Public Health Commons^™

Early Inititation Of Breastfeeding And Vitamin A Supplementation With Nutritional Status Of Children Aged 6-59 Months, Betty Yosephin Simanjuntak, Miratul Haya, Desri Suryani, Che An Ahmad

Kesmas

Masa balita, khususnya dua tahun pertama kehidupan merupakan usia emas bagi anak karena pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya yang cepat. Oleh karena itu, terjadinya gangguan nutrisi pada masa itu bisa bersifat permanen dan tidak dapat diubah. Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan antara inisiasi dini pemberian air susu ibu dan vitamin A dengan status gizi. Total sampel yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah 1.592 anak di bawah lima tahun (balita) berusia 6-59 bulan yang diambil dari Pemantauan Status Gizi Indonesia 2015 di Bengkulu. Data termasuk usia, jenis kelamin, inisiasi menyusui dini, panjang kelahiran, berat lahir, suplementasi vitamin Adikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Berat dan tinggi …

Family Support As A Factor Influencing The Provision Of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Adolescent Mothers In Bantul, Yogyakarta, Maulida Lailatussu’Da, Niken Meilani, Nanik Setiyawati, Sammy Onyapidi Barasa

Kesmas

Kehamilan remaja di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Kecamatan Sewon memiliki angka persalinan remaja tertinggi di Kabupaten Bantul pada tahun 2015-2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pemberian ASI eksklusif pada ibu usia remaja di Kecamatan Sewon, Kabupaten Bantul. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dan sampel penelitian berjumlah 45 orang ibu usia remaja yang mempunyai bayi usia 6-24 bulan. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Analisis bivariat menggunakan kai kuadrat dan fisher’s exact test, sedangkan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 53.3% ibu usia remaja tidak memberikan ASI eksklusif. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan faktor status kehamilan (nilai p …

Effect Of Nutrition Counseling Knowledge And Attitude Toward Mother Breastfeeding And Baby Growth In Sub Lubuk Pakam, Herta Masthalina, Zein Agustina

Kesmas

Untuk dapat menjalankan program ASI eksklusif, ibu menyusui harus memiliki pengetahuan yang baik. Salah satu cara dalam menambah pengetahuan yaitu dengan memberikan konseling gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konseling gizi tentang ASI eksklusif dan status gizi terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap ibu menyusui di wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Lubuk Pakam. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi experimental non-equivalent control group design. Sampel sejumlah 60 ibu dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu 30 ibu yang diberikan konseling gizi intensif pada kelompok intervensi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Lubuk Pakam dan 30 ibu pada kelompok kontrol di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tanjung Morawa. Kelompok perlakuan …

The Effect Of Health Insurance On Institutional Delivery In Indonesia, Mazda Novi Mukhlisa, Pujiyanto Pujiyanto

Kesmas

Pemanfaatan pelayanan persalinan di fasilitas kesehatan berdampak pada menurunnya angka kematian ibu (AKI). Di Indonesia, persalinan di fasilitas kesehatan mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya, tetapi masih terdapat sekitar 30% ibu yang bersalin di rumah. Sayangnya, peningkatan pemanfaatan pelayanan persalinan di fasilitas kesehatan tersebut tidak diimbangi dengan penurunan AKI, sehingga Indonesia tidak berhasil mencapai target MDGs. Untuk mencapai Universal Health Coverage, Indonesia mengimplementasikan program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) yang mengintegrasikan empat jaminan kesehatan, yaitu Askes/ASABRI, Jamsostek, Jamkesmas, dan Jamkesda. Jaminan kesehatan dapat mengatasi kendala biaya pada persalinan di fasilitas kesehatan. Dengan menggunakan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013 dan data Potensi Desa 2011 …

Risk Of Adolescent Pregnancy Toward Maternal And Infant Health, Analisis Of Idhs 2012, Anni Fithriyatul Mas'udah, Besral Besral, Bimandra Adiputra Djaafara

