Other Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Identification Of A Failed Engine In Twin-Engine Propeller Aircraft: Pilot Surveys, Andrey K. Babin, Andrew R. Dattel

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Twin-engine propeller aircraft accidents occur for many reasons including misidentifying a failed engine. Pilots learn to use a procedure called dead leg-dead engine to identify the failed engine; however, misidentification of the failed engine still occurs, questioning the effectiveness of this procedure. Two surveys were created. Survey 1 was completed by 49 airline pilots operating twin-engine turboprop aircraft; Survey 2 was completed by 22 instructor pilots operating twin-engine piston aircraft. Survey 1: Average flight time was 6,230 hours. Approximately 19% of respondents reported using the Engine-Out procedure at least once. Twenty-nine percent agreed that there could be a better method …

Go-Around Noncompliance During Unstabilized Approaches And Landings In Commercial Aviation: A Human Factors Analysis, Garrin Ross, Linda Tomko

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Informed by findings and recommendations from the Flight Safety Foundation’s Approach and Landing Accident Reduction Task Force, we examined and analyzed Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) incident report data from unstabilized approach and landing events. The aim of this study was to investigate the human factors reported as contributing to operational incidents of unstabilized approaches and landings in United States-based commercial aviation. Results showed the unstabilized approaches were significantly less likely to be responded to with go-around compliance. Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed descriptive differences in the associations of the ASRS-coded human factors with the likelihood of unstabilized approaches being …

Comparing Human And Machine Learning Classification Of Human Factors In Incident Reports From Aviation, Claas Tido Boesser, Florian Jentsch

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Machine learning algorithms have become popular tools for automated classification of text; however, performance of such algorithms varies and depends on several factors. We examined how a subjective labeling process based on a human factors taxonomy can influence human, as well as automated, classification of safety incident reports from aviation. In order to evaluate these challenges, we trained a machine learning classifier on a subset of 17,253 incident reports from the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System using multi-label classification, and collected labels from six human annotators for a representative subset of 400 incident reports each, resulting in a total of …

Minimizing The Negative Impacts Of Airport Construction, Sarah Hubbard, Bryan Hubbard, Joseph Sobieralski

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Airfield infrastructure projects are critical to ensure facilities are safe, in good condition and meet current standards. However, these airfield construction and reconstruction activities are usually conducted on an active airfield, which impose operational and human factors challenges for all users, including pilots, air traffic controllers, airport operations personnel, construction workers, and emergency responders. FAA recognizes the potential safety challenges, and provides supporting guidance and regulation as described in AC 150/5370-2G, Operational Safety on Airports During Construction. While this guidance is valuable and enhances safety, there remain human factors issues that are worthy of investigation and discussion.

Identifying Opportunities For Augmented Cognition During Live Flight Scenario: An Analysis Of Pilot Mental Workload Using Eeg, Nicholas Wilson, Hamed Taheri Gorji, Jessica Vanbree, Bradley Hoffmann, Kouhyar Tavakolian, Thomas Petros

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Augmented cognition is a form of human-systems interaction in which physiological sensing of a user’s cognitive state is used to precisely invoke system automations when needed. The present study monitored the in-flight physiological state of the pilot to determine the optimal combination of EEG indices to predict variations in workload, or opportunities for augmented cognition.The [sic] participants were 10 collegiate aviation students with FAA commercial pilot certificates and current medical certificates. Each participant performed a uniform flight scenario that included procedures that varied in workload demands. All maneuvers were performed while simultaneously acquiring EEG data in flight. The EEG data …

Metacognitive Situation Awareness In Aviation, Haydee M. Cuevas, Marisa D. Aguiar

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

This exploratory study was aimed at gaining a better understanding of metacognitive situation awareness. Seven subject matter experts, two each for commercial aviation and aviation maintenance and three for air traffic control, were asked to define ‘situation awareness’ as it relates to their job and identify the knowledge, skills, and strategies enabling them to effectively monitor, evaluate, and regulate their situation awareness as they perform their job. Findings from this line of research can guide the design, development, and evaluation of approaches for enhancing and assessing metacognitive situation awareness.

Assessment Of A Horizontal-Vertical Anisotropy In Utilizing An Aircraft Attitude Symbology, George A. Reis, Michael E. Miller, Eric E. Geiselman, David W. Dommett, Brent T. Langhals, Christine M. Schubert Kabban, Julie A. Jackson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

This study examined how visual field performance asymmetries affect visual processing of complex, meaningful visual stimuli, such as the Arc-Segmented Attitude Reference (ASAR). Participants’ performance was collected in their recall and report of attitude information after briefly presented ASAR symbology within the peripheral visual field. Visual processing of the ASAR was assessed when making coordinate and categorical judgments at cardinal display locations for each of several flight contexts (roll left/right, climb, and dive). Primarily in coordinate tasking, performance trends were consistent with the horizontal-vertical anisotropy literature—performance is better on the horizontal meridian over the vertical meridian in the field of …

