Public Health Commons^™

Kadar Interferon Gamma Pada Kontak Serumah Dengan Penderita Tuberkulosis, Sri Andarini Indreswari, Suharyo Suharyo

Kesmas

Menurut World Health Organization sekitar sepertiga penduduk dunia telah terinfeksi kuman tuberkulosis dan deteksi dini pada kontak serumah dengan penderita memungkinkan upaya pengobatan dan pencegahan dilakukan dengan efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil pemeriksaan tes Mantoux dengan pemeriksaan serologis kadar interferon gamma (IFN - γ) pada kelompok kontak serumah dengan penderita tuberkulosis yang mempunyai hasil pemeriksaan basil tahan asam (BTA) positif. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort pada kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajan pada penderita tuberkulosis (umur > 15 tahun). Pemilihan subjek dilakukan secara acak sederhana dan jumlah yang digunakan adalah 34 orang pada masing-masing kelompok. Penelitian ini menggunakan tes Mantoux …

Demographics And Survival Of Aids Cases With Cancer, Washington, Dc, 1996-2006, Heather A. Young, Eric Engels, Anne-Marie Sufian-Kargbo, Alicia Vargas, Kathleen Rogers, Tiffany West, Amanda D. Castel

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

Background

Washington, DC (DC) has one of the highest HIV/AIDS rates in the U.S and cancer is the second leading cause of death among DC residents. This study sought to examine the demographic characteristics and survival of persons with AIDS defining cancers (ADCs) compared to those with non-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs) between the early HAART era (1996-2001) and the late HAART era (2002-2006) in DC.

Methods

Cases reported from 1996-2006 to the DC Cancer Registry and the AIDS Surveillance Registry were linked using a probabilistic matching algorithm. Cases were included if the cancer occurred from 4 months to 60 months …

High And Persistent Hiv Seroincidence In Men Who Have Sex With Men Across 47 U.S. Cities, Marta-Louise Ackers, Alan E. Greenberg, Carol Y. Lin, Bradford N. Bartholow, Adrian Hirsch Goodman, Michael Longhi, Marc Gurwith

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

Objective

To provide HIV seroincidence data among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States and to identify predictive factors for seroconversion.

Methods

From 1998–2002, 4684 high-risk MSM, age 18–60 years, participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled HIV vaccine efficacy trial at 56 U.S. clinical trial sites. Demographics, behavioral data, and HIV status were assessed at baseline and 6 month intervals. Since no overall vaccine efficacy was detected, data were combined from both trial arms to calculate HIV incidence based on person-years (py) of follow-up. Predictors of seroconversion, adjusted hazards ratio (aHR), were evaluated using a Cox proportional …

Epidemiology News, Georgia Southern University

Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences: News & Publications (2011-2018)

• Project ADEPT

Exploring The Social Determinants Of Sexually Transmitted Disease And High-Risk Sexual Behaviors, River Pugsley

Theses and Dissertations

Abstract 1: A multi-level assessment of disproportionate population sex ratios and high-risk sexual behaviors among STD clinic patients Low male-to-female sex ratios in a population may influence high-risk sexual behaviors, such as multiple sex partners and inconsistent condom use, which facilitate the transmission of STDs. This study used multi-level modeling to assess whether population sex ratios were associated with these two individual-level behaviors. All analyses were stratified by gender. Interview data were collected from patients (N = 9,203, 48% male) attending participating STD clinics. Interviews included information on socio-demographics and sexual behavior, including number of sex partners in the previous …

A Social Controversy: Autism Spectrum Disorder's Correlation To The Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination, Lindsay A. Frye

Senior Honors Theses

A 1998 research study lead by Dr. Andrew Wakefield linked the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination as a probable cause to autism spectrum disorder. This publication has started a significant debate among healthcare professionals and instigated an anti-vaccination movement within the general population. This vaccination controversy was started by parents who readily accepted Wakefield’s findings as truth and frequently would choose to withdrawal the administration of vaccinations from their children’s care plans. There has also been disapproval by healthcare professionals over Wakefield’s study since numerous research teams have been unable to replicate his findings. This disagreement surrounding the MMR vaccination is likely …

Facing An Epidemic: An Analysis Of Hiv/Aids, Antiretroviral Drug, And International Response To The Aids Pandemic, Michael Tate

