Public Health Commons^™

Les Effets Additifs Potentiels Associés À Des Expositions Aiguës Par Inhalation De Mélanges De Substances Chimiques : Outil D’Aide À La Gestion Des Situations D’Urgence, Jonathan Côté, François Lemay, Adolf Vyskocil, Marc Baril, Daniel Drolet, Naima El Majidi, France Gagnon, Claude Viau

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Lors de déversements accidentels de substances chimiques dans l’environnement, que ce soit dans le cas d’incidents routiers ou ferroviaires (transport de matières dangereuses), ou encore d’accidents industriels, des travailleurs, des secouristes, des pompiers et même la population générale peuvent être exposés simultanément, sur de courtes périodes, à d’importantes concentrations de plusieurs substances chimiques. Dans de telles situations, une exposition simultanée à plusieurs substances peut induire des risques plus importants pour un travailleur que s’il est exposé successivement à chacun de ces polluants considérés individuellement. Il est donc important, comme le stipulent l’ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) et …

Impacts Biomécaniques Et Ergonomiques De La Manutention Chez Les Travailleurs Obèses, Philippe Corbeil, André Plamondon, Normand Teasdale, Grant Handrigan, Jasmin Ten Have, Nancy Manzerolle

Rapports de recherche scientifique

L’obésité est un problème émergent qui a des répercussions en santé et en sécurité du travail (SST). La prévalence de blessures musculo-squelettiques chez les individus obèses et les coûts indirects (non médicaux) sont plus élevés que ceux des travailleurs ayant un poids santé. Sachant qu’une hausse soutenue du taux d’obésité chez les travailleurs est observée au Canada, il est important de s’intéresser à la problématique de l’obésité liée au travail. Les risques de blessures au dos survenues au travail sont très élevés et la profession la plus touchée est celle de manutentionnaire. On connait peu l’effet de l’obésité sur les …

Development Of A Method Of Measuring Nanoparticles Penetration Through Protective Glove Materials Under Conditions Simulating Workplace Use, Patricia Dolez, Ludwig Vinches, Gérald Perron, Toan Vu-Khanh, Philippe Plamondon, Gilles L'Espérance, Kevin Wilkinson, Yves Cloutier, Chantal Dion, Ginette Truchon

Rapports de recherche scientifique

En raison de la croissance exponentielle des applications industrielles des nanotechnologies et de l'augmentation associée des risques d'exposition professionnelle aux nanomatériaux, le principe de précaution a été recommandé. Afin de le mettre en œuvre et même s'ils ne doivent être considérés qu'en dernier recours dans la stratégie de maîtrise des risques, des équipements de protection individuelle contre les nanoparticules doivent être disponibles. Dans le but de combler le manque actuel en termes d'outils et de connaissances dans ce domaine, une méthode de mesure de la pénétration des nanoparticules à travers les matériaux de gants de protection dans des conditions simulant …

Exploring Changes In Open Defecation Prevalence In Sub-Saharan Africa Based On National Level Indices, Deise I. Galan, Seung-Sup Kim, Jay P. Graham

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background

In sub-Saharan Africa, it is estimated that 215 million people continue to engage in open defecation. This practice facilitates the transmission of diarrheal diseases – one of the leading causes of mortality in children under 5 in sub-Saharan Africa. The main purpose of this study is to: estimate changes in open defecation prevalence between 2005 and 2010 across countries in sub-Saharan Africa; examine the association between national level indices and changes in open defecation prevalence; and assess how many countries can achieve ‘open defecation free status’ by 2015.

Methods

After applying selection criteria, this study analyzed country-level data for …

Analisis Implementasi Sistem Tanggap Darurat Berdasarkan Asosiasi Perlindungan Kebakaran Nasional 1600, Meilissa Ayu Pratiwi, Fatma Lestari, Ridwansyah Ridwansyah

Kesmas

Penelitian kesesuaian pelaksanaan sistem tanggap darurat di PT X menjadi upaya untuk mempersiapkan proses tanggap darurat. Penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi deskriptif analitik ini menggunakan dua jenis data meliputi data primer yang didapatkan melalui wawancara dan observasi, serta data sekunder melalui telaah dokumen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kesesuaian implementasi sistem tanggap darurat di PT X Perusahaan Pelayanan Gas dan Minyak, ditinjau dari National Fire Protection Association 1600 (NFPA 1600) tahun 2012. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan kesesuaian implementasi sistem tanggap darurat PT X berdasarkan NFPA 1600 adalah 36,23%, sedangkan ketidaksesuainya adalah 37,60%. Diharapkan dapat mempertimbangkan saran yang diberikan untuk meningkatkan …