Applying Eye-Tracking Technology To Explore The Visual Scanning Practices Of Air Traffic Control Tower Controllers, Jerry Crutchfield, Ziho Kang, Ricardo Palma Fraga, Saptarshi Mandal

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

In the domain of Air Traffic Control (ATC), visual scanning refers to a systematic and continuous effort to acquire all necessary information to build and maintain a complete awareness of activities and situations which may affect the controllers’ area of responsibility. Our research team has supported FAA efforts to improve training of the important scanning skill, by conducting research to identify characteristics of successful tower visual scanning behavior. In addition to conducting multidisciplinary working groups and structured one-on-one interviews, we have collected eye-movement data from tower control experts while they controlled high fidelity air traffic simulations of airports at which …

Spatial-Temporal Cluster Approach To Discover Visual Scanning Behaviors In Virtual Reality, Ziho Kang, Jerry Crutchfield, Ricardo Palma Fraga, Saptarshi Mandal

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

If we could discover the visual scanning patterns of expert air traffic control operators (ATCOs), we could use those findings to better train novices. One critical issue is that visual scan paths can be complex even for a short period of time, therefore, a systematic approach is required to obtain clear and meaningful visual scanning patterns. We transformed the raw eye movement data of expert ATCOs into visual scanning patterns by using the collapsed eye movement sequences that occurred on important areas of interest, then visualized them based on accumulated time frames. We collected and subsequently analyzed controller eye movements …

Measuring The Range Of Attention To Preview And Its Momentary Persistence In Simulated Driving, Tyler N. Morrison, Richard J. Jagacinski, Jordan Petrov

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Participants used a position control system to track the center of a simulated winding roadway with preview that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 s. Participants’ spatial distributions of attention were measured by perturbing the roadway with different frequency sinusoids at different roadway positions and then measuring the degree to which those frequencies were present in their tracking movements. Participants exhibited a continuous range of attention, and it lengthened with the amount of displayed preview. When preview disappeared for 5 s, longer time to regress to feedback control was strongly correlated with the amount of preview that was withdrawn. During preview …

Exploring Methods To Collect And Analyze Data On Human Contributions To Aviation Safety, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Focusing on undesired operator behaviors is pervasive in system design and safety management cultures in aviation. This focus limits the data that are collected, the questions that are asked during data analysis, and therefore our understanding of what operators do in everyday work. Human performance represents a significant source of aviation safety data that includes both desired and undesired actions. When safety is characterized only in terms of errors and failures, the vast majority of human impacts on system safety and performance are ignored. The outcomes of safety data analyses dictate what is learned from those data, which in turn …

How Do Different Knowledge Frameworks Help Us Learn From Aviation Line Observations?, Randall J. Mumaw, Dorrit Billman, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Human performance includes actions that increase safety, as well as actions that can reduce safety. Ensuring safety in complex dynamic operations like commercial aviation depends on the ability to institute appropriate responses based on what is learned from flightcrew performance and the contexts in which it occurs. To do this systemically at the organization level requires collecting data on flightcrew performance, developing effective approaches to analyzing those data, and understanding how to translate what has been learned into policies, procedures, and practice. Systematic observation of front-line operators is a vital source of human performance data. Much has been learned from …

Thinking Outside The Box: The Human Role In Increasingly Automated Aviation Systems, Joel Lachter, Alan Hobbs, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Rapid advances in automation are enabling transport systems to operate in an increasingly autonomous manner. From time to time, these systems encounter operational conditions that fall outside a “competency box” of scenarios and environments for which the system was designed. Human operators add resilience because they can see and act outside the automation’s competency box. Advanced aviation concepts envision fleets of highly automated air vehicles providing on-demand transport for people and goods. We examine one such concept, Urban Air Moblity [sic] (UAM) and explore how humans can best be incorporated to maintain resilience. A human-autonomy teaming approach is suggested.

Evaluating The Use Of High-Fidelity Simulator Research Methods To Study Airline Flight Crew Resilience, Chad L. Stephens, Lawrence J. Prinzel, Daniel Kiggins, Kathryn Ballard, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

As it evolves, aviation will continue to require integration of a wide range of safety systems and practices, some of which are already in place and others that are yet to be developed. New concepts in system safety thinking have emerged to consider not only what may go wrong, but also what can be learned when things go right during commercial flight operations. Taken together, these complementary perspectives form a more comprehensive approach to system safety thinking that can help to recognize and preserve the resilient performance capabilities currently provided by humans. A need exists, however, for research methods to …

Factors Influencing Pilot Trust In Electronic Flight Bag Information, Warren Pittorie, Summer Rebensky, Leonia Hunt, Andrew Narkushian, Maria Chaparro, Meredith Carroll

