Other Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Big Five Personality Traits, Pathological Personality Traits, And Psychological Dysregulation: Predicting Aggression And Antisocial Behaviors In Detained Adolescents, Katherine S. L. Lau

University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations

This study tested the utility of three different models of personality, namely the social and personality model, the pathological personality traits model, and the psychological dysregulation model, in predicting overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency in a sample of detained boys (ages 12 to 18; M age = 15.31; SD = 1.16). Results indicated that the three personality approaches demonstrated different unique associations with aggression and delinquency. The psychological dysregulation approach, composed of behavioral dysregulation, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive dysregulation, emerged as the overall best predictor of overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. After controlling for the Big Five personality …

Predeliberation Activity In Prefrontal Cortex And Striatum And The Prediction Of Subsequent Value Judgment, Uri Maoz, Ueli Rutishauser, Soyoun Kim, Xinying Cai, Christof Koch

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Rational, value-based decision-making mandates selecting the option with highest subjective expected value after appropriate deliberation. We examined activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and striatum of monkeys deciding between smaller, immediate rewards and larger, delayed ones. We previously found neurons that modulated their activity in this task according to the animal's choice, while it deliberated (choice neurons). Here we found neurons whose spiking activities were predictive of the spatial location of the selected target (spatial-bias neurons) or the size of the chosen reward (reward-bias neurons) before the onset of the cue presenting the decision-alternatives, and thus before rational deliberation …

Reducing Multi-Sensor Data To A Single Time Course That Reveals Experimental Effects, Aaron Schurger, Sebastien Marti, Stanislas Dehaene

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Background: Multi-sensor technologies such as EEG, MEG, and ECoG result in high-dimensional data sets. Given the high temporal resolution of such techniques, scientific questions very often focus on the time-course of an experimental effect. In many studies, researchers focus on a single sensor or the average over a subset of sensors covering a “region of interest” (ROI). However, single-sensor or ROI analyses ignore the fact that the spatial focus of activity is constantly changing, and fail to make full use of the information distributed over the sensor array.

Methods: We describe a technique that exploits the optimality and …

Sex Differences In White Matter Development During Adolescence: A Dti Study, Yingying Wang, Chris Adamson, Weihong Yuan, Mekibib Altaye, Anna W. Byars, Scott K. Holland

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty Publications

Adolescence is a complex transitional period in human development, composing physical maturation, cognitive and social behavioral changes. The objective of this study is to investigate sex differences in white matter development and the associations between intelligence and white matter microstructure in the adolescent brain using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). In a cohort of 16 typically-developing adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, longitudinal DTI data were recorded from each subject at two time points that were one year apart. We used TBSS to analyze the diffusion indices including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity …

Combined Erp/Fmri Evidence For Early Word Recognition Effects In The Posterior Inferior Temporal Gyrus, Joseph Dien, Eric S. Brian, Dennis L. Molfese, Brian T. Gold

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty Publications

Two brain regions with established roles in reading are the posterior middle temporal gyrus and the posterior fusiform gyrus. Lesion studies have also suggested that the region located between them, the posterior inferior temporal gyrus (pITG), plays a central role in word recognition. However, these lesion results could reflect disconnection effects since neuroimaging studies have not reported consistent lexicality effects in pITG. Here we tested whether these reported pITG lesion effects are due to disconnection effects or not using parallel ERP/fMRI studies. We predicted that the Recognition Potential (RP), a left-lateralized ERP negativity that peaks at about 200–250 ms, might …

Patient Perceptions Of Physicians And Medication Adherence Among Medicare Part D Beneficiaries, Lori Marquinne Ward

Open Access Dissertations

Ward, Lori Marquinne. Ph.D., Purdue University, December, 2013. Patient Perceptions of Physicians and Medication Adherence Among Medicare Part D Beneficiaries. Major Professor: Joseph Thomas III.

