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Full-Text Articles in Other Psychiatry and Psychology
Human Factors Considerations For Urban Air Mobility, Bhoomin B. Chauhan, Meredith Carroll
Human Factors Considerations For Urban Air Mobility, Bhoomin B. Chauhan, Meredith Carroll
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Before urban air mobility (UAM) flights are safely integrated into the current airspace system, it is necessary to identify and address human factors issues associated with UAM. Various industry and academic institutions are currently exploring a range of different aspects of UAM, such as vehicle concepts, airspace integration, and ground infrastructure, all of which have human factors implications. These human factors issues, which will heavily influence how UAM operations will evolve with growth in demand and autonomous technology, are in need of research. Potential human factors issues include UAM pilot’s trust in automation, situational awareness, visual scanning, decision-making capabilities, as …
Viewing Air Battle Management Through The Lens Of Interdependence, Jordan E. Peterson, John M. Mcguirl, Michael E. Miller, Danielle Bales, Brianna Sternitzky
Viewing Air Battle Management Through The Lens Of Interdependence, Jordan E. Peterson, John M. Mcguirl, Michael E. Miller, Danielle Bales, Brianna Sternitzky
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Recent work has shown the importance of understanding and supporting interdependence relationships among agents engaging in complex, joint activities. Building on the Coactive Design Method of Johnson, the goal of this research was to determine the impact of providing operators with real-time information of team interdependencies. It was hypothesized that allowing operators to focus on maximizing the opportunities for team synergy would result in better planning in a dynamic environment. Operators in the Air Battle Management field used a decision aid that provided information on team interdependence during three combat scenarios. Effectiveness of the decision aid was measured by expert …
Toward Modeling Pilot Workload In A Cognitive Architecture, Christopher Stevens, Christopher R. Fisher, Megan B. Morris
Toward Modeling Pilot Workload In A Cognitive Architecture, Christopher Stevens, Christopher R. Fisher, Megan B. Morris
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Characterizing and predicting pilot cognitive workload remains a formidable challenge, especially in tasks with a high perceptual/motor demand like aerial refueling. Cognitive models are useful tools for this, as they offer the potential to derive both performance and workload simulations before a test is conducted. We conducted a task analysis of a C-17 aerial refueling mission and developed a low-fidelity Atomic Components of Thought – Rational (ACT-R) model and environment to simulate the task. ACT-R models have been successful in predicting workload in other domains, such as menu navigation and problem solving. Eight aerial maneuvers were examined, including takeoff, climb, …
Informing Aviation Security Workforce Assessment And Selection Amidst The Covid-19 Pandemic, Stephen R. Mitroff, Benjamin Sharpe
Informing Aviation Security Workforce Assessment And Selection Amidst The Covid-19 Pandemic, Stephen R. Mitroff, Benjamin Sharpe
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented the aviation security industry with short-and long-term challenges relating to workforce assessment that require thoughtful responses. In the short-term, the pandemic has made it difficult to administer typical assessment methods. In the long-term, as the pandemic’s impact lessens and travel regains pre-pandemic levels, organizations will need to decide how best to allocate current employees and onboard new employees. While the pandemic has created both selection and assessment challenges, it now opens the door for innovations to support organizations to be better prepared to support the traveling public. The current paper discusses a tool, XRAY Screener, …
Measuring Motivation In Pilot Training Applicants, John D. Trent, Mark R. Rose
Measuring Motivation In Pilot Training Applicants, John D. Trent, Mark R. Rose
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
This study evaluated applicant motivation in pilot selection. Traditional measures of motivation have moderate to low predictive validity in flight training and often show large subgroup differences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a self-report measure of motivation by examining 1) dimensionality, 2) reliability, 3) predictive validity, 4) construct validity, 5) validity based on known groups, and
Covid-19 Impacts On Collegiate Aviation Training, Xiaoyu O. Wu, Jacob J. Shila
Covid-19 Impacts On Collegiate Aviation Training, Xiaoyu O. Wu, Jacob J. Shila