Kesmas

Dampak kehamilan pada remaja erat kaitannya dengan risiko kesehatan ibu dan bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan komposit indeks kesehatan ibu, indeks kesehatan bayi dan untuk menelaah pengaruh kehamilan remaja terhadap kesehatan ibu dan bayi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2012, dengan sampel 2.167 responden yang memenuhi syarat inklusi (wanita usia subur yang pernah melahirkan anak pertama sejak Januari 2007 sampai survei dilaksanakan). Analisis menggunakan Polychoric Principal Component Analysis untuk menentukan komposit indeks kesehatan ibu dan bayi, serta regresi logistik untuk mengetahui besar hubungan kehamilan remaja terhadap kesehatan ibu dan bayi. Kesehatan ibu dapat ditentukan melalui …

Exclusive Breastfeeding Intention Among Pregnant Women, Tria Astika Endah Permatasari, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika, Endang Laksminingsih Achadi, Urip Purwono, Anies Irawati, Dwiana Ocviyanti, Evi Martha

Kesmas

Intensi pemberian ASI eksklusif adalah intensi ibu untuk memberikan hanya ASI pada bayinya sejak dilahirkan hingga berusia enam bulan. Intensi pada periode prenatal merupakan penentu langsung pemberian ASI eksklusif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor paling dominan berhubungan dengan intensi pemberian ASI eksklusif pada ibu hamil di sebuah rumah sakit ibu dan anak di Kota Tangerang Selatan. Penelitian dengan desain studi potong lintang dilakukan secara primer. Sampel berjumlah 143 ibu hamil trimester ketiga dipilih secara purposive sampling. Intensi pemberian ASI eksklusif diukur menggunakan kuesioner the Infant Feeding Intentions scale. Sedangkan sikap, norma subjektif dan persepsi kontrol perilaku dinilai menggunakan modifikasi kuesioner …

Technical Considerations In The Use Of The E-Value, Tyler J. Vanderweele, Peng Ding, Maya Mathur

Harvard University Biostatistics Working Paper Series

The E-value is defined as the minimum strength of association on the risk ratio scale that an unmeasured confounder would have to have with both the exposure and the outcome, conditional on the measured covariates, to explain away the observed exposure-outcome association. We have elsewhere proposed that the reporting of E-values for estimates and for the limit of the confidence interval closest to the null become routine whenever causal effects are of interest. A number of questions have arisen about the use of E-value including questions concerning the interpretation of the relevant confounding association parameters, the nature of the transformation …

An Exome-Wide Sequencing Study Of Lipid Response To High-Fat Meal And Fenofibrate In Caucasians From The Goldn Cohort, Xin Geng, Marguerite R. Irvin, Bertha Hidalgo, Stella Aslibekyan, Vinodh Srinivasasainagendra, Ping An, Alexis C. Frazier-Wood, Hemant K. Tiwari, Tushar Dave, Kathleen Ryan, Jose M. Ordovas, Robert J. Straka, Mary F. Feitosa, Paul N. Hopkins, Ingrid Borecki, Michael A. Province, Braxton D. Mitchell, Donna K. Arnett, Degui Zhi

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Our understanding of genetic influences on the response of lipids to specific interventions is limited. In this study, we sought to elucidate effects of rare genetic variants on lipid response to a high-fat meal challenge and fenofibrate (FFB) therapy in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) cohort using an exome-wide sequencing-based association study. Our results showed that the rare coding variants in ITGA7, SIPA1L2, and CEP72 are significantly associated with fasting LDL cholesterol response to FFB (P = 1.24E-07), triglyceride postprandial area under the increase (AUI) (P = 2.31E-06), and triglyceride postprandial …

The Association Of Long-Term Exposure To Particulate Matter Air Pollution With Brain Mri Findings: The Aric Study., Melinda C Power, Archana P Lamichhane, Duanping Liao, Xiaohui Xu, Clifford R Jack, Rebecca F Gottesman, Thomas Mosley, James D Stewart, Jeff D Yanosky, Eric A Whitsel