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) are widely used by pilots in the commercial aviation industry. EFBs serve as replacements for some traditional sources of information, such as paper charts, manuals, and checklists, augmentation for flight-related information previously unavailable through older cockpit systems such as temporary flight restriction locations, and supplemental information such as a secondary display of traffic). By having access to this information, pilots are able to make more effective decisions in various situations. Related literature has shown that decision makers in situations of uncertainty are influenced by a range of factors such as experience, the level of risk in …

Flight Allocation In Shared Human-Automation En-Route Air Traffic Control, G De Rooij, C Borst, M M. Van Paassen, M Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Allocation is a challenge for higher levels of automation in air traffic control, where fights can be dynamically assigned to either a human or an automated agent. Through an exploratory experiment with six professional air traffic controllers, insight was gained into the possibilities and challenges of human-automation teamwork in an en-route environment. Participants showed high levels of automation trust, but mostly ignored automation-suggested allocations, preferring a highly automated sector instead. Most fights were delegated to automation, after they were given a direct and conflict-free path. Flights handled manually were those requiring level changes or non-standard routing. Future research should focus …

Assessing The Relationships Between Organizational Management Factors (4ps) And A Resilient Safety Culture In A Collegiate Aviation Program With A Safety Management Systems (Sms), Daniel Kwasi Adjekum

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Resilient safety culture is a key factor in sustaining safety management systems (SMS) in a U.S. collegiate aviation program. The relationships between four organizational management factors (Principles, Policy, Procedures, Practices) and a resilient safety culture model based on Reason’s concept was assessed using an online survey instrument. Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique were used to assess measurement models of factors underlying a resilient safety culture. All four management factors had significant predictive relationship with resilient safety culture. Practices had the weakest predictive relationship with resilient safety culture and Policy had the highest. Procedures strongly mediated path between Policies and Practices …

Safety Programs, Safety Management Systems And Implications For Human Performance, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

A State Safety Program (SSP) and a Safety Management System (SMS) are both part of the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) promoted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to support international safety in air navigation, flight inspections, air accident investigations, training, certification, and related areas. This paper discusses roles and responsibilities of the regulator and service provider focusing on human performance in oversight versus operations. Clarification is intended to help both regulators and operators focus on executing their separate and distinct roles and responsibilities for oversight versus operations. Left unaddressed, role confusion between the organizations can result in safety …

A Model Of Space Operator Training Motivation Using Serious Games, Foster E. Davis, Michael E. Miller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Services provided by spacecraft, including communications and global positioning, are integral to small businesses, multinational corporations, and the United States Department of Defense. United States rivals recognize the advantage provided by the space domain and are exploring ways to degrade these services in their warfare doctrine. In response, the United States requires space systems suited to counter these threats and personnel who are trained to respond to the newly contested environment. Training research has shown that trainee characteristics, including motivation, can significantly impact training outcomes. Beyond the training literature, guidelines have been developed for motivating game play which might apply …

Transitioning From Face-To-Face To Virtual Training: Trainee Perceptions Of Virtual Air Traffic Training, Brett S. Torrence, Chanda Sanders, Charla Long

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

The public health emergency has adversely impacted the aviation community, resulting in reduced air traffic operations and challenges for the workforce. The Air Traffic Controller workforce has experienced interruptions to initial and on-the-job training due to social distancing practices and extended periods of reduced traffic. In response, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) transitioned components of its air traffic training to an online (virtual) platform to continue training and reduce delays. An initial evaluation of the FAA’s Virtual Air Traffic Basics and Virtual Initial Lessons courses was conducted by examining air traffic control trainee (N = 180) perceptions of the virtual …

Modern Practices For Flightcrew Training Of Procedural Knowledge, Nathan Sonnenfeld, Blake Nguyen, Class Tido Boesser, Florian Jentsch

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Instructional systems utilizing electronic and distance learning approaches (E&DL) have advanced the accessibility and capabilities of training in aviation and other industries. The aviation industry is particularly interested in how to extend the use of E&DL from training facts and information to training procedures, and how to integrate E&DL into existing training. We reviewed a corpus of literature including over 1,200 scientific, regulatory, and technical documents—across domains including aviation, defense, healthcare, and education—focusing on the effectiveness of E&DL for training procedures and the design, development, and evaluation of E&DL. We received input from subject matter experts with respect to contemporary …

Knowns And Unknowns In Air Traffic Controller Safety Reports: Developing A New Method, Paul Krois, Julia Pounds

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Air traffic controllers in the Federal Aviation Administration can submit voluntary safety reports when significant safety concerns and potential safety events are encountered during their everyday operations. We tested two questions: Can safety reports be classified according to whether the risk was known or unknown to the controller or the system; and would classifying reports in this manner yield useful safety information? A sample of 36 reports was assessed using this known-unknown method. 55% of the reports were classified as risks known to the controller but unknown to the system. 17% of the reports were scored as known to both …

Is Our Current Certification Process A Threat To Safety Innovation?, Erik-Jan A M Huijbrechts, M M René Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Certification is an important process in the aviation industry. The certified status of aircraft, aircraft equipment and procedures is often regarded as a guarantee for safety. However, if shortcomings emerge during operation, this certified status can prevent improvement of the design. In addition, to develop and certify new equipment, it is often easier to modify existing, certified equipment than have a full certification of a new system. Doing so, safety problems may be overlooked. In this paper, a link is made between the certification process and organizational safety of both manufacturers of aircraft or aircraft equipment and airline companies.

