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1,001 Runway Incursions, Ed Wischmeyer Ph.D. Jan 2007

1,001 Runway Incursions, Ed Wischmeyer Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Three years of recent ASRS reports were reviewed to seek factors contributing to runway incursions and taxi errors. Many factors not commonly discussed in ground safety were found in these 1,049 reports. These factors were then analyzed from a systems perspective, suggesting that all elements of the system, in the broadest sense, need improvement, but as a unified system. It seems unlikely that any meaningful improvements will be achieved without such a systems approach.

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On Line And Off-Line Tools For Preventing And Analyzing Vestibular Spatial Disorientation Mishaps: A Summary Of The Alion-Ma&D / Air Force Research Program, Christopher D. Wickens, Ronald L. Small, Alia M. Fisher, John W. Keller, Connie M. Socash Jan 2007

On Line And Off-Line Tools For Preventing And Analyzing Vestibular Spatial Disorientation Mishaps: A Summary Of The Alion-Ma&D / Air Force Research Program, Christopher D. Wickens, Ronald L. Small, Alia M. Fisher, John W. Keller, Connie M. Socash

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

We describe a program of research and development to combat problems of in-flight spatial disorientation. One component is a computational model predicting the onset of the leans, the graveyard spiral, the Coriolis, and the somatogyral illusion, based on a vestibular model and inputs from the aircraft and control states. This model is validated in a flight simulation experiment. A second component we describe is the application of the model off line, embodied in a visualization and analysis tool for SD mishap investigation. A third component uses the model on-line, in flight to trigger visual, auditory, and tactile countermeasures to restore …

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The Next Generation Professional Pilot – Not Your Father’S First Officer, Captain Brian T. Wilson Jan 2007

The Next Generation Professional Pilot – Not Your Father’S First Officer, Captain Brian T. Wilson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

With the demise of the Cold War, the subsequent drawdown of the military, and with many airline pilots opting not to return from furlough after the recent rash of bankruptcies, the demand side of air carrier pilot hiring has driven significant changes in new hire pilot demographics. Experience levels of new hire regional pilots are at an all time low, and are approaching an average well below 1000 hrs of total time and less than 100 hours multi-engine. These demographics changes bode ill for aviation safety and these changes in new hire pilot demographics are showing up in increasing incidents …

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Using Ecological Interface Design For Energy Management During Idle-Thrust Approaches, M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Joris Gernaey, Alexander C. In ’T Veld, Max Mulder Jan 2007

Using Ecological Interface Design For Energy Management During Idle-Thrust Approaches, M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Joris Gernaey, Alexander C. In ’T Veld, Max Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Alternative approach procedures are being developed, in order to create aircraft operations that have less impact on the environment. In these low-power, low-noise approaches, level flight segments are avoided, and low or flight idle thrust settings are used until the aircraft reaches a stabilization point at low altitude, close to the runway. Electronic automation tools and handbook charts are currently tested and used in these procedures. This paper takes a different approach, and applies the principles of Ecological Interface Design to create interfaces that enable the pilot to fly these procedures in a flexible manner. Interfaces for two of these …

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Wake Vortex Display Design And Model Evaluation, Christopher D. Wickens, Angelia Sebok, Tim Bagnall, Jill Kamienski Jan 2007

Wake Vortex Display Design And Model Evaluation, Christopher D. Wickens, Angelia Sebok, Tim Bagnall, Jill Kamienski

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

In a Phase I Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) project for NASA Langley, we developed and evaluated three formats of conceptual prototype cockpit wake vortex displays, a 2D plan view display, a 2D co-planar display, and a 3D synthetic vision system display. In each, the wake was presented along with conventional information on the 2D nav display, the vertical situation display, and the forward-looking SVS display. In the first stage of evaluation, three pilots carried out a two rounds of usability analyses on the displays in dynamic flight scenarios. The co-planar display was revealed to have the fewest problems. In …

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Effect Of Display Format On Attitude-Maintenance Performance, Motonori Yamaguchi, Robert W. Proctor Jan 2007

Effect Of Display Format On Attitude-Maintenance Performance, Motonori Yamaguchi, Robert W. Proctor

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The present research examined the effect of display format, inside-out or outside-in, on performance of an attitudemaintenance task and secondary choice-reaction tasks among non-pilot participants. Some advantages for use of outside-in format for the attitude display were obtained in the secondary task performance, though there were no clear differences from the inside-out format display in the primary attitude-maintenance performance. Transfer from one display format to the other led to difficulty in performing the task, suggesting caution when switching from the conventional display format to a new format.