Epidemiology Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence links higher particulate matter (PM) air pollution exposure to late-life cognitive impairment. However, few studies have considered associations between direct estimates of long-term past exposures and brain MRI findings indicative of neurodegeneration or cerebrovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to quantify the association between brain MRI findings and PM exposures approximately 5 to 20 y prior to MRI in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

METHODS: ARIC is based in four U.S. sites: Washington County, Maryland; Minneapolis suburbs, Minnesota; Forsyth County, North Carolina; and Jackson, Mississippi. A subset of ARIC participants underwent 3T brain MRI in …

Dietary Inflammatory Index And Cardiovascular Risk And Mortality—A Meta-Analysis, Nitin Shivappa, Justyna Godos, James R. Hébert, Michael Wirth, Gabriele Piuri, Attilio Speciani, Giuseppe Grosso

Faculty Publications

Diet and chronic inflammation have been suggested to be risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related mortality. The possible link between the inflammatory potential of diet measured through the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII^®) and CVD has been investigated in several populations across the world. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis on studies exploring this association. Data from 14 studies were eligible, of which two were case-control, eleven were cohort, and one was cross-sectional. Results from the random-effects meta-analysis showed a positive association between increasing DII, indicating a pro-inflammatory diet, and …

Lower Dietary Inflammatory Index Scores Are Associated With Lower Glycemic Index Scores Among College Students, Yeonsoo Kim, Jie Chen, Michael Wirth, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hébert

Faculty Publications

The association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII^®), the glycemic index (GI), and the glycemic load (GL) is not known, although it is known that carbohydrates are pro-inflammatory. We aimed to measure the association between the DII and both GI and GL among college students. In this cross-sectional study, 110 college students completed a 3-day food diary, which was used to calculate the DII, the GI, the GL, and the healthy eating index (HEI)-2010. Least square means and 95% confidence intervals of the GI, the GL, and the HEI-2010 were presented per DII tertile using generalized linear mixed …

Self-Reported Academic Performance In Relation To Health Behaviours Among Bahria University Students, Rehana Rehman, Amara Zafar, Aleena Mohib, Mehwish Hussain, Rabiya Ali

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Objective: To find an association between self-reported academic performance with different socio-demographic factors, health behaviours and mental health amongst university students.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahria University, Karachi, from January 2012 to December 2013, and comprised university students of different disciplines. An anonymous, self-reported questionnaire was distributed among the subjects. Convenient sampling technique was used. Demographic information, including age, gender and field of study, were obtained. Depresion was evaluated via Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. SPSS 22 was used to analyse data.
Results: Of the 813 respondents, 334(41.1%) were males and 479(58.9%) females. The mean age …

Genome-Wide Interactions With Dairy Intake For Body Mass Index In Adults Of European Descent, Caren E. Smith, Jack L. Follis, Hassan S. Dashti, Toshiko Tanaka, Mariaelisa Graff, Amanda M. Fretts, Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen, Mary K. Wojczynski, Kris Richardson, Mike A. Nalls, Christina-Alexandra Schulz, Yongmei Liu, Alexis C. Frazier-Wood, Esther Van Eekelen, Carol Wang, Paul S. De Vries, Vera Mikkilä, Rebecca Rohde, Bruce M. Psaty, Torben Hansen, Mary F. Feitosa, Chao-Qiang Lai, Denise K. Houston, Luigi Ferruci, Ulrika Ericson, Zhe Wang, Renée De Mutsert, Wendy H. Oddy, Ester A. L. De Jonge, Ilkka Seppälä, Donna K. Arnett

Epidemiology and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Scope: Body weight responds variably to the intake of dairy foods. Genetic variation may contribute to inter‐individual variability in associations between body weight and dairy consumption.

