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Articles 91 - 107 of 107
Full-Text Articles in Other Psychiatry and Psychology
Inverting The Human/Automation Equation To Support Situation Awareness And Prevent Loss Of Control, Alez Kirlik, Kasey Ackerman, Ben Seefeldt, Enric Xargay, Donald Talleur, Ronald Carbonari, Naira Hovakimyan, Lui Sha, Anna Trujillo, Irene Gregory
Inverting The Human/Automation Equation To Support Situation Awareness And Prevent Loss Of Control, Alez Kirlik, Kasey Ackerman, Ben Seefeldt, Enric Xargay, Donald Talleur, Ronald Carbonari, Naira Hovakimyan, Lui Sha, Anna Trujillo, Irene Gregory
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Despite the contributions of automation to aviation safety and efficiency, the problems associated with technology-centered rather than human-centered automation are well known: decreased pilot situation awareness, deterioration of manual piloting skills, difficulties pilots experience when trying to jump into the loop when needed, and so forth. We present a prototype architecture for human-automation interaction that reverses their traditional roles: in our design, the automation "looks over the shoulder" of the pilot and jumps into the loop when needed rather than the other way around to prevent aircraft loss-of-control (LoC). The architecture exploits the LoC prevention algorithm proposed by Wilborn and …
Reliability Of Instructor Pilots' Non-Technical Skills Ratings, Patrick Gontar, Hans-Juergen Hoermann
Reliability Of Instructor Pilots' Non-Technical Skills Ratings, Patrick Gontar, Hans-Juergen Hoermann
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
This paper presents the results of different methods to assess reliability when instructor pilots rate pilots regarding their non-technical skills (NOTECHS). In preparation for a major inter-rater reliability study, this pretest analyzes the rating behavior of two instructor pilots during a full-flight simulator mission. Besides inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability, the pilots’ self-rating (n =12) and the instructors’ point of view is analyzed. Results indicate a wide spread from poor to excellent reliabilities as a function of the different rating dimensions. Regarding inter-rater reliability, it is found that non-technical skills are rated more reliably under high workload conditions than under …
Individual Problem Representations In Distributed Work, Alicia Fernandes, Philip J. Smith, Ken Durham, Mark Evans
Individual Problem Representations In Distributed Work, Alicia Fernandes, Philip J. Smith, Ken Durham, Mark Evans
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Human-machine interfaces in distributed work systems provide external problem representations that activate the cognitive processes people use to perform their work. Appropriate design of such representations is an important factor in supporting complex work. In air and surface traffic management, problems are typically framed according to airspace constraints even for practitioners whose domain is the airport surface. Constraints are passed from the en route and terminal domains to the surface in the form of airspace constraints, with the displays available to Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) personnel communicating these constraints in airspace terms. However, ATCT personnel use a different mental …
Uas In The Nas Air Traffic Controller Acceptability Study-1: The Effects Of Horizontal Miss Distances On Simulated Uas And Manned Aircraft Encounters, Rania W. Ghatas, James R. Comstock Jr., Maria C. Consiglio, James P. Chamberlain, Keith D. Hoffler
Uas In The Nas Air Traffic Controller Acceptability Study-1: The Effects Of Horizontal Miss Distances On Simulated Uas And Manned Aircraft Encounters, Rania W. Ghatas, James R. Comstock Jr., Maria C. Consiglio, James P. Chamberlain, Keith D. Hoffler
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
This study examined air traffic controller acceptability ratings based on the effects of differing horizontal miss distances (HMDs) for encounters between UAS and manned aircraft. In a simulation of the Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) East-side airspace, the CAS-1 experiment at NASA Langley Research Center enlisted fourteen recently retired DFW air traffic controllers to rate well-clear volumes based on differing HMDs that ranged from 0.5 NM to 3.0 NM. The controllers were tasked with rating these HMDs from “too small” to “too excessive” on a defined, 1-5, scale and whether these distances caused any disruptions to the controller and/or to the surrounding …
Computational Simulation Of Authority-Responsibility Mismatches In Air-Ground Function Allocation, Martijn Ijtsma, Amy R. Pritchett, Raunak P. Bhattacharyya
Computational Simulation Of Authority-Responsibility Mismatches In Air-Ground Function Allocation, Martijn Ijtsma, Amy R. Pritchett, Raunak P. Bhattacharyya
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Authority-responsibility mismatches are created when one agent is authorized (has authority) to perform an activity, but a different agent is responsible for its outcome. An authority-responsibility mismatch demands monitoring by the responsible agent that itself requires additional information transfer and taskload. This paper demonstrates a computational simulation methodology that identifies when mismatches will occur in complex, multi-agent aviation operations, and their implications for information transfer between agents and task demands on each agent. A case study examines 25 authority and responsibility allocations in a NextGen/SESAR scenario in a terminal area where authority and responsibility for activities involving optimal profile descents, …
Development Of The Air Traffic Control Tower Alerts Standard, Edmundo A. Sierra Jr., Michael Buckley