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Relative Importance Of Conflict Geometry Variables In Influencing Pilots’ Conflict Detection Using A Cockpit Display Of Traffic Information, Xidong Xu, Esa M. Rantanen, Yan Huo Jan 2007

Relative Importance Of Conflict Geometry Variables In Influencing Pilots’ Conflict Detection Using A Cockpit Display Of Traffic Information, Xidong Xu, Esa M. Rantanen, Yan Huo

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

When independent variables are inter-correlated with each other, ANOVAs or traditional multiple regression methods do a poor job for analyzing their relative importance in accounting for the variance in a dependent variable. This paper describes a method called Dominance Analysis (Budescu, 1993; Azen & Budescu, 2003) as a better approach than the traditional methods in determining the relative importance of several inter-correlated independent variables in accounting for the variances in pilots’ performance measures in a conflict detection task with a cockpit display of traffic information (Xu, Rantanen, & Wickens, 2004). The three variables in question were an intruder aircraft’s distance …

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Lane Position Head-Up Displays In Automobiles: Further Evidence For Cognitive Tunneling, Yun Zheng, Matthew Brown Ph.D., Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Dan Bleichman Jan 2007

Lane Position Head-Up Displays In Automobiles: Further Evidence For Cognitive Tunneling, Yun Zheng, Matthew Brown Ph.D., Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Dan Bleichman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The benefits associated with the implementation of Head-Up Displays (HUDs) in aircraft have promoted the use of this technology in automobiles. These benefits, however, have been shown to come with concomitant performance costs. Specifically, aviation and motor vehicle research has shown that HUDs produce cognitive tunneling effects whereby an operator’s attention is captured and held by the HUD symbology such that it cannot be directed elsewhere. The cost of cognitive tunneling could be more severe for driving than for flying given that driving environments are typically more densely populated than they are for flying. For this reason, research on the …

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Enhancing The Collection And Analysis Of General Aviation Insurance Data In Australasia Through The Use Of Hfacs, Michael G. Lenné, Karen Ashby, Michael A. Regan Jan 2007

Enhancing The Collection And Analysis Of General Aviation Insurance Data In Australasia Through The Use Of Hfacs, Michael G. Lenné, Karen Ashby, Michael A. Regan

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

This paper provides an overview of a 5-stage program of work conducted over a three-year period that aims to develop a General Aviation (GA) safety database in Australia using data collected by aviation insurers. The need to standardize and enhance insurance data was recognized to support meaningful safety-based countermeasure development. Incorporating the Human Factors Analysis and Classification Scheme into the insurance assessment process is a major feature of the data enhancement process. Data collection by GA insurance assessors in Australia, using standardized and enhanced data collection methods, will begin in late 2007. Establishment of this database will allow for meaningful …

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The Causes Of Failure Of Olympic Airways’ S Restructuring Efforts Applied By The Greek State, John S. Lainos Ph.D. Jan 2007

The Causes Of Failure Of Olympic Airways’ S Restructuring Efforts Applied By The Greek State, John S. Lainos Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Olympic Airways (O.A.), the former Greek flag carrier, was nationalized in 1975. For the period 1975-1994 its cumulative deficits had mounted to 455 billion GRD, (1.63 billion US$). However, at the same time all governments enforced on O.A. the implementation of their various policies, always at the company’s expense. The state debts to O.A.- due to the aforementioned reason were in 1993 (E.U. involvement) almost three times higher than O.A.’s operational deficits. These state debts have not been permitted to O.A. to register in their accounting books. Since 1993 the Greek state, O.A.’s exclusive shareholder, has attempted to introduce changes …

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Panel: Advancing The Human Factors Business Case, Paul Krois, Douglas Farrow, William Johnson, David Bair Jan 2007

Panel: Advancing The Human Factors Business Case, Paul Krois, Douglas Farrow, William Johnson, David Bair

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

In a time characterized by constrained budgets, competing demands for research and operational investments, and pressures to show how projects provide immediate value, human factors is becoming more adept at how we justify our costs and demonstrate the importance of our contributions. We assess practical approaches for advancing the business case for human factors research and engineering using government and industry perspectives.

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The Alaska Airlines Flight 261 Accident: A Systemic Analysis Of Functional Resonance, Rogier Woltjer, Erik Hollnagel Jan 2007

The Alaska Airlines Flight 261 Accident: A Systemic Analysis Of Functional Resonance, Rogier Woltjer, Erik Hollnagel

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

On January 31, 2000, Alaska Airlines flight 261, an MD-83, crashed into the Pacific Ocean; after airplane pitch control was lost as a result of the in-flight failure of the horizontal stabilizer trim system jackscrew assembly's acme nut threads (NTSB, 2003). Accident investigation revealed a wide range of human, technical, and organizational factors contributing to this tragic event, providing a case where popular linear models and methods have difficulty addressing the full complexity of the processes leading up to the accident. This paper treats each of the steps of analysis according to the Functional Resonance Accident Model (FRAM; Hollnagel, 2004), …