Model Kuantitatif Manajemen Kelelahan Dan Beban Kerja Untuk Peningkatan Produktivitas Pekerja Penggilingan Padi, Nur Ulfah, Panuwun Joko Nurcahyo, Irfan Dwiandhono

Kesmas

Sumber daya manusia merupakan aset penting bagi perusahaan dalam rangka peningkatan produk yang dihasilkan, salah satunya adalah sumber daya pekerja. Pekerja dengan beban kerja yang berat akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kelelahan yang pada akhirnya dapat menurunkan kualitas produk yang dihasilkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan model kuantitatif manajemen kelelahan dan beban kerja untuk meningkatkan produktivitas. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei eksplanatori dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan sampel sebanyak 45 pekerja penggilingan padi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa variabel kelelahan kerja maupun beban kerja mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan produktivitas kerja. Model persamaan regresi yang terbentuk adalah produktivitas kerja = -4,188 …

Interventions Pour La Prévention Des Tms : Mesure De L’Exposition Aux Facteurs De Risque Et Aspects Économiques, Daniel Imbeau, Marie-Ève Chiasson, Romain Jallon, Bruno Farbos, Karine Aubry, Nathalie De Marcellis-Warin, Marie St-Vincent

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Les troubles musculo-squelettiques (TMS) au dos et aux membres supérieurs constituent un problème majeur ayant des retombées au point de vue humain, social et économique. Ainsi, au cours des dernières années, plusieurs méthodes d'évaluation de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque (MÉEFR) de TMS ont été proposées par la communauté scientifique afin de soutenir les efforts de prévention. Toutefois, relativement peu d'information existe sur l'utilisation pratique de ces différentes méthodes en milieu de travail. Celles-ci sont nombreuses, ce qui complique pour le praticien le choix d'une méthode appropriée au contexte de l'intervention. Aussi, l'évaluation économique d'une intervention en SST est un …

Genome Analysis Of Staphylococcus Aureus St291, A Double Locus Variant Of St398, Reveals A Distinct Genetic Lineage, Marc Stegger, Maliha Aziz, Tomsz Chroboczek, Lance B. Price, Troels Ronco, Kristoffer Kiil, Robert L. Skov, Frederic Laurent, Paal S. Andersen

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Staphylococcus aureus ST291 has been reported as a homologue recombinant double locus variant of the livestock associated S. aureus ST398. However, whole genome sequencing show that ST291 is a unique genetic lineage with highly variable content within its accessory genome compared to both human and livestock associated genome sequenced CC398s.

Truck Driver Dies When Tractor-Trailer Overturns After Leaving Road, Kentucky Injury Prevention And Research Center

Fatality Case Reports--Motor Vehicle

In the early morning hours of a spring day around 5:45 a.m., a 55-year-old male truck driver was driving south on an interstate transporting sheet metal. It is unknown how long he had been driving when he exited from the highway, traveled partially up the ramp, and struck the left side guard rail. The truck left the road, traveled down an embankment and overturned onto its roof. A passing motorist called emergency medical services. The driver was extricated by mechanical means and declared dead at the scene.

To prevent future occurrences of similar incidents, the following recommendations have been made: …

Firefighter Fitness-For-Duty Medical Screening: A Peer Review Quality Improvement Pilot, Julie Collings Rochefort

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Despite the overwhelming evidence that sudden cardiac death is the most frequent cause of firefighter fatalities, many fire departments do not have a program to measure or maintain basic firefighter fitness and health. This project evaluated and compared medical screening outcomes of four industrial fire brigades within a multinational oil and gas corporation and introduced a quality improvement plan. The goal of this project was to apply the evidence and measure outcomes to determine the most effective way to ensure that firefighters in a corporate setting are healthy. This was accomplished by utilizing established guidelines in developing an educational program …

Promosi Pengetahuan, Sikap, Dan Keterampilan Berpola Hidup Sehat Pada Kelompok Senam, L. Meily Kurniawidjaja, Dadan Erwandi, Ike Pujiriani