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the aviation industry. The regular day-to-day fight training routines have been altered for several reasons, including physical distancing requirements, disrupted training schedule, and the increased level of concern. Aviation educators will likely need to adapt their programs to optimize the learning experience, maintain effective safety delivery, and ensure competent graduates. The impact of the month-long break in fight training on the airmanship skills is also unaccounted for. This study surveyed collegiate aviation students to identify the COVID-19 shut down impacts on both their fight skill developments and the over-all …
Reports Of Resilient Performance: Investigating Operators’ Descriptions Of Safety-Producing Behaviors In The Aviation Safety Reporting System, Jolene Feldman, Immanuel Barshi, Brian Smith, Bryan Matthews
Reports Of Resilient Performance: Investigating Operators’ Descriptions Of Safety-Producing Behaviors In The Aviation Safety Reporting System, Jolene Feldman, Immanuel Barshi, Brian Smith, Bryan Matthews
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
While many existing taxonomies and frameworks provide a common vocabulary for describing how human operators fail in the context of sociotechnical systems, at present, there is no common vocabulary to describe how humans succeed. Such a framework would facilitate systematically collecting and analyzing data on how human performance can produce safety, not just how it can reduce safety. One potentially rich source of currently available information for exploring desired performance is the reports submitted to NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS). These de-identified, confidential, and voluntary narrative reports are submitted by pilots, controllers, ground operators, and others within aviation operations. …
The Role Of A Group Assessment Centre In The Selection Of Ab Initio Air Traffic Controllers, Jennifer Eaglestone, Alexander W J Arnold
The Role Of A Group Assessment Centre In The Selection Of Ab Initio Air Traffic Controllers, Jennifer Eaglestone, Alexander W J Arnold
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
The selection of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs) is known to be extensive and highly selective. Air Traffic Control the Netherlands (LVNL) has a six-stage procedure for ab initio applicants. It includes two rounds of cognitive ability testing, personality testing, two job sample tests, an interview, and an assessment centre (AC). This study examines the construct-and predictive validity of the AC using 15 dimension-scores as predictor variables, with the final score on a high-fidelity job sample test as the dependent variable (criterion). A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the 15 dimension-scores resulted in two components, one (inter)personal behaviour component and one …
Decision Support Tools For The Collaborative Trajectory Options Program, Philip J. Smith, Amy Spencer, Mark Evans, Bob Hoffman, Bert Hackney, Rafal Kicinger
Decision Support Tools For The Collaborative Trajectory Options Program, Philip J. Smith, Amy Spencer, Mark Evans, Bob Hoffman, Bert Hackney, Rafal Kicinger
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
The FAA currently makes frequent use of Flow Constrained Areas (FCAs) to thin traffic through some region of airspace by assigning departure delay to flights filed to fly through that airspace. An important potential future use of such FCAs is their integrated application within a Collaborative Trajectory Options Program (CTOP) Traffic Management Initiative (TMI). This paper reports the results of cognitive walkthroughs completed with ten recently retired traffic managers. These walkthroughs were designed to evaluate information and information display requirements, as well as other decision support requirements, for software to enable the creation of FCAs for a CTOP TMI
Modeling Contingency Management In Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management, Emily Barrett, Martijn Ijtsma
Modeling Contingency Management In Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management, Emily Barrett, Martijn Ijtsma
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Contingency management in future Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Traffic Management (UTM) requires a variety of distributed and interdependent functions and services—such as flight tracking and conformance monitoring, weather detection and prediction, and ground-based detection and avoidance— that need to be coordinated across multiple roles and organizations. This paper describes a combination of cognitive walkthroughs and computational modeling of work to analyze edge case scenarios and assess resiliency in future UTM operations. We discuss how the walkthrough and modeling inform each other and present early results. The ultimate goal of this work is to identify requirements for robust and resilient system …
Task Modeling In Air Traffic Control With Trajectorized En-Route Traffic Data Processing System, Sungju Maeng, Makoto Itoh, Hiroko Hirabayashi, Atsushi Senoguchi
