Public Health Commons^™

Calibration And Evaluation Of An Objective Measure Of Physical Activity In Preschool Children, John R. Sirard, Stewart G. Trost, Karin A. Pfeiffer, Marsha Dowda, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

Background: The purposes of this study were 1) to establish accelerometer count cutoffs to categorize activity intensity of 3 to 5-y old-children and 2) to evaluate the accelerometer as a measure of children's physical activity in preschool settings. Methods: While wearing an ActiGraph accelerometer, 16 preschool children performed five, 3-min structured activities. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analyses identified count cutoffs for four physical activity intensities. In 9 preschools, 281 children wore an ActiGraph during observations performed by three trained observers (interobserver reliability = 0.91 to 0.98). Results: Separate count cutoffs for 3, 4, and 5-y olds were established. Sensitivity …

Female Breast Cancer Incidence And Survival In Utah According To Religious Preference, 1985-1999, Ray M. Merrill, Jeffrey A. Folsom

Faculty Publications

Female breast cancer incidence rates in Utah are among the lowest in the U.S. The influence of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saint (LDS or Mormon) religion on these rates, as well as on disease-specific survival, will be explored for individuals diagnosed with breast cancer in Utah from 1985 through 1999. Methods: Population-based records for incident female breast cancer patients were linked with membership records from the LDS Church to determine religious affiliation and, for LDS Church members, level of religiosity. Incidence rates were age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population using the direct method. Cox proportional hazards …

Influence Of Cardiorespiratory Fitness On The Association Between C-Reactive Protein And Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence In Racially Diverse Women, Michael J. Lamonte, Barbara E. Ainsworth, J. Larry Durstine

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Correlates Of Physical Activity In Persons With Arthritis: Review And Recommendations, Sarah Wilcox, Cheryl Der Ananian, Patricia A. Sharpe, Jennifer Robbins, Theresa Brady

Faculty Publications

Background: Physical activity (PA) is important for arthritis self-management. A better understanding of the PA correlates in persons with arthritis will help inform interventions. Methods: Computer searches were conducted on PubMed, PsychInfo, Current Contents, and Cinahl databases. Reference lists of extracted articles were also searched. Thirty-six studies published between 1976 and February 2004 met inclusion criteria. Results: PA correlates are presented for sociodemographic, psychological, health-related, social, and environmental categories. Self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers, mental well-being, prior PA, and pain received the most consistent support as PA correlates, whereas sociodemographic, social, and environmental variables were the least studied. Too few …

Prevention Research Centers: Contributions To Updating The Public Health Workforce Through Training, Adele L. Franks, Ross C. Brownson, Carol Bryant, Kelli Mccormack Brown, Steven P. Hooker, Delores M. Pluto, Dennis M. Shepard, Russell R. Pate, Elizabeth A. Baker, Kathleen N. Gillespie, Terry L. Leet, Margret A. O'Neall, Eduardo J. Simoes

Faculty Publications

Because public health is a continually evolving field, it is essential to provide ample training opportunities for public health professionals. As a natural outgrowth of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Prevention Research Centers Program, training courses of many types have been developed for public health practitioners working in the field. This article describes three of the Prevention Research Center training program offerings: Evidence-Based Public Health, Physical Activity and Public Health for Practitioners, and Social Marketing. These courses illustrate the commitment of the Prevention Research Centers Program to helping create a better trained public health workforce, thereby enhancing the …

Comparisons Between Rail-Trail Users And Nonusers And Men And Women's Patterns Of Use In A Suburban Community, Philip J. Troped, Ruth P. Saunders, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

Background: Physical activity research on trails is limited. We compared rail-trail users and nonusers on demographics, physical activity, and barriers/concerns about trail use; and described use among men and women. Methods: Four hundred thirteen adults completed a physical activity survey during fall 1998. Chi-square statistics and t-tests were used to compare trail users to nonusers, and men and women on trail use. Results: More trail users (79%) performed recreational physical activity ≥ 3 d/wk, compared to nonusers (47%). Walking was the most common activity for trail users and nonusers. Both groups shared concerns about safe access to the trail …

Scale And Shape Issues In Focused Cluster Power For Count Data, Robin C. Puett, Andrew B. Lawson, Allan B. Clark, Tim E. Aldrich, Dwayne E. Porter, Charles E. Feigley, James R. Hébert

Faculty Publications

Background: Interest in the development of statistical methods for disease cluster detection has experienced rapid growth in recent years. Evaluations of statistical power provide important information for the selection of an appropriate statistical method in environmentally-related disease cluster investigations. Published power evaluations have not yet addressed the use of models for focused cluster detection and have not fully investigated the issues of disease cluster scale and shape. As meteorological and other factors can impact the dispersion of environmental toxicants, it follows that environmental exposures and associated diseases can be dispersed in a variety of spatial patterns. This study simulates …

The Effect Of Social Desirability And Social Approval On Self-Reports Of Physical Activity, Swann A. Adams, Charles E. Matthews, Cara B. Ebbeling, Charity G. Moore, Joan E. Cunningham, Jeanette Fulton, James R. Hébert