Development Of The Air Traffic Control Tower Alerts Standard, Edmundo A. Sierra Jr., Michael Buckley
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
FAA HF-STD-008 Air Traffic Control Tower Alerts Standard specifies functional requirements, alarm and alert human interaction characteristics, and threshold levels in systems that use an alert mechanism to capture human attention in air traffic control tower environments. FAA HF-STD-008 was developed to address a shortfall in the general criteria for alerts found in FAA HF-STD-001 Human Factors Design Standard. FAA-HF-STD-008 was developed in three phases: literature review and draft development, subject matter expert working group review and development, and stakeholder comment and adjudication. The results of the work include specific requirements for alerts and additional evidence of a repeatable human …
Contribution Of Multimethodology To Human Factors In Air Navigation Systems, Lisia Maria Espinola Da Silva Pacheco Cabral, Marcos Pereira
Contribution Of Multimethodology To Human Factors In Air Navigation Systems, Lisia Maria Espinola Da Silva Pacheco Cabral, Marcos Pereira
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
This article presents a general view of a post-graduation study developed from 2011 to 2014 into some civil Air Navigation contexts of a brazilian public organization, to promote System and Rational Thinking, and Metagovernance, aiming at structuring, understanding and monitoring problems prone to variability, dynamics and unpredictability, to contribute to minimum risks management and opportunities of changes in real work. The study was developed to support TRM (Team Resources Management) behavior abilities, introduced as a Program since 2009, and adopted: a qualitative and collective method;Multimethodology as a predictive methodology, in which Conceptual Map was the central instrument, based on Soft …
Psychological Aspects Of The Organization Of Information At The Instructor’S Flight Simulator Workplace, Tetiana Bondareva
Psychological Aspects Of The Organization Of Information At The Instructor’S Flight Simulator Workplace, Tetiana Bondareva
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
This Paper presents a critical analysis of the classical procedure of training pilots on Full Flight Simulators (FFS), and developed new version of the procedure of instructor’s actions during simulator training. The developed procedure will change an instructor’s position as person, who sets parameters before and during performing exercise, to a person as involved participant, who is waiting for a forthcoming training flight circumstances together with the crew. This developed procedure implies a rearrangement of specific operations from the instructor on the software, and also the availability of an alternative monitor, on which the most significant events (selected for specific …
Learning Of Location-Identity Bindings: Development Of Level 1 Situation Awareness In An Air Traffic Control-Like Task, Alexander Nalbandian, Esa Rantanen
Learning Of Location-Identity Bindings: Development Of Level 1 Situation Awareness In An Air Traffic Control-Like Task, Alexander Nalbandian, Esa Rantanen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Knowing “what is where” is essential to human perception and performance. This knowledge corresponds to the concept of Situation Awareness (SA), specifically Level 1 SA. The underlying research paradigm concerns tracking of identical objects moving on a screen (Multiple Object Tracking, MOT). This method has been useful to investigate the fundamentals of visual tracking, but it lacks a connection to real-world scenarios. In another paradigm, objects tracked have unique identities (Multiple Identity Tracking, MIT) requiring a combination of peripheral and focal perception in tracking. This model has been used to examine air traffic controllers’ SA. This paper will report results …
Human Span-Of-Control In Cyber Operations: An Experimental Evaluation Of Fan-Out, Vincent F. Mancuso, Gregory J. Funke, Monica B. Eckold, Adam J. Strang
Human Span-Of-Control In Cyber Operations: An Experimental Evaluation Of Fan-Out, Vincent F. Mancuso, Gregory J. Funke, Monica B. Eckold, Adam J. Strang
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Modern cyber operations require operators to maintain supervisory control of remote computer agents. A current operational concern is the number of agents an operator can control at once. This issue resonates with similar “span-of-control” research conducted in UAV operations (e.g., Cummings & Mitchel, 2008). One way to identify operator span is via “fan-out,” a numeric calculation that provides a span-of-control estimate based on system and environmental variables. However, fan-out is a mechanical representation that only accounts for task-characteristics and environmental variables, thus providing an upper bound of human performance that does account for cognition, workload, or work interruptions. The present …
Investigating Uas Operator Characteristics Influencing Mission Success, Haydee M. Cuevas, Kristina M. Kendrick, Zane A. Zeigler, David J. Hamilton
Investigating Uas Operator Characteristics Influencing Mission Success, Haydee M. Cuevas, Kristina M. Kendrick, Zane A. Zeigler, David J. Hamilton
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
The two objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate how specific operator characteristics (prior experience in manned and unmanned flight, teamwork, and gaming) influence mission success in unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations; and 2) evaluate the potential utility of a performance assessment tool. Mission success was assessed using a modified version of the Situation Awareness Linked Indicators Adapted to Novel Tasks (SALIANT) methodology. Eighteen participants completed a UAS scenario (port security) as part of 9 two-person crews (pilot and sensor operator). Results showed that the SALIANT measure was able to discriminate differences in performance among the UAS crews. Results …