Task Modeling In Air Traffic Control With Trajectorized En-Route Traffic Data Processing System, Sungju Maeng, Makoto Itoh, Hiroko Hirabayashi, Atsushi Senoguchi
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
As the volume of flight is extended, it is expected that the task complexity of air traffic controllers will increase. In Japan, air traffic control in en-route airspace is operating with TEPS (Trajectorized En-route Traffic Data Processing System), which has functions to display information necessary for air traffic controllers’ tasks. It has evolved to support the controllers with less workload, resulting in escalated interaction between controllers. However, paradoxically this means more information is provided and more workload would be required. In order to manage mental workload of air traffic controllers, detailed analyses of their tasks with TEPS are needed. In …
A Salute To Robert Key Dismukes: A Mentor For Translational Research In Human Factors, Janeen Adrion Kochan
A Salute To Robert Key Dismukes: A Mentor For Translational Research In Human Factors, Janeen Adrion Kochan
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
As the fields of study associated with human factors (aviation psychology, cognitive systems engineering, engineering psychology, etc.) become broader in scope, the drive to bring the findings from academic research to those who can benefit from study findings must also expand. This paper honors Robert Key Dismukes, Ph.D., through a case study that illustrates how the bridge from research to practice (and back to research) can be built and how human factors professionals can translate and share what they know with new scientists, target populations, and the public at large. This review of Dr. Dismukes’ work demonstrates how the findings …
Validation Of Computerised Aptitude Selection System (Compass) In Predicting Success Of Uav Applicants In The Republic Of Singapore Air Force (Rsaf), Karunakarar Thevaki, Lim Yuhan, Christopher De Roza, Janine Loi En Qi, Grace Yip Kam Luen
Validation Of Computerised Aptitude Selection System (Compass) In Predicting Success Of Uav Applicants In The Republic Of Singapore Air Force (Rsaf), Karunakarar Thevaki, Lim Yuhan, Christopher De Roza, Janine Loi En Qi, Grace Yip Kam Luen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
The study examined the predictive validity of the Computerised Aptitude Selection System (COMPASS) that was set up to support the RSAF in its selection of pilots and other vocations. COMPASS measures cognitive abilities theoretically identified to be relevant to the vocation and was introduced for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) pilot selection since 2003. With fast changing technological advancement of the UAVs, it is important that validation studies are regularly conducted to improve the effectiveness of the test suite in predicting training success. 219 UAV Pilot applicants’ COMPASS scores were analysed against their actual training outcomes to determine a theoretically and …
The Effect To Human Performance And Wellbeing Of Air Traffic Management Operational Staff Through The Covid-19 Pandemic, Nathan Vink
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
The Covid-19 pandemic reduced air traffic levels in Europe by up to 95% and the system had to respond quickly to preserve safety, maintain efficiency and performance. Operators were significantly affected both in terms of individual and team performance, as well as the longer-term impact to skills and attitudes. Human Performance data from Operators has been collected through this period. The impact to safety risk due to underloading of human performance, as well as the longer-term impact to wellbeing and competencies of operators was analysed. The largest impact to staff was reduced performance because of anxiety and uncertainty around the …
Airspace Complexity For Pilots Operating In High-Density Terminal Airspace: New York Case Study, Divya C. Chandra, Andrea Sparko, Andrew Kendra, Janeen Kochan
Airspace Complexity For Pilots Operating In High-Density Terminal Airspace: New York Case Study, Divya C. Chandra, Andrea Sparko, Andrew Kendra, Janeen Kochan
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Performance-based navigation (PBN) has been implemented in the redesign of terminal airspace across the National Airspace System (NAS). However, some locations, such as the New York metro area (NY), have not adopted PBN widely. Modernizing flight operations at high-density terminal airspace like NY is challenging, but also has the potential for significant operational benefits if successful. This research aims to understand the flight deck perspective on flying in high-density terminal airspace. We analyzed 73 events from the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) to assess flight operations at four major NY airports before COVID-19. We defined and explored the concept of …