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this investigation was to examine social desirability and social approval as sources of error in three self-reported physical activity assessments using objective measures of physical activity as reference measures. In 1997, women (n = 81) living in Worcester, Massachusetts, completed doubly labeled water measurements and wore an activity monitor for 14 days. They also completed seven interviewer-administered 24-hour physical activity recalls (PARs) and two different self-administered 7-day PARs. Measures of the personality traits “social desirability” and “social approval” were regressed on 1) the difference between physical activity energy expenditure estimated from doubly labeled water and each …

Association Between Dietary Carbohydrates And Body Weight, Yunsheng Ma, Barbara Olendzki, David Chiriboga, James R. Hébert, Youfu Li, Wenjun Li, Mary Jane Campbell, Katherine Gendreau, Ira S. Ockene

Faculty Publications

The role of dietary carbohydrates in weight loss has received considerable attention in light of the current obesity epidemic. The authors investigated the association of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)²) with dietary intake of carbohydrates and with measures of the induced glycemic response, using data from an observational study of 572 healthy adults in central Massachusetts. Anthropometric measurements, 7-day dietary recalls, and physical activity recalls were collected quarterly from each subject throughout a 1-year study period. Data were collected between 1994 and 1998. Longitudinal analyses were conducted, and results were adjusted for other factors related to body …

Public Health Nursing Acceptance Of The 5 A’S Protocol For Prenatal Smoking Cessation, Jihong Liu

Faculty Publications

Oregon’s efforts in tobacco cessation have historically focused on the general population and have depended on quit line services as the primary intervention. The Oregon Smoke Free Mothers and Babies Program (SFMB) was developed in 2002 to focus on public health nurses and prenatal care providers who work with high risk pregnant women. It seeks to increase smoking cessation among low income and other high risk pregnant women by disseminating the U.S. Public Health Service best practices, the 5 A’s (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) tobacco brief intervention protocol, to public health nurses and prenatal care providers. Interventions included teaching …

Comparison Of Two Approaches To Structured Physical Activity Surveys Of Adolescents, Robert G. Mcmurray, Kimberly B. Ring, Margarita S. Treuth, Gregory J. Welk, Russell R. Pate, Kathryn H. Schmitz, Julie L. Pickrel, Vivian Gonzalez, Maria João C. A. Almeida, Deborah Rohm Young, James F. Sallis

Faculty Publications

Purpose - To compare the test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and overall feasibility/usability of activity-based (AB) and time-based (TB) approaches for obtaining self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from adolescents.

Methods - Adolescents (206 females and 114 males) completed two 3-d physical activity recalls using the AB and TB surveys, which contained identical lists of physical activities. The participants wore an MTI Actigraph^® accelerometer for the same period.

Results - The TB instrument took about 3 min longer to complete (P=0.022). Overall 2-d test-retest correlations for MVPA were similar for the two surveys (r=0.676 and 0.667), but the girls …

Prevention Conference Vii - Obesity, A Worldwide Epidemic Related To Heart Disease And Stroke: Executive Summary, Robert H. Eckel, David A. York, Stephan Rössner, Van Hubbard, Ian Caterson, Sachiko T. St. Jeor, Laura L. Hayman, Rebecca M. Mullis, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Clinical Implications Of Obesity With Specific Focus On Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement For Professionals From The American Heart Association Council On Nutrition, Physical Activity, And Metabolism, Samuel Klein, Lora E. Burke, George A. Bray, Steven N. Blair, David B. Allison, Xavier Pi-Sunyer, Yuling Hong, Robert H. Eckel

Faculty Publications

Obesity adversely affects cardiac function, increases the risk factors for coronary heart disease, and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The risk of developing coronary heart disease is directly related to the concomitant burden of obesity-related risk factors. Modest weight loss can improve diastolic function and affect the entire cluster of coronary heart disease risk factors simultaneously. This statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism reviews the relationship between obesity and the cardiovascular system, evaluates the effect of weight loss on coronary heart disease risk factors and coronary heart disease, and provides …

Lower Extremity Muscle Strength And Risk Of Self-Reported Hip Or Knee Osteoarthritis, Jennifer M. Hootman, Shannon J. Fitzgerald, Carol A. Macera, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender-specific longitudinal association between quadriceps strength and self-reported, physician-diagnosed hip or knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: Subjects were 3081 community-dwelling adults who were free of OA, joint symptoms and injuries, completed a maximum treadmill exercise test, had isokinetic knee extension and flexion and isotonic leg press strength measurements taken at baseline and returned at least one written follow-up survey. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results: Women with moderate or high isokinetic quadriceps strength had a significantly reduced risk (55% to 64%) of hip …

Pharmacokinetics Of Once-Daily Amikacin In Healthy Foals And Therapeutic Drug Monitoring In Hospitalized Equine Neonates, Erica Paige Bucki, Steeve Giguère, Margo Macpherson, Rachel E. Davis

Faculty Publications

The objectives of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in healthy neonates, to determine amikacin concentrations in hospitalized foals, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amikacin against gram-negative isolates from blood cultures in septic foals. Median half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution of amikacin in healthy 2- to 3-day-old foals after administration of an intravenous bolus of amikacin (25 mg/kg) were 5.07 hours (4.86-5.45 hours), 1.82 mL/min/kg (1.35-1.97 mL/min/kg), and 0.785 L/kg (0.638-0.862 L/kg), respectively. Statistically significant (P or = 3 microg/mL between the 2 groups. An initial dose at 25 mg/kg is …

Defining Accelerometer Thresholds For Activity Intensities In Adolescent Girls, Margarita S. Treuth, Kathryn H. Schmitz, Diane J. Catellier, Robert G. Mcmurray, David M. Murray, Maria João C. A. Almeida, Scott Going, James E. Norman, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

Purpose - To derive a regression equation that estimates metabolic equivalent (MET) from accelerometer counts, and to define thresholds of accelerometer counts that can be used to delineate sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous activity.