An observational database analysis using Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data was conducted to examine patient perceptions of physicians and associations with adherence to antihypertensive medication among Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare Part D. The study sample included beneficiaries if they were 65 years or older, dwelling in the community, had a diagnosis of hypertension in 2007, were enrolled in Medicare Part D all 12 months in 2008, and had Medicare Part D claims for antihypertensive …

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Disability And Health-Risk Behaviors, Sophia Miryam Schussler-Fiorenza Rose Md, Phd

Population Health Matters (Formerly Health Policy Newsletter)

No abstract provided.

Single-Trial Decoding Of Auditory Novelty Responses Facilitates The Detection Of Residual Consciousness, J. R. King, F. Faugeras, A. Gramfort, Aaron Schurger, I. El Karoui, J. D. Sitt, B. Rohaut, C. Wacongne, E. Labyt, T. Bekinschtein, L. Cohen, L. Naccache, S. Dehaene

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Detecting residual consciousness in unresponsive patients is a major clinical concern and a challenge for theoretical neuroscience. To tackle this issue, we recently designed a paradigm that dissociates two electro-encephalographic (EEG) responses to auditory novelty. Whereas a local change in pitch automatically elicits a mismatch negativity (MMN), a change in global sound sequence leads to a late P300b response. The latter component is thought to be present only when subjects consciously perceive the global novelty. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to detect because individual variability is high, especially in clinical recordings. Here, we show that multivariate pattern classifiers can extract …

Restoring Effort-Related Functions In Models Of Depression Symptoms: Reversing Fatigue Symptoms Induced By Catecholamine Depleting Agent Tetrabenazine With The Adenosine A2a Antagonist Msx-3, Charlotte Freeland

Honors Scholar Theses

Motivational symptoms related to effort expenditure have been associated with major depression and other disorders that afflict millions of individuals worldwide. In an effort to identify potential therapeutic agents and characterize the underlying biochemical mechanisms related to these behaviors, recent research has utilized animal models to study and characterize such behavior. Previous work in the Salamone lab produced evidence that rats with impaired dopamine (DA) transmission show changes in response allocation in tasks that measure effort-related choice behavior, which are characterized by a decrease in selection of the high-effort choice but increased selection of the low-effort alternative. The present work …

Body Image And Disordered Eating Patterns In African-American College Women, Amazing Grace L. Danso

Senior Honors Theses

Currently, increasing scholarly attention is being given to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. A bulk of the research on the issue has focused on Caucasian women. As a result, the body of research may be limited in its generalization to other racial and ethnic groups. This study, therefore, sought to study disordered eating among African-American college women. Two models based on research questions were tested. The first focused on how body mass index (BMI) impacted disordered eating, while the second focused on how the difference between perceived actual and ideal body image impacted disordered eating. …

Concordance Of Meg And Fmri Patterns In Adolescents During Verb Generation, Yingying Wang, Scott K. Holland, Jennifer Vannest

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty Publications

In this study we focused on direct comparison between the spatial distributions of activation detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and localization of sources detected by magnetoencephalography (MEG) during identical language tasks. We examined the spatial concordance between MEG and fMRI results in 16 adolescents performing a three-phase verb generation task that involves repeating the auditorily presented concrete noun and generating verbs either overtly or covertly in response to the auditorily presented noun. MEG analysis was completed using a synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) technique, while the fMRI data were analyzed using the general linear model approach with random-effects. To …

Differential Relationships Of Internal And External Networking Behaviors With Turnover, Caitlin M. Porter

Open Access Theses

Although networking behaviors are proven to be beneficial for career success, less is known about how networking influences organizational outcomes such as turnover. Using a professional and an academic sample of "stayers" and "leavers", the present study addresses how two types of networking behaviors, networking focused either internal or external to the organization, differentially influence the voluntary turnover process. Data gathered from "stayers" suggested that internal networking behaviors were positively associated with perceived desirability of movement (i.e., job satisfaction), whereas external networking behaviors were associated with perceived (i.e., perceived employment opportunity) and actual (i.e., job offers) ease of movement. For …