Annual Undergraduate Conference on Health and Society

More than 33 million people are living with HIV/AIDS around the globe with 68% of all cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. The global prevalence rate is shocking considering that the disease was relatively unknown just 30 years ago. After reviewing medical, health policy, and health statistical journals, I will argue in this paper that international aid to nations struggling with AIDS needs to be redirected and refocused on supplying antiretroviral therapy to afflicted nations because ARV has been proven to be effective in managing the disease in countries that can afford the costs of treatment. International aid to countries that …

Preventable Asthma Episodes Among Urban/Rural Children And Adolescents: A Comparative Study, Saundra Glover, Crystal N. Piper, Edith Williams, Kevin Bennett, Winifred Thompson, Lucy Annang, Shaniece Charlemagne, Rahnuma Hassan

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Context: Asthma is a chronic respiratory illness that is increasing in prevalence among children in the United States. A limited number of studies have examined the relationship between rurality and the prevalence of asthma in minority children, and those studies found mixed results. The aim of this study is to examine urban/rural locality and its impact on asthma episodes and preventable emergency department visits, and to provide quantitative evidence concerning the relationship between patient characteristics and geographic location. Methods: This is a retrospective study and secondary data analysis of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Parametric testing using Univariate/Bivariate/Multivariate analysis …

A Health Needs Assessment Of Arab-Americans In The Washington, Dc Area, Reem N. Ghoneim, Amita N. Vyas

GW Research Days 2012 and Earlier

Although Arab-Americans often face various health challenges due to the stress associated with immigration, cultural conflict in the U.S., and limited knowledge of the complex U.S. health system, there is a paucity of research examining health risks and behaviors among this ethnic group. This cross-sectional study assessed the health needs among Arabs living in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Participants were recruited to take the survey online, reporting on health care access and utilization, risk behaviors, and health status. It also measured for associations between reported depression, discrimination, acculturation, and health. Quantitative analysis showed correlations between age and current tobacco …

Individual And Social Determinants Of Multiple Chronic Disease Behavioral Risk Factors Among Youth, Arsham Alamian, Gilles Paradis

ETSU Faculty Works

BACKGROUND: Behavioral risk factors are known to co-occur among youth, and to increase risks of chronic diseases morbidity and mortality later in life. However, little is known about determinants of multiple chronic disease behavioral risk factors, particularly among youth. Previous studies have been cross-sectional and carried out without a sound theoretical framework.

METHODS: Using longitudinal data (n = 1135) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001), Cycle 5 (2002-2003) and Cycle 6 (2004-2005) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a nationally representative sample of Canadian children who are followed biennially, the present study examines the influence of a set of …

Progestogens To Prevent Preterm Birth In Twin Pregnancies: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Trials., Ewoud Schuit, Sarah Stock, Rolf H.H. Groenwold, Kimberly Maurel, C. Andrew Combs, Thomas Garite, Catherine Y. Spong, Elizabeth A. Thom, Dwight J. Rouse, Steve N. Caritis, George Saade, Julia M. Zachary, Jane E. Norman, Line Rode, Katharina Klein, Ann Tabor, Elcin Cetingoz, John C. Morrison, Everett F. Magann, Christian M. Briery, Vicente Serra, Alfredo Perales, Juan Meseguer, Anwar Nassar, Arianne C. Lim, Karel G.M. Moons, Anneke Kwee, Ben W.J. Mol

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

Background

Preterm birth is the principal factor contributing to adverse outcomes in multiple pregnancies. Randomized controlled trials of progestogens to prevent preterm birth in twin pregnancies have shown no clear benefits. However, individual studies have not had sufficient power to evaluate potential benefits in women at particular high risk of early delivery (for example, women with a previous preterm birth or short cervix) or to determine adverse effects for rare outcomes such as intrauterine death.

Methods/design

We propose an individual participant data meta-analysis of high quality randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of progestogen treatment in women with a twin pregnancy. The …

Does Access To A Family Physician Matter For Adolescents?, Bridget L. Ryan, Moira Stewart, M. Karen Campbell, John Koval, Amardeep Thind

RDC@Western Research Highlights

No abstract provided.