Methods - Seventy-four healthy 8th grade girls, age 13-14 yr, were recruited from urban areas of Baltimore, MD, Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, and Columbia, SC, to participate in the study. Accelerometer and oxygen consumption (VO₂) data for 10 activities that varied in intensity from sedentary (e.g., TV watching) to vigorous (e.g., running) were collected. While performing these activities, the girls wore two accelerometers, a heart …

Monitoring Physical Activity: Uses And Measurement Issues With Automated Counters, Michelle L. Granner, Patricia A. Sharpe

Faculty Publications

Background: Promotion of physical activity is a public health priority, and environmental factors influence physical activity behavior. Valid and reliable automated measurement tools of physical activity for assessment and evaluation within public settings are needed. Methods: Searches of the research literature and governmental reports from physical activity, transportation, and recreation fields were conducted to identify methods of automated counting and validation studies. The article provides a summary of (a) current methods and uses of automated counters, (b) information about validity and reliability where available, (c) strengths and limitations of each methods, and (d) measurement issues. Results: Existing automated counting technology …

An Assessment Of Hiv/Aids Risk In Higher Education Students In Yerevan, Armenia, Talin Babikian, Mary Catherin Freier, Gary L. Hopkins, Ralph Diclemente, Duane C. Mcbride, Matt Riggs

Faculty Publications

Armenia's current sociopolitical and economic instability and the alarming HIV incidence rates in neighboring countries amplify its risk for a national epidemic. The goals of this study were to assess HIV/AIDS knowledge and risk behaviors among higher education students in Yerevan. Knowledge of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse was markedly higher than that on intravenous transmission and prevailing myths; however, HIV/AIDS knowledge was not related to risk behaviors. Tobacco and alcohol prevalence was relatively high. Students reported risky sexual behaviors, including inconsistent condom use, casual sex, and multiple partners. In addition to descriptive statistics delineating gender differences across the target …

Muscular Fitness And All-Cause Mortality: Prospective Observations, Shannon J. Fitzgerald, Carolyn E. Barlow, James B. Kampert, James R. Morrow Jr., Allen W. Jackson, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Background: The beneficial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on mortality are well known; however, the relation of muscular fitness, specifically muscular strength and endurance, to mortality risk has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of the current study is to determine if a dose-response relation exists between muscular fitness and mortality after controlling for factors such as age and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Methods: The study included 9105 men and women, 20-82 years of age, in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study who have completed at least one medical examination at the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, TX between 1981 and 1989. The exam included …

Selecting For A Diverse Public Health Workforce - Community Health Education Mph Program For Admissi, Edward M. Mamary

Faculty Publications

The population of California continues to become more diverse; it has become increasingly important for California universities to provide graduate education to underrepresented groups and to prepare culturally competent health educators whose skills are adapted to these dynamic demographic changes. This paper describes the graduate admissions requirements of the four California-based graduate programs in Community Health Education (CHE) accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH ) and uses the graduate admissions process at San Jose State University as a case example for selecting a cohort that reflects the cultural and linguistic diversity of the state. The use …

Physical Activity And Stroke Risk: A Meta-Analysis, Chong Do Lee, Aaron R. Folsom, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Background and Purpose - Whether physical activity reduces stroke risk remains controversial. We used a meta-analysis to examine the overall association between physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness and stroke incidence or mortality.

Methods - We searched MEDLINE from 1966 to 2002 and identified 23 studies (18 cohort and 5 case-control) that met inclusion criteria. We estimated the overall relative risk (RR) of stroke incidence or mortality for highly and moderately active individuals versus individuals with low levels of activity using the general variance-based method.

Results - The meta-analysis documented that there was a reduction in stroke risk for active or …

Validation Of A 3-Day Physical Activity Recall Instrument In Female Youth, Russell R. Pate, Rebecca Ross, Marsha Dowda, Stewart G. Trost, John R. Sirard

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the 3-Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR) self-report instrument in a sample of eighth and ninth grade girls (n= 70, 54.3% white, 37.1% African American). Criterion measures of physical activity were derived using the CSA 7164 accelerometer. Participants wore a CSA monitor for 7 consecutive days and completed the self-report physical activity recall for the last 3 of those days. Self-reported total METs, 30-min blocks of MVPA, and 30-min blocks of VPA were all significantly correlated with analogous CSA variables for 7 days (r=0.35-0.51; P<0.01) and 3 days (r …