Performance Assessment Methods To Evaluate Discretionary Atc Safety Standards, Julia Pounds, Lisa Galoci
Performance Assessment Methods To Evaluate Discretionary Atc Safety Standards, Julia Pounds, Lisa Galoci
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) established the Air Traffic Safety Oversight Service (AOV) in 2005. Its mission is to provide independent oversight of the US air traffic service provider, Air Traffic Organization (ATO). AOV monitors ATO compliance with safety standards and safety management systems (SMS) including the ATO’s policies, procedures, and practices. AOV based its surveillance activities on systematic auditing methods to monitor ATO compliance with required safety controls. However, audits could only be used to monitor required safety controls having objective (strong) evidence of performance available. AOV lacked methods to monitor discretionary (weak) safety controls or safety controls …
Development Of An Alternative Methodology For Implementation Of Sagat During Task Performance, Durant C. Bridges
Development Of An Alternative Methodology For Implementation Of Sagat During Task Performance, Durant C. Bridges
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Situation awareness (SA) has been linked to performance in a variety of disciplines to date, but originated in the aviation arena. Situation awareness derives from attention and working memory being used toward acquiring and interpreting information from the environment (Endsley, 1995). The most revered objective method of measuring situation awareness is the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT). This technique employs random freezes of participant interfaces during simulations to query participants and assess the level of knowledge of what is happening at the time of the freezes. A discussion of applications using an alternative approach to SAGAT for operators in …
The Smart Cockpit Initiative, Kevin M. Smith, Stephane Larrieu
The Smart Cockpit Initiative, Kevin M. Smith, Stephane Larrieu
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Flight deck displays that automatically adapt themselves to changing operational conditions are referred to as mission adaptive displays, or smart cockpits. Most smart-enabling technology is already available in modern aircraft. To be operationally effective, however, mission adaptive displays should: • Present mission critical information when it is most urgently needed. • Be capable of responding to all mission critical events—single and multiple occurrences. • Depict a rising risk profile based upon risk defining criteria. • Utilize abstract clusters to reduce workload in high stress situations. • Contain, whenever appropriate, performance aids so that precise maneuver execution is assured.
A Comprehensive Effort To Arrive At An Optimally Reliable Human Factors Taxonomy, Raymond E. King
A Comprehensive Effort To Arrive At An Optimally Reliable Human Factors Taxonomy, Raymond E. King
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Department of Defense (DoD) members sought to improve the inter-rater reliability of the DoD Human Factors Analysis and Classification System, (DoDHFACS). DoDHFACS differs from the original system developed by Wiegmann and Shappell (2003), based on the work of Reason (1990), by further analyzing mishaps and hazards to a more granular level – arriving at specific “nanocodes.” The steps involved in the effort included determining which of the 147 “nanocodes” were rarely/never used and collapsing nanocodes and rewriting definitions to arrive at 109 nanocodes. Next, a stepwise checklist to guide investigators through consideration of nanocodes was created. Student investigators were guided …
Recent Advances In Tactile Cueing, Angus H. Rupert, Ben D. Lawson
Recent Advances In Tactile Cueing, Angus H. Rupert, Ben D. Lawson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Flight tests conducted by the Army and Navy have demonstrated the utility of the Tactile Situation Awareness System (TSAS) as an adjunct to visual instruments to improve pilot performance in degraded visual environments or under conditions of high workload. The tactile stimulators (tactors) used in each of the flight tests have been incorporated into aircraft components (seat cushions and shoulder straps) and a torso garment (belt or vest). Current tactors must operate at full magnitude and a very restricted frequency range (240 to 250 Hz) in order to provide consistent and perceptible stimuli in the aviation environment. Fortunately, recent developments …
Near-Future Technological Countermeasures For Spatial Disorientation In Flight, Eric M. Littman, Ben D. Lawson, J. Christopher Brill, Angus H. Rupert
Near-Future Technological Countermeasures For Spatial Disorientation In Flight, Eric M. Littman, Ben D. Lawson, J. Christopher Brill, Angus H. Rupert
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015
Spatial Disorientation (SD) is an important cause of deadly aircraft mishaps, despite improvements in night vision, head-up-displays, cockpit automation, etc. This paper explores several technological countermeasures for SD. This report begins by discussing the magnitude of the SD problem and the reasons why technological countermeasures are needed. The authors discuss the three main approaches that are typically used (improved selection, training, or technology) to decrease the incidence of SD, and argue that improved selection and training, although beneficial, are not sufficient by themselves to prevent SD. The authors introduce various technological solutions they are developing, including better models to predict …