Associations Between The Quality Of The Residential Built Environment And Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women In North Carolina, Marie Lynn Miranda, Lynne C. Messer, Gretchen L. Kroeger

Community Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: The built environment, a key component of environmental health, may be an important contributor to health disparities, particularly for reproductive health outcomes.Objective: In this study we investigated the relationship between seven indices of residential built environment quality and adverse reproductive outcomes for the City of Durham, North Carolina (USA).

Methods: We surveyed approximately 17,000 residential tax parcels in central Durham, assessing > 50 individual variables on each. These data, collected using direct observation, were combined with tax assessor, public safety, and U.S. Census data to construct seven indices representing impor­tant domains of the residential built environment: housing damage, property disorder, …

Does Secondary Inflammatory Breast Cancer Represent Post-Surgical Metastatic Disease?, Salman Hashmi, Ladan Zolfaghari, Paul H. Levine

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

The phenomenon of accelerated tumor growth following surgery has been observed repeatedly and merits further study. Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is widely recognized as an extremely aggressive malignancy characterized by micrometastasis at the time of diagnosis, with one interesting subgroup defined as secondary IBC where pathologically identifiable IBC appears after surgical treatment of a primary non-inflammatory breast cancer. One possible mechanism can be related to the stimulation of dormant micrometastasis through local angiogenesis occurring as part of posttraumatic healing. In this report, we review cases of secondary IBC and others where localized trauma was followed by the appearance of IBC …

Reimplantasi Lensa Setelah Komplikasi Operasi Katarak, Gilbert W. S. Simanjuntak

Kesmas

Ada keterbatasan laporan implementasi lensa intraokuler sekunder di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melaporkan hasil implementasi lensa intraokuler sekunder di Rumah Sakit Communion of Churches in Indonesia (CCI) Cikini, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Indonesia Jakarta. Penelitian dengan sumber data sekunder rekam medis pasien dengan bedah inclusi eventful dengan atau tanpa implementasi lensa dan setiap komplikasi post operasi, termasuk penurunan penglihatan dan inflamasi katarak. Segmen anterior dan posterior diperiksa secara menyeluruh dan dicatat. Sinechiolisis dilakukan 360o dan viskoelastik disuntikkan untuk membuka ruangan antara iris dan kapsul rensi remain. Remain vitreous di depan chamber dipotong dan diangkat. Intraocular lens (IOL) ditanam di …

Does Place Of Residence Affect Risk Of Suicide? A Spatial Epidemiologic Investigation In Kentucky From 1999 To 2008, Daniel M. Saman, Sabrina Walsh, Anna Borówko, Agricola Odoi

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Approximately 32,000 people take their own lives every year in the United States. In Kentucky, suicide mortality rates have been steadily increasing since 1999. Few studies in the United States have assessed spatial clustering of suicides. The purpose of this study was to identify high-risk clusters of suicide at the county level in Kentucky and assess the characteristics of those suicide cases within the clusters.

METHODS: A spatial epidemiological study was undertaken using suicide data for the period January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2008, obtained from the Kentucky Office of Vital Statistics. Descriptive analyses using Pearson's chi-square test …

Effect Of Nutrition Changes On Foods Selected By Students In A Middle School-Based Diabetes Prevention Intervention Program: The Healthy Experience, Connie Mobley, Diane D. Stadler, Myrlene A. Staten, Laure El Ghormli, Bonnie Gillis, Jill Hartstein, Anna Maria Siega-Riz, Amy Virus, Healthy Study Group

GW Biostatistics Center

No abstract provided.

Repeat Prenatal Corticosteroid Prior To Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review And Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis For The Precise Study Group (Prenatal Repeat Corticosteroid International Ipd Study Group: Assessing The Effects Using The Best Level Of Evidence) - Study Protocol, Caroline A. Crowther, Fariba Aghajafari, Lisa M. Askie, Elizabeth V. Asztalos, Peter Brocklehurst, Elizabeth A. Thom, +22 Additional Authors

GW Biostatistics Center

Background

The aim of this individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis is to assess whether the effects of repeat prenatal corticosteroid treatment given to women at risk of preterm birth to benefit their babies are modified in a clinically meaningful way by factors related to the women or the trial protocol.

