Other Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Utilizing Fram And Digital Materiel Management To Evaluate System Resilience And Inform Design Decisions, Hannah Rennich, Michael E. Miller, John M. Mcguirl

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

As technology upgrades become more complex and introduce sources of performance variability into the system, human factors engineers must identify and mitigate the risks involved. As opposed to more traditional methods like Human Factors Failure Mode and Effects (HF-FMEA), this research explored the use of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) and Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) activity diagrams to better understand how variability of human behavior in complex socio-technical systems affect overall performance and how redesign may address performance shortfalls. FRAM analysis was conducted to detect potential failures and deviations. MBSE activity diagrams were then developed to decompose the actions …

Analyses Of The Boeing 737max Accidents: Formal Models And Psychological Perspectives, Immanuel Barshi, Asaf Degani, Robert Mauro, Randal J. Mumaw

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Two fatal accidents involving the B737MAX resulted from the flight crews’ inability to overcome the effects of the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS). MCAS was designed to mimic the control column feel pressure and pitching behavior of the B737NG, which was the certification basis for the B737MAX. We briefly describe the potential role of formally modeling different perspectives during system design, and how such modeling can reveal gaps and conflicts between perspectives. We also discuss some of the relevant human factors issues involved in these accidents and how the aircraft’s behavior may have affected the pilots’ psychological states. Implications for …

Concept Of A Goal And Plan Recognition System For Adaptive Pilot Assistance In Helicopter Operations, Dominik Künzel, Axel Schulte

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

This article presents a first concept of a pilot assistant system that adapts its support to the current intent of the pilot during Manned-Unmanned-Teaming (MUM-T) helicopter missions. Assistant systems often depend on a pre-defined plan. Due to unpredicted situational changes, the plan can deteriorate, and the system is not able to assist anymore. We envisage a system design that will infer the pilot’s intent by using a domain theory approach (plan recognition as planning). To compose a possible plan, a sequence of decisions about the relevant actions is necessary. Thus, we formulate sequential planning problems using Partially Observable Markov Decision …

Interface Design For Collaboration With Semi-Autonomous Agents From An Airborne Aircraft, Maj John A. Steveneson, John Mcguirl, Michael E. Miller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

The development of intelligent standoff weapons presents several challenges to support effective human-machine teaming. A key issue involves leveraging the weapon’s ability to sense and react to new threats and engage targets of opportunity in flight while balancing human fiduciary control. This research sought to develop a methodology to determine information requirements of weapons operators to support high levels of teaming during a mission. Baselining a population of operators and conducting cognitive task analyses of system experts from among Air Force Weapons School graduates helped to understand the cognitive requirements and teaming practices of currently fielded systems and elicit goals …

Easy As Abc: A Mnemonic Procedure For Managing Startle And Surprise, Matteo Piras, Annemarie Landman, M. M. Van Paassen, Olaf Stroosma, Eric Groen, Max Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Background. Mnemonic procedures are currently being taught to airline pilots to manage startle and surprise. We previously tested the effectiveness of a four-item mnemonic. Pilots generally rated it as useful but some re-marked that it induced too much additional workload. Therefore, we tested whether a simpler mnemonic, Aviate-Breathe-Check, would be more useful. Method. The experiment took place in a hexapod simulator with a Piper Seneca aerodynamic model and a generic cockpit. Airline pilots (n = 25) were divided into an experimental (“ABC”) and control group. All received ground training on startle and surprise, which included instructions on the ABC mnemonic …

Nasa Human Factors Red Light/Green Light Analysis: Overview And Spacshiptwo Rl/Gl Case Study, Tracy Dillinger, Isabel Hernandez

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Historically, learning from accidents and incidents involves identifying errors of commission or omission and “things that go wrong” and how to reduce their recurrence. While well-intentioned, infrequent failures receive more attention than everyday successes. Human Factors analysis need not limit itself to learning from failures. Learning from “what goes right” involves identifying resilience factors associated with behaviors and processes that strengthen the system and reduce risk. This article provides an overview of how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Human Factors Task Force (HFTF) constructed the NASAHFACS model and the Red Light/Green Light approach. Using SpaceShipTwo as a case …

