative investigation was conducted. The theory of planned behaviors served as the theoretical framework for the study. A thematic analysis was conducted …

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Risk Factors Of Human Papillomavirus Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer In Men, Kentress Davison Jan 2023

Risk Factors Of Human Papillomavirus Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer In Men, Kentress Davison

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a leading domestic and global sexually transmitted disease. The purpose of this secondary quantitative, cross-sectional study is to investigate if there is an relationship between the rate of oral HPV-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and race, exposure to smoking cigarettes (tobacco), risky sexual behavior, and participation in oral sex of male-to-male contact vs. male-to-female contact. The social cognitive theory grounded this study. The University of Alabama at Birmingham cancer database population supplied the study’s sample size of 337 males greater than 18 years of age with a diagnosis of OPSCC. I conducted descriptive analyses using …

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