Display Overload: An Artifact-Based Work Analysis Of Air Traffic Management, Alicia Borgman Fernandes, Chris Brinton

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Air traffic management personnel manage traffic flows into, out of, and through the area for which air traffic controllers in their facilities are responsible. We report on a cross-domain, artifact-based, work analysis of air traffic management that employed a hierarchical modeling methodology centered on the artifacts used in the operational setting and the information and decision-making support they provided. Many tools support traffic managers in planning for, managing, and monitoring traffic flows, but information and decision support functions are rarely integrated across tools. Thus, traffic managers spend much of their time acquiring and assimilating information from multiple displays and manually …

Teamwork And Performance Outcomes Of High-Fidelity Airline Operations Center Simulations, Glenn Littlepage, Paul Craig, Michael Hein, Richard Moffett Iii, Emily Sanders, Paul Carlson, Artyom Ivakh, Andrea Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This study describes effects of a series of simulations of an airline flight operations center and related functions such as pilots and airport ramp control. It is continuation of a multi-year project designed to develop an effective training program for entry level aviation professionals and to develop insights into teamwork processes. Results indicate that the interdependent multi-specialization simulations enhanced teamwork and performance.

Sensor To Analyst: Improved Decision-Making In Aerial Isr Through Training And Decision Support Tools, Tiffany R. Poeppelman, Dan Caggiano, Cullen Jackson ., Scott Galster ., Capt Chad Tossell ., Bruce Bolley, Lawrence Scarff, David Lind, Kevin Durkee, Sterling Wiggins

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

From sensors to analysts, modern day intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) requires concerted efforts from players in the aviation, aerospace, and intelligence domains to complete the Planning and Direction, Collection, Processing and Exploitation, Analysis and Produ and ction, Dissemination (PCPAD) cycle. While the pilots, analysts, and consumers of ISR products in the PCPAD cycle have very different tasks and duties, all of th must constantly adapt to new environments, new challenges, and new enemies. The uncertainty generated by the nature of these environments places considerable decision-making and workload demands on the various operators. Currently, government, industry, and the operational community …

Optimizing Data Processing And Management Decisions During Isr Through Innovative Training Regimens, Capt Chad C. Tossell, Cullen Jackson, Lisa M. Tripp ., Lt Robert A. Nelson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Effective intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) relies heavily on both technological and human analytical capabilities. Intelligence analysts must be able to detect, interpret, process, and perform other critical tasks to turn data into meaningful information for decision-makers. The ability to aggregate massive data sets into operationally relevant information is challenging due to issues such as information overload, team coordination, time constraints, tunnel vision, and limited or vague guidance. This report describes research and development efforts to enhance training for geospatial intelligence analysts. Initial results from cognitive task analyses with these analysts along with associated technology development are discussed.

Preliminary Examination Of Simulator-Based Training Effectiveness, Maxine Lubner, Sharon Devivo, Emerson Allen, Andrew Dattel ., Deb Henneberry

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

A preliminary examination of the effectiveness of a simulator-based training program for pilots was conducted. Thirteen students of varying backgrounds, with limited flight experience enrolled in an intensive, simulator-based flight training program. Six students completed their FAA Private Pilot certificates in an average of five weeks, while five completed within four weeks. They completed instrument ratings within three or four weeks. These qualifications were completed with fewer flight hours than the US average. One student stopped training, but four remaining students have completed their FAA commercial, multi-engine and instructor qualifications in a timely and cost-effective manner. A combination of intensive …

Perceived Usefulness Of Planned Nextgen Capabilities By Air Traffic Control Tower Controllers, Jon Holbrook, Ray Oyung, Kari M. Gonter, Bonny Parke, Rebecca Collins, Bettina L. Beard