Lvc, What Is It Good For? Trade-Offs In Training Value Of Live Virtual Constructive Air Combat Training In Large Force Exercises, Robert Ramberg, Henrik Artman, Rogier Woltjer, Sanna Aronsson, Mikael Mitchell

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

This article reports the results of a workshop study with fighter pilots about the potential benefits and drawbacks of introducing Live Virtual Constructive (LVC) training (combining real aircraft, simulators, and computer-generated AI forces) into Large Force Exercises (LFEs). The study elaborates on a questionnaire study conducted during Arctic Challenge Exercise (ACE) 2021, to investigate pilots’ attitudes towards including virtual and constructive entities in LFEs. In order to get a better understanding of training value of LVC, and explanations for questionnaire answers, two workshops with a total of eight fighter pilots were conducted. Results classify the statements made by the pilots …

Applying Human-Centered Design To Ai-Enabled Pilot Scheduling, Amy L. Alexander, Audrey Haque, Michael Snyder, Rachael Kusiak, Brice Okubo, Kathie Chung, Eric Robinson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Air Force mission and training scheduling is an immensely complex, time-consuming, and significantly manual process. A scheduling tool known as Puckboard has been developed to help C-17 squadrons transition from moving pucks across large whiteboards to utilizing technology to dynamically plan and deconflict resources in the presence of complex constraints. The overarching goal of incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into this tool is to empower schedulers to quickly produce more efficient schedules that promote unit readiness, with more pilots completing their training syllabi faster, and with fewer disruptions to missions, training, and aircrew personal life. Our AI efforts focused on refining …

Development And Psychometric Evaluation Of Us Air Force Aptitude Composites For Aircrew Training, Montana R. Woolley, Thomas R. Carretta

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

The Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT) is used to qualify applicants for officer commissioning and for aircrew training. Although the current aircrew aptitude composites have shown predictive validity against initial aircrew training outcomes for many years, they also have demonstrated moderate to large mean score subgroup differences (SGDs) for females and racial/ethnic minorities. Historically, AFOQT aptitude composites have been computed from a combination of the cognitive subtests. The current study examined the utility of Predictive Success Models (PSMs) which added personality facets from the Self-Description Inventory for Officers to the existing cognitive composites. Three statistical methods were utilized to …

Development And Validation Of A Virtual Uam, Stacey M. Ahuja, Thomas Z. Strybel, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Panadda Marayong, Praveen Shankar, Vernol Battiste

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) refers to a system of passenger and cargo air-transportation vehicles within an urban area that is currently being designed to reduce demands for surface transportation. Their success depends on whether many obstacles to UAM operations are overcome. An important challenge to UAM success is the inability of the current air traffic management system to manage urban airspace, and new procedures and operating concepts are needed for coordination of UAM vehicles with existing commercial airspace traffic. Moreover, all systems currently under development initially will require remote or onboard pilots, and these pilots will need significant training to …

Interview Of Pilots’ Inflight Loss Of Control Experiences, Neelakshi Majumdar, Karen Marais

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Inflight loss of control (LOC-I) continues to be a significant cause of General Aviation fixed-wing aircraft accidents. Nearly 20% of fixed-wing aircraft accidents in the last two decades involved LOC-I, and approximately 45% of LOC-I accidents are fatal. Previous studies suggest that the leading factors in aviation accidents are human factors-related. One approach to better understand the causes of LOC-I accidents is to analyze accidents using sources such as the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database. However, the NTSB General Aviation accident reports include limited detail on human factors, specifically pilot actions and conditions. We interviewed pilots about their LOC-I …

Improving General Aviation Safety Through Human Factors Research, Ian Johnson, Mary E. Johnson, Brandon J. Pitts, Shantanu Gupta, Beth Blickensderfer, John Kleber, Cassandra Domingo, Robert Thomas, Thomas Guinn, Lori Brown, Debbie Carstens, Tianhua Li, Michael E. Splitt, M. Harwin, Barrett Caldwell, Mel Futrell