Kesmas

Pendirian grup senam masyarakat perkotaan sering dipicu oleh ancaman penyakit jantung koroner dan stroke (penyakit kardiovaskular). Banyak diantara mereka masih berisiko tinggi penyakit kardiovaskular antara lain berat badan lebih dan kadar kolesterol tinggi serta faktor umur dan genetik, tetapi faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskular dapat diturunkan dengan pola hidup sehat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai pengaruh metode promosi kesehatan dengan pendekatan siklus rekognisi, analisis, perencanaan, komunikasi, persiapan, implementasi, evaluasi, dan kelanjutan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan, sikap dan praktik ibu-ibu pesenam tentang pola hidup sehat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pretest and posttest design untuk menilai hasil intervensi pada 60 orang berusia rata-rata 58,26 tahun …

Développement D'Une Procédure De Mesure De L'Efficacité Des Filtres D'Appareils De Protection Respiratoire N95 Contre Les Nanoparticules, Fariborz Haghighat, Ali Bahloul, Jaime Lara, Reza Mostofi, Alireza Mahdavi

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Les risques pour la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs exposés à l’inhalation de nanoparticules (NP) soulèvent de plus en plus d’inquiétudes. Parmi les sources d’émission de nanoparticules en milieu de travail figurent les effluents et les émanations de divers procédés, tels l’ablation et le fraisage laser. Les nanoparticules ont des propriétés potentiellement toxiques, à savoir une surface totale, une concentration en nombre et une réactivité surfacique élevées. Il a été démontré que l’inhalation – la voie d’exposition la plus courante aux nanoparticules – a des effets nocifs sur les fonctions pulmonaires, et que les particules déposées dans les poumons …

Male Circumcision Significantly Reduces Prevalence And Load Of Genital Anaerobic Bacteria, Cindy M. Liu, Bruce A. Hungate, Aaron A.R. Tobian, David Serwadda, Jacques Ravel, Richard Lester, Godfrey Kigozi, Maliha Aziz, Ronald M. Galiwango, Fred Nalugoda, Tania L. Contente-Cuomo, Maria J. Wawer, Paul Keim, Ronald H. Gray, Lance B. Price

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Male circumcision reduces female-to-male HIV transmission. Hypothesized mechanisms for this protective effect include decreased HIV target cell recruitment and activation due to changes in the penis microbiome. We compared the coronal sulcus microbiota of men from a group of uncircumcised controls (n= 77) and from a circumcised intervention group (n = 79) at enrollment and year 1 follow-up in a randomized circumcision trial in Rakai, Uganda. We characterized microbiota using16S rRNA gene-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) and pyrosequencing, log response ratio (LRR), Bayesian classification, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PerMANOVA). At baseline, men …

Fall Safety Assessment At The New School Of Public Health And Health Services Building, Amanda Mcqueen, Seung-Sup Kim, Melissa J. Perry

GW Research Days 2013

Objective: Falls are one of the leading causes of workplace death, lost work time, and costs to industry, particularly in construction. The public health burden of falls is significant, as approximately 25% of nonfatal injuries and 38% of fatalities in the general construction industry are due to falls. The goal of this study is to develop an assessment tool to evaluate fall safety in general construction and to evaluate fall safety among five skilled construction trades (i.e. electricians, painters, carpenters, welders, and roofers) throughout different stages of a new building construction project. The project is the new School of Public …

Exposition Des Travailleurs De La Construction À La Silice Cristalline : Exploitation D’Une Banque De Données Tirée De La Littérature, Jean-François Sauvé, Charles Beaudry, Denis Bégin, Chantal Dion, Michel Gérin, Jérôme Lavoué

Rapports de recherche scientifique

L’exposition prolongée par inhalation à des poussières de taille respirable contenant de la silice cristalline est reconnue pour causer des maladies respiratoires, dont le cancer du poumon et la silicose. De nombreuses études ont relevé la surexposition des travailleurs de la construction à la silice cristalline, puisque ce composé est présent dans de nombreux matériaux utilisés sur les chantiers. L’évaluation de l’exposition à la silice cristalline dans cette industrie constitue un défi en raison de la multitude de conditions de travail et de la nature temporaire des chantiers.