Methods and results: A genome‐wide interaction study to discover genetic variants that account for variation in BMI in the context of low‐fat, high‐fat and total dairy intake in cross‐sectional analysis was conducted. Data from nine discovery studies (up to 25 513 European descent individuals) were meta‐analyzed. Twenty‐six genetic variants reached the selected significance threshold (p‐interaction <10⁻⁷⁾, and six independent variants (LINC01512‐rs7751666, PALM2/AKAP2‐rs914359, ACTA2‐rs1388, PPP1R12A‐rs7961195, LINC00333‐rs9635058, …

Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, And Dietary Acculturation Among Foreign-Born Blacks In New York City, Margrethe F. Horlyck-Romanovsky

Dissertations and Theses

Background: Black immigration to the US quadrupled between 1980 and 2000, and between 2000 and 2013 it further increased by 56%. The US Census estimates that by 2060, 16.5% of the US Black population will be foreign-born. Half of all foreign-born Blacks (FBBs) in the US, or more than 1.9 million people, are from the Caribbean, and of those, 682,000 were born in Jamaica alone. Besides the Caribbean, there are 1.36 million immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. In New York City, non-Hispanic black Caribbean and West African immigrants constitute 19% and 4%, respectively, of the total foreign-born population. Research is limited …

Assessment Of Temperature And Ultraviolet Radiation Effects On Sunburn At An Inland U.S. Beach: A Cohort Study, Jason W. Marion, Jiyoung Lee, James Rosenblum, Timothy J. Buckley

EKU Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Background

Increases in outdoor temperature may lead to increases in sunburn, outdoor exposure, and skin cancer in human populations.

Objective

This study aimed to quantify sunburn incidence and risk for Ohio beachgoers exposed to varying outdoor conditions.

Methods

Sunburn incidence data were obtained through a prospective cohort study at East Fork Lake (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA). Recruitment occurred over 26 weekend days. Beach interviews and follow-up telephone interviews obtained exposure and health information. New sunburns were self-reported 8–9 days post-enrollment. Survey data were paired with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) index and temperature data for statistical analysis.

Results

Among 947 beachgoers, new sunburns …

Epidemiology News, Georgia Southern University

Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences: News & Publications (2011-2018)

• Georgia Southern Examines Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Mortality among Hispanic Women

Effectiveness Of A Federal Healthy Start Program In Reducing Infant Mortality, Ronee E. Wilson, Hamisu M. Salihu, Jason L. Salemi, Priyanshi Patel, Rana Daas, Estrellita "Lo" Berry

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Objective: Infant mortality is an important indicator of the health status of a community. In this analysis, we aimed to evaluate temporal changes in infant mortality rates (IMR) in the Central Hillsborough Healthy Start (CHHS) program service area in Tampa, Florida compared to rates in the rest of Hillsborough County and the state.

Method: We conducted a five-year (2010-2014) trends analysis using birth and infant death data extracted from the Florida Community Health Assessment Resource Tool Set (CHARTS). The number of infant deaths and live births were used to calculate and compare IMRs in the CHHS catchment area to those …

Race And “Hotspots” Of Preventable Hospitalizations, Caryn N. Bell, Janice V. Bowie, Roland J. Thorpe Jr.

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Abstract

Preventable hospitalizations (PHs) are those for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions that indicate insufficiencies in local primary healthcare. PH rates tend to be higher among African Americans, in urban centers, rural areas and areas with more African American residents. The objective of this study is to determine geographic clusters of high PH rates (“spatial clusters”) by race. Data from Maryland hospitals were utilized to determine the rates of PHs in zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) by race in 2010. Geographic clusters of ZCTAs with higher than expected PH rates were identified using Scan Statistic and Anselin’s Local Moran’s I. 10 PH …

Persistence With Mammography Screening And Stage At Breast Cancer Diagnosis Among Elderly Appalachia-West Virginia Women, Ami Vyas, Suresh Madhavan, Usha Sambamoorthi