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Weather continues to play a significant role in general aviation (GA) events. GA pilots use various technologies to access and view weather information in the cockpit. These technologies range from handheld devices to installed displays. A contributing factor in many weather-related events was the pilots' failure to correctly interpret the displayed weather information compared to what was observed out the window. This session will highlight ongoing Human Factors (HF) research aimed at understanding and addressing this problem. Topics include an overview of the FAA’s Weather Technology in the Cockpit (WTIC) program; barriers to automating and implementing a speech-to-coded Pilot Report …

Experimental Evaluation Of Cloud-Based Synchronous Mult-Pilot Multiuav Mission Plan Generation In A Mum-T Environment, Siegfried Maier, Axel Schulte

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

In this study, we compares two approaches for creating mission plans in mannedunmanned teams (MUM-T). In traditional military MUM-T air operations, one human pilot commands multiple UAVs in package-based planning. In situations where multiple teams are working together, it could be helpful to provide all human pilots with equal and simultaneous access to all available UAVs and remove hierarchical boundaries at the team level through a cloud-based approach. The experimental study involved 10 teams of 2 participants each to compare the two approaches. After each mission, participants completed a NASA-TLX questionnaire to assess their workload and rated their perceptions of …

A Multi-Method Approach To Work Design For Crew In Future Remotely Piloted Aircraft Operations, Kayler Marshall, Penelope Sanderson, Andrew Neal

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Globally, most safety regulators only allow crew to operate one remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) at a time due to workload concerns. More sophisticated automation is anticipated to alleviate operator workload, allowing crew to simultaneously operate more than one RPA. However, how work should be distributed amongst crew is still unknown. We employ a complementary set of methods for work design in a future system of RPA operation: Cognitive Work Analysis, computational modelling, and human-in-the-loop experiments. In this paper we describe each method, outlining the unique insights gained and how these are applied in the evaluation of work in a future …

Acquiring Manual Flying Skills In A Virtual Reality Flight Simulator, Wiestse D. Ledegang, Erik Van Der Burg, Ivo V. Stuldreher, Mark M. J. Houben, Eric L. Groen, Danny Van Der Horst, Erik A. M. Starmans, Guido Almekinders

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

In this study, we explored the possibility of objectively assessing the progress in manual flying skills by student pilots using Virtual Reality (VR). Using a VR flight simulator of the Pilatus PC-7 training aircraft, fifteen participants without flying experience practiced basic flight maneuvers based on self-study and without receiving feedback. Relevant flight performance measures were normalized and a learning curve was fitted, representing learning speed and end-level. During some runs an N-back task was included as a secondary task to quantify the participants’ cognitive capacity. Interestingly, performance on the N-back was not a good predictor of someone’s learning curve. The …

Measuring The Lookout Behavior Of Student Pilots In A Virtual Reality Flight Simulator, Ivo V. Stuldreher, Erik Van Der Burg, Wietse D. Ledegang, Mark M. J. Houben, Eric L. Groen, Danny Van Der Horst, Erik A. M. Starmans, Guido Almekinders

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Learning adequate gaze behavior is essential in flight training. In this exploratory study we investigated the development of gaze behavior in flight training in a virtual reality (VR) flight simulator. Following standardized study material, fifteen participants without flying experience repeatedly practiced three basic flight maneuvers in a VR simulator of a small aircraft. During some runs, participants performed an additional N-back task to measure cognitive spare capacity. From the recorded gaze data we computed the percentage of time during which the gaze was directed outside the cockpit, i.e., the “Lookout”. This outside dwell ratio differed between flight maneuvers. A higher …

Initial Testing Of The Uncrewed Aerial System Pilot Kit (Uasp-Kit) In Operational Settings, Lynne Martin, Lauren Roberts, Joey Mercer, Yasmin Arbab, Charles Walter, William Mccarty, Charles Sheehe Iii, David Fuller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Pilots for small uncrewed aerial systems (sUAS) are at a disadvantage for building situation awareness of the remote airspace in which they are flying, simply because they are distant from their vehicles. A tool to provide increased air traffic situation awareness for an sUAS pilot is being developed. The UAS pilot kit, “UASP-kit,” is small and self-contained, with its chief capability being to collect and display Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast reports from local aircraft. UASP-kits were taken into the field, introduced to users during a training course, and then left with them for use throughout the summer fire season. sUAS pilots …