Dans le but d’améliorer les connaissances sur les conditions de travail pouvant …

Access To Chemical Data Used In Regulatory Decision Making, Lynn R. Goldman, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Randall Lutter, Craig Barrow, Christopher J. Borgert, James W. Conrad Jr., Debra Edwards, Allan Felsot

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Workers Killed Due To Driver Distraction, Kentucky Injury Prevention And Research Center

Kentucky Haz Alerts--Motor Vehicle

To Prevent Driver Distraction,

Employers should:

• Provide training on the importance of being attentive and not engaging in distracting tasks or behaviors while driving
• Develop policies that minimize or eliminate the use of in-vehicle devices while driving

Employees should:

• Not use dispatching devices while driving
• Not text or manually dial a cell phone while driving
• Refrain from activities such as reading, writing or map reading while driving

Pit Latrines And Their Impacts On Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review, Jay P. Graham, Matthew L. Polizzotto

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background: Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may negatively affect human health.

Objectives: Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d) identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for …

Open-Source Collaboration For Global Health: Science And Practice, Ariel Pablos-Méndez, Michael Klag, Lynn R. Goldman

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Health Risk Assessments Of Waste Combustion Emissions Using Surrogate Analyte Models, Michael A . Schmidt

Theses and Dissertations

Exposure assessments of open burn pits are often complicated by a lack of sampling equipment and resources. This research investigated the hypothesis of carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a viable surrogate for particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Large-scale solid waste combustion tests resulted in linear trends between mean PM2.5 and CO₂ (R2 = 0.964 - 0.989). This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of using CO₂ as a surrogate of PM2.5 concentration as CO₂ sensors potentially provide a cost-effective solution for monitoring in lieu of expensive PM instruments. It also indicates the potential reduction …

The Work Environment Disability-Adjusted Life Year For Use With Life Cycle Assessment: A Methodological Approach, Kelly A. Scanlon, George M. Gray, Royce A. Francis, Shannon M. Lloyd, Peter Lapuma

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a systems-based method used to determine potential impacts to the environment associated with a product throughout its life cycle. Conclusions from LCA studies can be applied to support decisions regarding product design or public policy, therefore, all relevant inputs (e.g., raw materials, energy) and outputs (e.g., emissions, waste) to the product system should be evaluated to estimate impacts. Currently, work-related impacts are not routinely considered in LCA. The objectives of this paper are: 1) introduce the work environment disability-adjusted life year (WE-DALY), one portion of a characterization factor used to express the magnitude of …

Foodborne Urinary Tract Infections: A New Paradigm For Antimicrobial-Resistant Foodborne Illness, Lora Nordstrom, Cindy M. Liu, Lance B. Price

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Disproportionately affecting women, UTIs exact a substantial public burden each year in terms of direct medical expenses, decreased quality of life, and lost productivity. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among strains of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia colichallenges successful treatment of UTIs. Community-acquired UTIs were long considered sporadic infections, typically caused by the patients’ native gastrointestinal microbiota; however, the recent recognition of UTI outbreaks with probable foodborne origins has shifted our understanding of UTI epidemiology. Along with this paradigm shift come new opportunities to disrupt the infection process and possibly quell …

Motor Vehicle Injuries Among Semi Truck Drivers And Sleeper Berth Passengers, Terry L. Bunn, Svetla Slavova, Medearis Robertson

Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center Faculty Publications

Introduction: Injuries and fatalities due to large truck and other vehicle crashes have decreased over the last decade, but motor vehicle injuries remain a leading cause of death for both the working and general populations. The present study was undertaken to determine semi truck driver and sleeper berth passenger injury risk in a moving semi truck collision using a matched-pair cohort study.

Method: Study data were obtained from the Kentucky Collision Report Analysis for Safer Highways (CRASH) electronic files for 2000 - 2010. A matched-pair cohort study was used to compare the odds of injury of both drivers …

Assuring Access To Data For Chemical Evaluations, Lynn R. Goldman, Ellen K. Silbergeld

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background: A database for studies used for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pesticide and chemical reviews would be an excellent resource for increasing transparency and improving systematic assessments of pesticides and chemicals. There is increased demand for disclosure of raw data from studies used by the U.S. EPA in these reviews.