Hazard Analysis For Human Supervisory Control Of Multiple Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Elias B. Johnson, Andrew N. Kopeikin, Nancy G. Leveson, Andrew W. Drysdale
Hazard Analysis For Human Supervisory Control Of Multiple Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Elias B. Johnson, Andrew N. Kopeikin, Nancy G. Leveson, Andrew W. Drysdale
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) operations are shifting from multiple operators controlling a single-UAS to a single operator supervising multiple-UAS engaged in complex mission sets. To enable this, there is wide consensus in literature that limitations in human cognitive capacity require shifting low-level control responsibilities to automation so that human operators can focus on supervisory control. However, hazard analyses to identify related safety concerns have largely been unexplored. To address this shortfall, this paper applies System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) on an abstracted model of a multi-UAS system. This hazard analysis approach handles complex systems and human-machine control interactions together. The paper …
Examining The Changing Roles And Responsibilities Of Humans In Envisioned Future In-Time Aviation Safety Management Systems, Lawrence Prinzel Iii, Kyle Ellis, John Koelling, Paul Krois, Misty Davies, Robert Mah
Examining The Changing Roles And Responsibilities Of Humans In Envisioned Future In-Time Aviation Safety Management Systems, Lawrence Prinzel Iii, Kyle Ellis, John Koelling, Paul Krois, Misty Davies, Robert Mah
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Advances in technology are enabling new concepts of operations that will trans-form aviation including increasingly autonomous capabilities to handle evolving complex dynamic ecosystems like those associated with Advanced Aerial Mobility. A major challenge is how to ensure today’s safety levels are maintained as the system scales for rapid detection and timely mitigation of safety issues. NASA has developed a concept of operation for In-Time Aviation Safety Management Systems (IASMS) that represents a system-of-system perspective on interconnected capabilities needed to proactively reduce risk in complex operational environments where unknown hazards may exist. As a result, NASA research priorities include understanding how …
Pilot Is A Pilot Is A Pilot: Exploration Of Effects Of National Culture In Helicopter Pilots, Anna Kaminska, Amy Irwin, Devin Ray, Rhona Flin
Pilot Is A Pilot Is A Pilot: Exploration Of Effects Of National Culture In Helicopter Pilots, Anna Kaminska, Amy Irwin, Devin Ray, Rhona Flin
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Culture has been identified as a factor influencing the way people communicate and behave. Though often imperceptible by its members, cross-cultural interactions can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. The current study explored how national culture interacts in the cockpit and affects pilots’ safety behaviours. The study used in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 participants (14 helicopter pilots) to collect data on national culture’s impact. The data were analysed using conventional content analysis. Content analysis indicated two categories relevant to working with others irrespective of culture and three categories relevant to perceptions of national culture. The findings indicate that pilots acknowledge the …
Applying Human Factors Heuristic Evaluation Tools To Improve Aviation Weather Displays: A Mismatch, John Kleber, Paige Lawton, Beth Blickensderfer
Applying Human Factors Heuristic Evaluation Tools To Improve Aviation Weather Displays: A Mismatch, John Kleber, Paige Lawton, Beth Blickensderfer
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Background. Weather-related accidents have one of the highest fatality rates among General Aviation (GA) accidents. Pilots obtain graphical and textual weather information from aviation weather displays during both preflight planning and while inflight. Interpretation scores of weather products remain low regardless of pilot certification/rating. Previous research identifies poor usability as one cause of weather displays' low interpretability. Given the frequency of updates to weather displays, a rapid usability assessment technique is needed. Heuristic evaluations are a common method for quickly identifying usability problems. Heuristics evaluations entail expert reviewers evaluating an interface using a validated set of heuristic guidelines. This paper …
Resilience Engineering’S Potential For Advanced Air Mobility (Aam), Christopher Nemeth, Jon Holbrook
Resilience Engineering’S Potential For Advanced Air Mobility (Aam), Christopher Nemeth, Jon Holbrook
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