Development Of A Concept For Analyzing Moral Decision-Making In High Presence Virtual Environments, Sissy Friedrich, Axel Schulte

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

In future military aviation, Artificial Intelligence will play a key role in combat battlefield tactics by reducing workload and taking over decisions exploiting advantages of speed and precision of computers. However, the question of the so-called trigger authority remains the core issue in this field as ethical tensions arise when a machine decides over the use of lethal force. To enable the operator to make the most morally justifiable decision, the most suitable human-automation workshare has to be determined so that he is supported in just the right way and not overloaded nor exposed to automation bias or loss of …

Survey Assessment And Initial Data: Flight Context And Pilot Techniques In Everyday Flights, Dorrit Billman, Alan Hobbs, Lucas Cusano, Nóra Szládovics

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

The aviation industry is recognizing that flight crews routinely contribute to system safety in ways that go beyond adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs). Our research goals were to explore a) whether a survey could shed light on pilots' contributions to adaptation and resilience in everyday flights and b) relevant assessment methods. The survey focused on challenges faced by pilots in normal operations, and on the ways that pilots anticipate and monitor those challenges. We collected responses concerning revenue flights from two pilot groups; one group also provided responses concerning a simulated scenario. The results indicated that relatively few flights …

Defining Needs For Enhanced Weather Products For Uas And Ga Stakeeholders: A Qualitative Study, Scout Hernandez, Nicoletta Fala

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Weather is a major influencing factor in determining if a pilot can safely fly on any given day. Unfavorable weather conditions can cause accidents and lead to potential injuries or death. In this paper, we use focus groups to gather perspectives of General Aviation (GA) pilots and Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) operators on weather communication products and their influence on weather-related decision-making. GA pilots have used products to make informed decisions for a while, but UAS operators are relatively new to their adoption and may have different methods of usage. Understanding how both groups perceive weather communication and prediction will …

Exploring Informal Learning Structures In Airline Operations, Barth Baron Jr., Dorrit Billman, Randall J. Mumaw

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Airline pilot training is extensive, highly structured, and driven by aircraft and airspace system operating requirements, yet pilots describe a tradition of between-pilot knowledge transfer and self-directed learning. While industry and regulators focus on “formal learning” systems, pilots report relying on this “informal learning” to build operational expertise, suggesting gaps in how successfully formal learning prepares pilots to handle operational complexities. The community that researches learning has extensively studied informal learning, including in a workplace setting, and its characteristics align with how pilots report increasing their skills and knowledge informally. However, no research into informal learning practices among airline pilots …

Usability Shortcomings In Department Of Defense Funded Systems, Jerry Burpee

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Government developed systems, in particular Department of Defense (DoD) systems experience usability shortcomings that are not seen as often with systems developed for public or commercial use. The factors discussed include different funding models, limited competition, usability requirements and specifications, usability metrics, utilization of specialized users, lack of usability specialists, and non-revenue generation. By understanding and addressing these shortcomings, the usability in DoD developed systems can be improved to save the tax-payer money, minimize project and system risks, and improve user acceptance and satisfaction.

Creating Usable Research For The Design And Evaluation Of Flight Deck Systems And Human Interfaces, Divya C. Chandra

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

This paper offers advice to researchers who want their research to be used by regulatory and industry practitioners to design and evaluate flight deck systems and their human interfaces. First, I present a few examples of success and review existing guidance. Next, I explain a design-thinking paradigm that views the design of a research study as a product. In this context, the users of the research (i.e., the product) are the practitioners. Researchers can smooth the path from research to practice by using this paradigm.