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between persistence with mammography screening and stage at breast cancer diagnosis in elderly Appalachia-West Virginia women diagnosed with first incident breast cancer. The study utilized West Virginia Cancer Registry-Medicare linked database to identify women age 70 and above diagnosed with first incident breast cancer in 2007. Persistence to mammography screening was defined as having had at least three mammography screenings before breast cancer diagnosis. A multiple logistic regression was conducted to assess the association between persistence with mammography screening and stage at breast cancer diagnosis in these women. Of the …

Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes And Risk Of Colorectal Cancer In Postmenopausal Women., G. C. Kabat, M. Y. Kim, M. Stefanick, G. Y. F. Ho, D. S. Lane, A. O. Odegaard, M. S. Simon, J. W. Bea, J. Luo, T. E. Wassertheil-Smoller

Journal Articles

Obesity has been postulated to increase the risk of colorectal cancer by mechanisms involving insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. We examined the associations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, the metabolic syndrome, metabolic obesity phenotypes and homeostasis model-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR-a marker of insulin resistance) with risk of colorectal cancer in over 21,000 women in the Women's Health Initiative CVD Biomarkers subcohort. Women were cross-classified by BMI (18.5-

The Influence Of Insurance Type On Stage At Presentation, Treatment, And Survival Between Asian American And Non-Hispanic White Lung Cancer Patients, A. Tantraworasin, E. Taioli, B. Liu, R. M. Flores, A. J. Kaufman

Journal Articles

© 2018 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The effect of insurance type on lung cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survival in Asian patients living in the United States is still under debate. We have analyzed this issue using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. There were 102,733 lung cancer patients age 18–64 years diagnosed between 2007 and 2013. Multilevel regression analysis was performed to identify the association between insurance types, stage at diagnosis, treatment modalities, and overall mortality in Asian and non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients. Clinical characteristics were significantly different between Asian and NHW …

Liver Cancer Disparities In New York City: A Neighborhood View Of Risk And Harm Reduction Factors, G. R. Kamath, E. Taioli, N. N. Egorova, J. M. Llovet, P. V. Perumalswami, J. J. Weiss, M. Schwartz, S. Ewala, N. A. Bickell

Journal Articles

© 2018 Kamath, Taioli, Egorova, Llovet, Perumalswami, Weiss, Schwartz, Ewala and Bickell. Introduction: Liver cancer is the fastest increasing cancer in the United States and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in New York City (NYC), with wide disparities among neighborhoods. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe liver cancer incidence by neighborhood and examine its association with risk factors. This information can inform preventive and treatment interventions. Materials and methods: Publicly available data were collected on adult NYC residents (n = 6,407,022). Age-adjusted data on liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer came from the …

Prevalence, Comorbidity, And Correlates Of Psychiatric And Substance Use Disorders And Associations With Hiv Risk Behaviors In A Multisite Cohort Of Women Living With Hiv, J. A. Cook, J. K. Burke-Miller, P. J. Steigman, R. M. Schwartz, N. A. Hessol, J. Milam, D. J. Merenstein, K. Anastos, E. T. Golub, M. H. Cohen

Journal Articles

© 2018, The Author(s). We used the World Health Organization’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview to determine the prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of lifetime and 12-month behavioral health disorders in a multisite cohort of 1027 women living with HIV in the United States. Most (82.6%) had one or more lifetime disorders including 34.2% with mood disorders, 61.6% with anxiety disorders, and 58.3% with substance use disorders. Over half (53.9%) had at least one 12-month disorder, including 22.1% with mood disorders, 45.4% with anxiety disorders, and 11.1% with substance use disorders. Behavioral health disorder onset preceded HIV diagnosis by an average of …

Controversies On Lung Cancers Manifesting As Part-Solid Nodules., R. Yip, K. Li, L. Liu, D. Xu, K. Tam, D. F. Yankelevitz, E. Taioli, B. Becker, C. I. Henschke

Journal Articles

PURPOSE: Summarise survival of patients with resected lung cancers manifesting as part-solid nodules (PSNs).

METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for all studies/clinical trials on CT-detected lung cancer in English before 21 December 2015 to identify surgically resected lung cancers manifesting as PSNs. Outcome measures were lung cancer-specific survival (LCS), overall survival (OS), or disease-free survival (DFS). All PSNs were classified by the percentage of solid component to the entire nodule diameter into category PSNs

RESULTS: Twenty studies reported on PSNs

CONCLUSION: A clear definition of the upper limit of solid component of a PSN is needed to avoid …

Lebanon: Cholera Outbreak, Muhammad Naqvi

Global Public Health

Lebanon is a country that has always been tangled with the ever looming threat of a growing health crisis. With a failing government and massive influx of refugees, mostly the victim of their war torn economy, it seemed inevitable that sanitation procedures would run short. Now the Lebanese people and government face the challenge of the spread of Cholera, a water-borne disease, within the countries vicinity as a result of mass pollution from the formation of informal settlements as well as the country being a hotbed for political instability. These have resulted in limited success in controlling the outbreak engulfing …

Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Hiv/Aids, John Tworek

Global Public Health

The Democratic Republic of the Congo faces a great number of health issues, however, one of the most prevalent diseases within the country is HIV/AIDS. An estimated 122,168 thousand cases were reported in 2015, with the total number of deaths at 19,000, in a country that has a population of 82,804,942. The research done on HIV/AIDS in The Democratic Republic of the Congo looks at the basic epidemiology of the region, how to identify the disease, and major risk factors present. Other major challenges The Democratic Republic of the Congo faces are included, as well as suggestions for preventing further …

Bahrain: Cardiovascular Disease, Sandra Morales

Global Public Health

A beautiful island in the Arabian Gulf (Persian Gulf), east of Saudi Arabia, north of Qatar, Bahrain is home to over 1.5 million people. The diverse population consists of Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Asians, Africans, and so much more. Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy. The current commander of the Bahrain defense force is Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa. For the most part, Bahrainis have political freedoms. However, one major problem Bahrainis face, in particular men, is cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease accounted for 34% of deaths in 2002. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Bahrain. Obesity and inactivity …

Somalia: Rift Valley Fever, Alyson Meeks

Global Public Health

This walks readers through the basic demographics of Somalia, a country located in the horn of Africa. After learning about the government in Somalia and the problems that the people of the country face, this focuses on the problem of Rift Valley Fever. Rift Valley Fever is a virus that year after year strikes Somalia and surrounding countries. Weather patterns seem to help predict when Rift Valley Fever will be at the highest risk for an outbreak. This outlines the steps the current government and people are trying to take to help prevent outbreaks of RVF. But the solutions currently …

Uganda: Malaria, Sui Hnem

Global Public Health

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by mosquito bite. It is a major health problem in Uganda and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Pregnant women and children are the most infected groups in the country. The Ugandan government did their best to keep children and women healthy by providing clinics near the villages and advocating home treatment for malaria. Although, the government is very supportive in preventing and promoting the malaria, people did not seek healthcare as much as they should. The reason for not seeking healthcare was because they feel healthy, or the clinic had long …

Hiv/Aids: Nigeria, Lauren Tropinski

Global Issues in Public Health

Nigeria has one of the largest prevalence rates of HIV infections in Africa. HIV is a communicable disease that is transmitted by bodily fluids through unprotected sex, using contaminated needles, or mother to child. The most affected populations include heterosexuals who have unprotected sex, followed by sex workers, and men who have sex with men. People will experience three stages of HIV before the last stage referred to as AIDS. Rapid diagnostic tests are used to diagnose the disease. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS. However, people with HIV are given antiretrovirals to keep HIV at a low level throughout …