Behavioral Indicators In Air Traffic Control: Detecting And Preventing Performance Decline, Tamsyn Edwards, Rachel Seely, Aaron Katz, Paul Lee

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Air traffic controllers are responsible for the safety and efficiency of air traffic and therefore must maintain a consistently high standard of performance. However, performance can be negatively affected by factors such as workload and fatigue, potentially leading to performance decline and performance-related incidents. Real-time identification of negative influences would facilitate timely implementation of supportive strategies prior to performance decline. The current study aimed to explore the concept of ‘behavioral indicators’ to identify when a controller was reaching a performance limit. A second aim was to capture behavioral indicators associated with performance influencing factors. A total of 65 controllers spanning …

What We Know About Teamwork And Multiteam Coordination In Aviation: Emergent States Supporting Teamwork In Aviation, Glenn E. Littlepage, Michael B. Hein, Andrea M. Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

This paper describes a variety of factors that can facilitate teamwork. These include team orientation, collective efficacy, mutual trust, psychological safety, shared situational awareness, shared mental models, and transactive memory. Aviation-specific research on each of these states is reviewed.

What We Know About Teamwork And Multiteam Coordination In Aviation: Teamwork Processes In Aviation, Michael B. Hein, Glenn E. Littlepage, Andrea M. Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Much of the work of pilots, flight attendants, air traffic controllers, aircraft mechanics, and flight operations center personnel is done in teams and coordination within and between teams is required. This is the third in a five- article series discussing theory and research relating to teamwork in aviation. This article presents a core piece of the comprehensive model of teamwork in aviation .

Pilot Situation Awareness And Risk Of Critical Incidents Using A Novel Online Flight Simulation Tool, Kirsten Brightman, Kathleen Van Benthem, Chris M. Herdman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Pilot situation awareness (SA) is a critical influence on decision making and an important element in maintaining the safe control of an aircraft. The present research investigated whether measures of pilot SA, gathered via an online computer-based cognitive screening tool for pilots, could be used to predict pilot’s likelihood of real-world critical incidents. A risk score for each pilot was developed based on their self-reported critical incidents from their actual flight history. It was hypothesized that individuals with lower SA scores would have higher risk scores. The impact of age and pilot experience were also considered, as these factors are …

Headache-Related Disability Among Individuals With And Without Migraine Aura, Delora Denney

Honors Theses

Migraine is a neurological disease marked by recurrent headache and migraine attacks. Migraine is one of the most common diseases in the world, and as a result of high prevalence and symptoms, migraine is also quite disabling. One-third of people who have migraine experience aura, and these individuals have a greater risk for stroke, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicide attempts. The present study aimed to evaluate if there was a difference in headache-related disability between those who have migraine with and without aura, and any headache or psychiatric factors that may account for observed difference in disability.

The present study is …

Sex As A Moderator In The Relationship Between Post-Operative Pain And Analgesics Administered In Children Undergoing Elective Surgery, Amber M. Osorno, Michelle A. Fortier, Zeev N. Kain, Brooke N. Jenkins

Student Scholar Symposium Abstracts and Posters

About 85% of children who undergo elective surgery experience pain post-operatively and many do not receive proper pain management care after discharge. Most parents lack an understanding of proper pain care management using analgesics upon discharge. Research reveals that adults rate girls as more sensitive to pain and that they display a greater amount of pain in a pediatric post-operative environment. In adulthood, women report more sensations of pain and have a higher pain tolerance, which can be attributed to physiological characteristics. Nonetheless, the social differences by which boys and girls experience pain and express their pain cannot be denied. …

The Aftermath Of Sexual Assault: Creating The "I Am More Than My Experience" Workbook, Isabella Chung

Calvert Undergraduate Research Awards

The following thesis includes a literature review of the immediate and long-term effects of sexual assault on victims in regards to their physical, mental, and emotional health and romantic relationships, followed by a proposed workbook for sexual assault victims/survivors. Being that typical responses immediately after an assault are fear, disbelief, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system, it is to no surprise that long term issues of depression, anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) often arise as well. Thus, a workbook was created with the intention of educating readers about sexual assault and helping victims/survivors to heal from the trauma …