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is an ambitious collaborative effort between government agencies and industry to increase the capabilities of the current air traffic system. Under NextGen, tools are being developed to support air traffic controllers in many aspects of their jobs. However, budgetary constraints, unanticipated technological hurdles and other challenges to implementation make it unlikely that every NextGen tool in development will find its way into future air traffic control facilities. Information is needed to prioritize NextGen tool development to ensure that the tools that will provide the most benefit can be implemented in the appropriate facilities. …

Sequential Required Time Of Arrival Intervals Utilizing Existing Technologies, Amy L. Alexander, Thomas L. Teller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Four-dimensional trajectory-based operations (4D TBO) requiring aircraft to meet specified timing constraints at designated waypoints along their route are a key strategy for increasing airspace throughput and efficiency. The Required Time of Arrival (RTA) function of the aircraft Flight Management System (FMS) and the ground-based Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) were tested for supporting such operations. Two different methods for implementing appropriate time intervals between sequential RTA aircraft were explored in this paper: a fixed 90-second interval versus discrete intervals varied to match the prevailing conditions. Both methods yielded a good balance between separation assurance and flow efficiency. Three different types …

Situation Awareness And Situation Assessment: How Are They Related?, Norman R. Hertz, Michael T. Hertz

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The goals of human factors practitioners and industrial psychologists in situation awareness milieu are to assess individuals, teams, and organizations to measure current performance and predict future performance. The value in assessing situation awareness (SA) is that it impacts performance. Endsley (1995a) stated “SA provides the primary basis for subsequent decision making and performance in complex, dynamic systems.” The purpose of this paper is not to discuss or propose another means of describing or measuring SA but instead to propose the role of situation assessment (SAS) in identifying the nature of SA, product and/or process, regardless of the definition or …

Refinement Of Mental Models Of Interdependence And Communication, Emily Sanders, Glenn Littlepage, Michael Hein

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This study examined the relationship between mental models of interdependence and communication in a simulated aviation flight operations center. Social network analysis indicated that mental models of both interdependence and communication importance develop with team interaction and that, following team interaction, the two types of models were closely related.

Training For Situation Awareness, Michael T. Hertz, Norman R. Hertz

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Situation awareness (SA) is not fixed but is malleable and can be enhanced by training. The operating premise is that SA is measurable given the many theories of SA. This paper identifies the various methods and approaches that have proven effective in training for greater degrees of SA. The loss of ,or insufficient SA is not viewed as inattention or lack of focus but instead, it is very likely that the person lacked the skill set to perform the job. The amount of training necessary for the person to effectively perform the work is helpful if it reduces the workload …

A Proposal To Reduce Unsafe Aviation Maintenance Task Handovers With A Virtual Training Solution, Kevin Gildea, Wayne Shebilske, Ganesh Alakke, Shruti Narakesari

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Safety researchers have documented maintenance errors happen when outgoing crews inadequately communicate to incoming crews at task/shift handover. Poor task handovers are especially likely for low-frequency problems, when complacency is present, or with new technicians. Highly experienced maintenance personnel may have prevented the poor handover. Backup safety procedures catch most errors, but correcting the remaining increases risks to safety, such as those not caught until after the plane is rolled out of the hanger. The cumulative effect of handover errors increases the exposure to additional threats and errors during reworks and replacement of aircraft on the line among others. This …

Exploring The Impact Of Ads-B Nextgen Technology Requirements For General Aviation, Rachel Borsa, Professor Brian G. Dillman, Professor Timothy D. Ropp

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The Next Generation Air Transportation System, or NextGen, represents the modernization of the United States air transportation system. It is a shift from legacy computer and radar based technologies to an integrated set of technologies, connected into a real time data sharing “system,” shared by air traffic control, pilots and airports. This upgrade to our National Airspace System (NAS) involves potentially significant changes and financial considerations for many air operators. The upgrade and integration of one of these technologies, the Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) transmitter, is among the mandatory upgrades being required by the Federal Aviation Administration within …