Methods/Design

The Prenatal Repeat Corticosteroid International IPD Study Group: assessing the effects using the best level of Evidence (PRECISE) Group will conduct an IPD meta-analysis. The PRECISE International Collaborative Group was formed in 2010 and data collection commenced in 2011. Eleven trials with up to 5,000 women and 6,000 infants …

Alternate Estrogen Receptors Promote Invasion Of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells Via Non-Genomic Signaling, Kazufumi Ohshiro, Arnold M. Schwartz, Paul H. Levine, Rakesh Kumar

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

Although Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) is a rare and an aggressive type of locally advanced breast cancer with a generally worst prognosis, little work has been done in identifying the status of non-genomic signaling in the invasiveness of IBC. The present study was performed to explore the status of non-genomic signaling as affected by various estrogenic and anti-estrogenic agents in IBC cell lines SUM149 and SUM190. We have identified the presence of estrogen receptor α (ERα) variant, ERα36 in SUM149 and SUM190 cells. This variant as well as ERβ was present in a substantial concentration in IBC cells. The treatment …

A Spatial Cluster Analysis Of Tractor Overturns In Kentucky From 1960 To 2002, Daniel M. Saman, Henry P. Cole, Agricola Odoi, Melvin L. Myers, Daniel I. Carey, Susan C. Westneat

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Agricultural tractor overturns without rollover protective structures are the leading cause of farm fatalities in the United States. To our knowledge, no studies have incorporated the spatial scan statistic in identifying high-risk areas for tractor overturns. The aim of this study was to determine whether tractor overturns cluster in certain parts of Kentucky and identify factors associated with tractor overturns.

METHODS: A spatial statistical analysis using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic was performed to identify county clusters at greatest risk for tractor overturns. A regression analysis was then performed to identify factors associated with tractor overturns.

RESULTS: The spatial analysis …

Atrazine Exposure In Public Drinking Water And Preterm Birth, Jessica L. Rinsky, Claudia Hopenhayn, Vijay Golla, Steven R. Browning, Heather M. Bush

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Objectives

Approximately 13% of all births occur prior to 37 weeks gestation in the U.S. Some established risk factors exist for preterm birth, but the etiology remains largely unknown. Recent studies have suggested an association with environmental exposures. We examined the relationship between preterm birth and exposure to a commonly used herbicide, atrazine, in drinking water.

Methods

We reviewed Kentucky birth certificate data for 2004–2006 to collect duration of pregnancy and other individual-level covariates. We assessed existing data sources for atrazine levels in public drinking water for the years 2000–2008, classifying maternal county of residence into three atrazine exposure groups. …

Antibiotics For Leptospirosis, David Brett-Major, Rodney Coldren

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis has a wide-ranging clinical and public health impact. Leptospira are globally distributed. Case attack rates are as high as 1:4 to 2:5 persons in exposed populations. In some settings mortality has exceeded 10% of infected people. The benefit of antibiotic therapy in the disease has been unclear.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to characterise the risks and benefits associated with use of antibiotic therapy in the management of leptospirosis.

SEARCH METHODS: We searched the The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded …

Tropical Medicine Training In The Department Of Defense, Rodney L. Coldren, David Brett-Major, Patrick W. Hickey, Eric Garges, Peter J. Weina, Paula Corrigan, Gerald Quinnan

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

No abstract provided.

Aspirin But Not Ibuprofen Use Is Associated With Reduced Risk Of Prostate Cancer: A Plco Study, F. M. Shebl, L. C. Sakoda, A. Black, J. Koziol, G. L. Andriole, R. Grubb, T. R. Church, D. Chia, Cindy Zhou, +8 Additional Authors

GW Biostatistics Center

Background:

Although most epidemiological studies suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is inversely associated with prostate cancer risk, the magnitude and specificity of this association remain unclear.

Methods:

We examined self-reported aspirin and ibuprofen use in relation to prostate cancer risk among 29 450 men ages 55–74 who were initially screened for prostate cancer from 1993 to 2001 in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Men were followed from their first screening exam until 31 December 2009, during which 3575 cases of prostate cancer were identified.