The national airspace (NAS) will rapidly evolve in the next ten to twenty years. Plans for Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) during that period envision highly automated airspace management systems and electrically powered vehicles. AAM concepts also anticipate limited human roles. The goal of limiting the human role is to minimize the potential for misadventures, yet how the human role is limited needs to be carefully considered in order to also preserve the potential for human successes. The field of resilience engineering (RE) focuses on how systems can change in order to seize an opportunity or withstand an unforeseen challenge. RE …
Speed-Accuracy Trade-Offs And General Systems Performance Theory: Novel Application To Fitts’ Law And Beyond, Lawrence R. Disalvi, George V. Kondraske
Speed-Accuracy Trade-Offs And General Systems Performance Theory: Novel Application To Fitts’ Law And Beyond, Lawrence R. Disalvi, George V. Kondraske
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Speed-accuracy trade-offs have long been of interest in human performance. General Systems Performance Theory (GSPT) was motivated by human performance measurement and modeling needs. It has subsequently been applied in those and other areas. In GSPT, all system performance attributes are modeled using a resource construct. Systems are characterized by multi-dimensional performance capacity envelopes (PCEs). The systems of interest here are considered to possess limited speed and accuracy performance resources defining a two-dimensional PCE. When considering human movement, relevance to Fitts’ law was conjectured. In multiple Fitts’ paradigm tasks, we found a near-perfect correlation between Index of Performance (IP) and …
What We Know About Teamwork And Multiteam Coordination In Aviation: Overview Model, Glenn E. Littlepage, Michael B. Hein, Andrea M. Georgiou
What We Know About Teamwork And Multiteam Coordination In Aviation: Overview Model, Glenn E. Littlepage, Michael B. Hein, Andrea M. Georgiou
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Much of the work of pilots, flight attendants, air traffic controllers, aircraft mechanics, and flight operations center personnel is done in teams and coordination within and between teams is required. This is the first in a five-article series discussing theory and research relating to teamwork in aviation. This article presents a comprehensive model of teamwork in aviation. It builds on leading teamwork theories and integrates other aviation-relevant constructs such as decision making, technology, and culture. All components of the model have been extensively supported in the general team literature, but the extent of aviation-specific research varies considerably across constructs. Additional …
Observing On-Demand Aircrew Transitioning From Paper To Electronic, Charla L. Long, Kevin M. Gildea
Observing On-Demand Aircrew Transitioning From Paper To Electronic, Charla L. Long, Kevin M. Gildea
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
The introduction of electronic flight bags (EFBs) for flight crew use has reduced the overall workload, except in some situations if not designed properly or employed effectively. Researchers from the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) undertook an observational study combined with crew interviews to assess overall flight crew operations including flight demands, procedures, and the methods the crews used to integrate EFBs into all aspects of their flights from preflight planning to postflight debrief. The researchers also examined the EFB applications (apps) themselves for general usability and developed some recommendations for ways EFB use in operations could be improved. General …
Validating Stress Tolerance Exercise With Game-Based Assessment And Stress Checklists, Jóhann Wium
Validating Stress Tolerance Exercise With Game-Based Assessment And Stress Checklists, Jóhann Wium
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Stress tolerance is an important attribute for air traffic controllers. Assessing an individual’s stress tolerance should therefore be considered when selecting student air traffic controllers. Unfortunately, measures of stress tolerance are often self-reports and as such are subject to “faking good”. This paper details the validation of an observation-based stress tolerance exercise and its convergent validity with behavioral signs of stress (from stress checklists) and results of game-based assessments of Emotional Stability and Performance Under Pressure. The resulting data suggests that ratings from the exercise are valid and that game-based assessments can be used to predict ratings made from observable …
Organizational Safety In Airline Operations, Esa Rantanen, Erik-Jan Hujibrechts
Organizational Safety In Airline Operations, Esa Rantanen, Erik-Jan Hujibrechts