Applied Human Factors Research For The Technical Operations Organization Of The Federal Aviation Administration, Edward Austrian, Edmundo Sierra Jr.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The FAA is developing and implementing human factors standards within the Technical Operations domain of the Air Traffic Organization. TO personnel are responsible for installing, certifying, and maintaining NAS infrastructure and equipment. Application of standards within this domain is intended to improve human performance, contribute to the more efficient and effective maintenance of NAS systems, and facilitate the integration of human factors into operational systems. Over several decades, the FAA has independently and incrementally modernized TO systems leading to user-system interface diversity within and across systems and facilities. Based on human factors principles, TO requested that FAA human factors research …

Assessment Of Manual Flying Skills By Combining Aircraft Parameters With Pilot Control Inputs, Ekkehart Schubert, Björn Appel, Gerhard Hüttig

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

In a recent full flight simulator experiment, 57 commercial airline pilots (long-haul captains and short-haul first officers) had to accomplish a realistic scenario ending in a manual flown “raw data approach” (localizer and glideslope capturing with absence of autopilot and flight director aid). The manual flight performance was evaluated by an instructor. Various flight path parameters and pilot control input data were collected from the simulator for an objective evaluation and comparison with the instructor assessment. At first the outer control loop was analyzed by using flight path tracking errors. This showed significant difference between the two groups of pilots. …

Single-Pilot Workload Management During Cruise In Entry Level Jets, Barbara K. Burian, Shawn Pruchnicki, Bonny Christopher, Evan Silverman, Carla Hackworth, Jason Rogers, Kevin Williams, Gena Drechsler, Barry Runnels, Andy Mead

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Advanced technologies and automation are important facilitators of single pilot operations, but they also contribute to the workload management challenges faced by the pilot. We examined task completion, workload management, and automation use in an entry-level jet (ELJ) flown by single pilots. Thirteen certificated Cessna Citation Mustang (CE-510S) pilots flew an instrument flight rules (IFR) experimental flight in a Cessna Citation Mustang simulator. At one point, participants had to descend to meet a crossing restriction prior to a waypoint and prepare for an instrument approach into an un-towered field while facilitating communication from a lost pilot who was flying too …

Beyond Multitasking: Human Factors Implications For Single-Pilot Operations In The Nextgen Environment, Nestor Fenoy Bermudez, Donna F. Wilt, John E. Deaton .

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Operations within the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) will be a source of new complexities and unique challenges for the single pilot. Human factors research and development will be required to ensure safe single-pilot operations. New avionics, the increase in procedural complexity, and the elevated standards for required navigation performance are the source of many issues that need to be identified before they become a threat to safety. This paper presents a taxonomy developed to identify the potential human factors issues that could impact single pilots flying within NextGen. A series of NextGen capabilities, scenarios, and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast …

Assessing The Changing Human Performance Risk Profile In The Nextgen Mid-Term, Katherine A. Berry, Michael W. Sawyer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Many Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Operational Improvements (OIs) aim to provide controllers with decision support tools and other automation specifically designed to provide safety enhancements to National Airspace System (NAS) operations. While these changes may indeed produce positive safety improvements, the introduction of each new system and capability also offers the possibility of introducing new human performance hazards into the NAS. A thorough review of the proposed NextGen midterm OIs was completed to identify the potential for both the positive and negative impacts on the human contribution to risk in the NAS. A summary of these findings was …

Giving A Face To Airline Customer Satisfaction: A Graphic Approach, Clay Wildt, Dr. Erin E. Bowen, Dr. Brent D. Bowen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Historically, research ranking the major commercial air carriers in the U.S. has been based on subjective perceptions, satisfaction, and attitudes. Building upon 21 years of work with the Airline Quality Rating (AQR), the present study moves beyond basic descriptive information of air travelers to identify patterns and relationships in the way consumers view this technologically advanced environment. Development of such a model allows key players in the industry to improve their understanding of the prime drivers and perceptions of passenger behavior. Implementation of a subjective element, the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale, will allow frequent fliers the ability to codify their …