On The Appropriate Participant Expertise For Display Evaluation Studies, M. M. Van Paassen, Clark Borst, Max Mulder, Gijs De Rooij, Ferdinand Dijkstra, Adam Balint Tisza

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2023

Expert participants may not always be available for evaluation of new displays or support systems, and in some cases, it might be better to use novice participants, particularly when the display or support significantly changes existing work practices. To provide tools and arguments for selecting the expertise level of participants, we propose the use of Rasmussen’s decision ladder to analyze where and how a new visualization or a support tool changes the task, and identify steps where a novice participant may learn to perform the task to an acceptable level. A comparison to the support with the current operational interfaces …

Implementation Of The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale At An Outpatient Mental Health Practice To Increase Provider Confidence In Identifying Suicide Risk, Lauren Reed

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Manuscripts

Introduction: The purpose of this evidence-based Doctor of Nursing Practice project was to implement the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) as part of routine patient assessment at an outpatient mental health practice to increase the likelihood of identifying clients at risk for suicidal behavior and increase provider confidence in screening for suicidal behavior. The study site is a Southern California-based outpatient mental health practice that employs a variety of clinicians, including psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners, to provide mental health care to clients across the lifespan.

Background: Approximately 57% of individuals who die by suicide had at least one contact with …

Past, Present, And Projected Occupational Impacts Of Adults Who Experienced Parentification In Childhood, Olivia Vanni, Jazminne Orozco-Arteaga

Spring 2023 Virtual OTD Capstone Symposium

Background: Parentification is a functional and/or emotional role reversal where the child sacrifices their own needs for attention, comfort, and guidance in order to accommodate and care for the needs of a parent and/or sibling. OTs need an understanding of how to recognize and support the impact of parentification during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

Methods: Mixed methods were used to explore the experience of adults (18-65) that served as caregivers for their sibling(s), and/or their parent(s) during their childhood/adolescence. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires (N=20) and interviews (n=6), allowing for a deeper understanding of the …

The Associations Between Adolescent Motives For Social Media Use With Body Dysmorphia, Eating Disorder, And Anxiety And Depression Symptoms, Kaylan Melvin

Honors Theses

Adolescents spend a large amount of time on social media sites. This is notable, as adolescence is a crucial time for body image development. Additionally, recent findings suggest that using image-oriented social media sites, such as Facebook and Instagram, is associated with more body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Among previous studies, certain social media motivations have been found to have an association with poor body satisfaction and well-being in adolescents. To our knowledge, no studies have directly examined the association between social media motivations and eating disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents. The current study …

Nature-Based Group Therapy For Women Living With Depression Through A Narrative Lens, Cora Anderson

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

The field of nature-based therapy treatment is rapidly expanding. With an emphasis on healing the disconnectedness of the modern world through experiencing interconnectedness with the natural world, this modality is particularly useful in treating symptoms of social isolation and hopelessness within populations living with major depressive disorder. The literature highlights emotional and biological benefits of mental health counseling in a natural setting with key therapeutic factors. Researchers highlighted these factors as the natural environment itself, the element of challenge, nature as a third-party influence on therapeutic relationship, and expansiveness and interconnectedness of the natural world (Naor & Mayseless, 2021). Within …

Exploring The Occupational Impact Of Experiencing An Unexpected Death In Adulthood, Amanda Reann O'Donnell, Susan Macdermott

Spring 2023 Virtual OTD Capstone Symposium

Experiencing the unexpected death of a close family member or friend may cause occupational disruptions in social participation, work and school performance, home management, and personal care maintenance (Simpson & Elberty, 2018; Forhan, 2010; Hoppes, 2005; Weis et al., 2019). Little research highlights the unique occupational impacts of unexpected loss, distinguished from other types of loss, and from a direct occupational perspective. Therefore little is known about how to provide aid, resources, and programming to this population. The purpose of this research project was to understand how occupations are uniquely impacted by experiencing the unexpected death of a loved one. …

Enacting Stories: Discovering Parallels Of Narrative And Expressive Therapies, A Literature Review, Zoe Reddig

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This literature review will analyze the use of narrative therapy (NT) techniques, dance/movement therapy (DMT) techniques, and expressive therapy (ET) techniques in an effort to distinguish where theoretical parallels exist between these methods of counsel. Narrative therapy is a postmodern framework of counseling that assists clients in resisting damaging stories that have been embedded through bioecological systems of exposure throughout development. Narrative therapy structures its philosophy through processes of externalization and deconstruction, and encourages the process of reframing or re-authoring one’s personal self-narrative. At their core, DMT and ET already utilize components of foundational NT practices, through processes of enactment, …