Results:

After adjusting for potential confounders, the hazard ratios (HRs) of …

Health Effects Associated With Foreclosure: A Secondary Analysis Of Hospital Discharge Data, Nancy Menzel, Sheniz Moonie, Melva V. Thompson-Robinson

Nursing Faculty Research

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the health effects of high home foreclosure rates in an area of the United States of America and the utility of hospital discharge data for this purpose. Methods. We analyzed hospital discharge data from three postal zip codes using the principal diagnosis for 25 Diagnostic Related Groups associated with stress. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize hospital discharge rates for each condition by year and zip code. To test for differences across time, the Cochran-Armitage trend test was performed. Results. Most conditions did not demonstrate a statistical change between …

Hiv/Aids In The Muslim-Majority Countries: Formula For Low Prevalence, Kaoru Yamaguchi

Political Science Theses and Capstones

The Muslim-majority countries long had been considered to be free of HIV/AIDS epidemic because of their strict religious and moral codes. However, the HIV prevalence rates are increasing in some Islamic states, and even more or so rapidly in a several cases that it is no longer valid to assume the Islamic religion protects its followers from the risks of contracting HIV. Contrary to the popular belief concerning the prevention of the HIV/AIDs epidemic, data collected from well-recognized international organizations such as the WHO and Freedom House indicate that democratization, strong government leadership, and wider and equal human rights for …

A Pilot Online Survey Assessing Risk Factors For Hiv Acquisition In The Navy And Marine Corps, 2005-2010, Shilpa Hakre, Adam W. Armstrong, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Paul T. Scott, David Brett-Major

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

The Department of Defense policy Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT) ended in September, 2011. The Navy Bloodborne Infection Management Center conducted a post-DADT pilot survey of HIV seroconverters identified when the DADT policy was in effect. Sailors and Marines newly diagnosed as HIV positive from 2005 to 2010 were invited to participate in an online survey. A structured questionnaire elicited risk information about the 3-year period before HIV diagnosis. Respondents reported engaging commonly in same sex sexual activity, having concurrent partners, and poor condom use for anal sex. In this first post-DADT repeal report of self-reported behaviors, male-to-male sexual contact …

Epidemiology Of Contemporary Seroincident Hiv Infection In The Navy And Marine Corps, David Brett-Major, Shilpa Hakre, Neal A. Naito, Adam Armstrong, Eric A. Bower, Nelson L. Michael, Paul T. Scott

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection continues at a steady rate among U.S. Sailors and Marines. This study provides the first service-specific description of HIV infection demographics. All Sailors and Marines identified as HIV infected between January 2005 and August 2010 were included. The project compared personnel and epidemiologic data, and tested reposed sera in the Department of Defense Serum Repository. This group comprised 410 Sailors and 86 Marines, predominantly men. HIV infected Marines were more likely to be foreign born than their Navy counterparts, 42% versus 10%, p < 0.001. Approximately half of the patients had deployed including to the wars in Iraq or Afghanistan. Nearly half of each group was infected by the age of 25. Similar to the U.S. epidemic, Black race was over-represented. Unlike national rates, Hispanic Sailors and Marines were not over-represented. Demographics were distinct for those of specific occupational specialties. Certain ship classes carried lower incidences. Clustering of HIV infection risk occurred around deployment. The Navy and Marine Corps have different patterns of HIV infection, which may merit distinct approaches to prevention. The Navy may have unique targets for prevention efforts to include pipeline training and first assignment as well as particular occupational environments.

Malaria And Related Outcomes In Patients With Intestinal Helminths: A Cross-Sectional Study, Abraham Degarege, Mengistu Legesse, Girmay Medhin, Abebe Animut, Berhanu Erko

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

BACKGROUND: The effects of helminth co-infection on malaria in humans remain uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the nature of association of intestinal helminths with prevalence and clinical outcomes of Plasmodium infection.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 1,065 malaria suspected febrile patients was conducted at Dore Bafeno Health Center, Southern Ethiopia, from December 2010 to February 2011. Plasmodium and intestinal helminth infections were diagnosed using Giemsa-stained blood films and Kato-Katz technique, respectively. Haemoglobin level was determined using a haemocue machine.

RESULTS: Among 1,065 malaria suspected febrile patients, 28.8% were positive for Plasmodium parasites (P. falciparum =13.0%, P. vivax =14.5%, P. …

The Effects Of The Built Environment On Physical Activity In Rural Upstate New York, Kimberly Moore

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Background: Physical activity across the lifespan is associated with numerous health benefits. That the built environment can influence physical activity is a widely accepted hypothesis which has been examined extensively in urban/suburban and across urban-rural environments. Numerous census variables, such as housing density, percent renter, and others related to urbanity, are related to physical activity and built environment measures. However, the rural built environment's influence on adult physical activity is relatively unexplored.