Objectives: Because the Information Quality Act (IQA) of 2001 provides an avenue for request of raw data, we reviewed all IQA requests to the U.S. EPA in 2002–2012 and the U.S. EPA’s responses. We identified other mechanisms to access such data: public access databases, the Freedom of Information Act …

Drivers Killed Due To Tire Failures, Kentucky Injury Prevention And Research Center

Kentucky Haz Alerts--Motor Vehicle

To Prevent Tire Failures,

Employers should:

• Ensure that routine maintenance is performed on work vehicles
• Implement and enforce an employer seat belt safety program

Employees should:

• Be properly trained in safe work vehicle operation
• Perform routine pre-trip and post-trip inspections, including inspection of the tires
• Ensure that tires do not run below 80% of the recommended pressure

Two Semis Collide - Fire Ensues; Both Drivers Perish, Kentucky Injury Prevention And Research Center

Fatality Case Reports--Motor Vehicle

One summer’s night, a 49 year-old semi-truck driver (D1), pulling a flatbed loaded with salvage cars for recycling traveled north on a three-lane state highway. D1 topped a hill, drove through a right curve when the unit rolled onto the driver’s side, slide across the center line and entered a straight stretch approximately half way to the bottom of a hill. As D1’s unit was sliding down the hill in the south bound lanes, a 52 year-old semi-truck driver (D2) hauling bottled beverages was traveling south in the straight stretch up the hill. As D1 slide down the hill, D2 …

Tingkat Pencahayaan Perpustakaan Di Lingkungan Universitas Indonesia, Hendra Hendra, Sekar Tina, Amah Majidah

Kesmas

Pencahayaan di perpustakaan merupakan aspek penting dalam menunjang aktivitas mahasiswa dan pegawai. Kondisi pencahayaan yang tidak memenuhi standar dapat mengganggu aktivitas dan menyebabkan keluhan kesehatan khususnya kelelahan mata. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesesuaian tingkat pencahayaan di ruang perpustakaan yang ada di lingkungan UI. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain evaluasi dengan membandingkan hasil pengukuran dengan standar serta melakukan analisis terhadap kondisi lingkungan, respons subjektif pengguna, dan keluhan kelelahan mata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat kesesuaian pencahayaan di perpustakaan berkisar antara 0% sampai 100%. Sebagian besar pencahayaan mempunyai tingkat kesesuaian antara 30% sampai 60%. Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh distribusi pencahayaan yang kurang baik karena …

Semi-Truck Driver Dies After Being Struck By Flatbed Driver In Crossover Collision, Kentucky Injury Prevention And Research Center

Fatality Case Reports--Motor Vehicle

In the winter of 2011, a 46-year-old semi-truck driver (D1) hauling a flatbed trailer was traveling north in the right lane on a four lane interstate. Several minutes ahead of the semi was a pickup truck hauling an extension ladder that fell out onto the northbound travel lanes. A car behind the pickup swerved to avoid the falling ladder. Other cars swerved to avoid the ladder. The semi came upon the ladder and swerving cars. To avoid striking the cars and ladder, the semi driver swerved to the right, over-corrected to the left, drove across the northbound lanes, over a …

Prevalence Of Antibiotic-Resistant E. Coli In Retail Chicken: Comparing Conventional, Organic, Kosher, And Raised Without Antibiotics, Jack M. Millman, Kara Waits, Heidi Grande, Ann R. Marks, Jane C. Marks, Lance B. Price, Bruce A. Hungate

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Retail poultry products are known sources of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli, a major human health concern. Consumers have a range of choices for poultry, including conventional, organic, kosher, and raised without antibiotics (RWA) – designations that are perceived to indicate differences in quality and safety. However, whether these categories vary in the frequency of contamination with antibiotic-resistant E. coli is unknown. We examined the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli on raw chicken marketed as conventional, organic, kosher and RWA. From April – June 2012, we purchased 213 samples of raw chicken from 15 locations in the New York City metropolitan …

A Measurement System Experiment To Evaluate The Nosing-To-Nosing Method For Measuring Dimensions Of Steps, Lea S. Jensen, Roger C. Jensen, Craig E. Ross

Safety Health & Industrial Hygiene

Non-uniformity of steps within a flight is a major risk factor for falls. Guidelines and requirements for uniformity of step risers and tread depths assume the measurement system provides precise dimensional values. The state-of-the-art measurement system is a relatively new method, known as the nosing-to-nosing method. It involves measuring the distance between the noses of adjacent steps and the angle formed with the horizontal. From these measurements, the effective riser height and tread depth are calculated. This study was undertaken for the purpose of evaluating the measurement system to determine how much of total measurement variability comes from the step …