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Organizational accidents is a category of accidents caused by organizational factors. They are rare but have widespread consequences, many defenses and multiple causes, they are associated with judging and deciding, and have a long “history”. Organizational accidents are also associated with highly regulated industries, such as aviation. There are several other constructs related to organizational factors undermining safety. Aviation is unfortunately closely associated with the traditional “Safety I” thinking, where adverse outcomes can be found at the end of causal chain and treating, and preferably eliminating, the causes will increase safety by preventing future accidents. An alternative view is “Safety …
Utilizing Immersive Technologies In The Air Traffic Control Domain, Shivani Bajaj, Andrew Jorquera, Charlie Duff, Rafael N.C. Patrick
Utilizing Immersive Technologies In The Air Traffic Control Domain, Shivani Bajaj, Andrew Jorquera, Charlie Duff, Rafael N.C. Patrick
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) holds a vital role in the United States, employing over 14,000 Air Traffic Control/Management (ATC/ATM) specialists responsible for managing roughly 43,000 flights each day. ATC education “wash-out” rates have shown that there is a disconnect between the training process and the implementation of cognitively demanding, safety-critical ATC duties. The purpose of this research was to investigate if, how, and where immersive technologies (i.e., augmented, virtual, and mixed reality) could be helpful within the ATC/ATM educational domain. To accomplish the overall research goal, subject matter expert (SME) interviews were conducted and a potential educational tool was …
Does Attention Training Enhance Stress Resilience And Performance In Unforeseen Safety-Critical Situations?, Christine M. Talker
Does Attention Training Enhance Stress Resilience And Performance In Unforeseen Safety-Critical Situations?, Christine M. Talker
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
Dealing successfully with unforeseen safety-critical situations is a prerequisite for save pilot performance. Studies applying new attention-based training approaches have revealed positive effects on emotion regulation and on concentration abilities. Hence, the question arises to what extent attention training would facilitate cognitive adaptation processes, thereby attenuating emotional stress responses and reducing performance decrements in unforeseen flight situations. Twenty-four pilots will be randomly assigned to two groups and will either be trained in attention regulation or in relaxation techniques. “Home training” will be followed by training in the flight simulator. Performance ratings, video and audio recordings, subjective data, and EDA data …
Loss Of Situational Awareness During Commercial Flight Over Colombian Mountains, Oscar Sarmiento Mejia
Loss Of Situational Awareness During Commercial Flight Over Colombian Mountains, Oscar Sarmiento Mejia
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
No abstract provided.
The Skill Assumption -Over-Reliance On Perception Skills In Hazard Assessment, M M Rene Van Paassen, Jelmer R. Reitsma, Erik_Jan A M Hujibrechts, Clark Borst, Annemarie Landman, Max Mulder
The Skill Assumption -Over-Reliance On Perception Skills In Hazard Assessment, M M Rene Van Paassen, Jelmer R. Reitsma, Erik_Jan A M Hujibrechts, Clark Borst, Annemarie Landman, Max Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
In the analysis of human performance and human error, considerable attention is given to the cognitive processes of actors involved in error or success scenarios. Even with awareness of hindsight bias, it takes effort to understand the actions of agents in later inspection of error scenarios. One such topic of heated discussion was the perceived poor performance of pilots in the two 737 MAX MCAS-related crashes in applying the “memory item” checklist pertaining to a runaway trim. In this paper, we argue that it is not so much the reproduction of the checklist that was lacking in these scenarios, but …
Situational Awareness Training For Operators Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Tarryn Kille, Paul R. Bates, Seung Young Lee, David Murray Kille
Situational Awareness Training For Operators Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Tarryn Kille, Paul R. Bates, Seung Young Lee, David Murray Kille
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021
In civilian operations, the utilisation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is diverse and the application needs and performance characteristics also vary widely. To this end, the growing opportunities for UAV operations have generated an urgent need for trained operators to ensure these systems are used effectively and safely. This paper discusses the importance and integration of appropriate non-technical skills (NTS) training with a focus on situation awareness (SA) to further improve UAV mission effectiveness. The paper explores technical design and human factors challenges impacting on UAV operations. While technical design solutions to UAV systems and interfaces are examined, the authors …