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Supporting Pilots In Close Encounters With Terrain, A.N.P. Lenaerts, C. Borst, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen Jan 2007

Supporting Pilots In Close Encounters With Terrain, A.N.P. Lenaerts, C. Borst, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Despite the fact that modern cockpits present an abundance of information to pilots, Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents continue to occur. The introduction of terrain awareness and warning systems, like the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS), has led to a considerable reduction of terrain incursions. EGPWS predicts the aircraft motion relative to terrain and, based on a rule-base of advanced reasoning logic, informs pilots on how to react appropriately. Common to all terrain warning systems, is that all cognition is ‘hidden’ in the EGPWS logic, and pilots are required to respond rapidly to the system’s commands. We hypothesize …

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Effects Of Message Complexity And Message Length On The Production Of Pilot Readback Errors, O. Veronika Prinzo Ph.D. Jan 2007

Effects Of Message Complexity And Message Length On The Production Of Pilot Readback Errors, O. Veronika Prinzo Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Field data and laboratory studies conducted in the 1990s reported that the rate of pilot readback errors and communication problems increased as controller transmissions became more complex. This resulted in the recommendation that controllers send shorter messages to reduce the memory load imposed on pilots by complex messages. More than 10 years have passed since a comprehensive analysis quantified the types and frequency of readback errors and communication problems that occur in the operational environment. Hence, a content analysis was performed on 52 hours of pilot and controller messages that were transmitted from 5 of the busiest terminal radar approach …

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Effects Of Cdti Alerting System Properties On Pilot Multi-Task Performance, Christopher Wickens, Angela Colcombe Jan 2007

Effects Of Cdti Alerting System Properties On Pilot Multi-Task Performance, Christopher Wickens, Angela Colcombe

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

In a dual task context, pilots monitored a simulated cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) supported by an imperfect auditory or visual alerting system. Across four experiments: (1) varying the alerting threshold, to reduce the false alarm rate (but increase the miss rate) degraded both the concurrent flight control task, and conflict detection accuracy, with only a slight improvement in detection speed. (2) Changing the dual task context from flight control, to ATC communications greatly degraded performance on both the concurrent task and the conflict detection task, revealing the high cognitive demands of traffic monitoring. (3) Changing ATC communications to …

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The Multimodal Production Of Common Ground Understandings In Intercultural Flight Training, Saeko Nomura, Edwin Hutchins Jan 2007

The Multimodal Production Of Common Ground Understandings In Intercultural Flight Training, Saeko Nomura, Edwin Hutchins

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

In this paper we show how Japanese airline pilots and American flight instructors overcome pronounced differences in language and culture and achieve effective collaboration. They do this by drawing on a deep body of shared professional pilot culture and by exploiting richly multimodality situated communication practices to produce common ground understandings.

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Ergonomics Aeromedical Transport Analysis, Lisia Maria Espinola, Silva Pacheco Cabral, Jean Marcel, F. Novo, Danielle Vetö Guimarães, Mario Cezar Rodríguez Vidal, José Roberto Dourado Mafra Jan 2007

Ergonomics Aeromedical Transport Analysis, Lisia Maria Espinola, Silva Pacheco Cabral, Jean Marcel, F. Novo, Danielle Vetö Guimarães, Mario Cezar Rodríguez Vidal, José Roberto Dourado Mafra

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

This article presents the Ergonomics Action Methodology applied to an aeromedical transport company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, studying the interactions among pilots, mechanics, physicians and nurses during the flight operation. Some ergonomics aspects were issued, affecting the appropriate performance in their interfaces, considering 2 types of helicopters: BK 117 C1 and Esquirrel AS 350 B2. As results, it was proposed some ergonomics suggestions and recommendations, aiming at providing improvements and minimizing the risks levels of accident occurrence.

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Investigating Sources Of Mental Workload Using A High-Fidelity Atc Simulator, Penelope M. Sanderson, Martijn Mooij, Andrew Neal Jan 2007

Investigating Sources Of Mental Workload Using A High-Fidelity Atc Simulator, Penelope M. Sanderson, Martijn Mooij, Andrew Neal

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

In this study we present results from a high-fidelity simulator study of Air Traffic Controller (ATCo) workload, in which routine and non-routine scenario events are examined. Specifically, we test the ability of a task load metric (Airservices Australia’s Workload Assessment Tool: WAT) to predict controller workload in these situations. In the study, sector was a between-subjects variable and task load a within-subjects variable. Twenty-one professional ATCos worked three 30-minute segments in Airservices Australia’s TAAATS simulator, and rated their workload on a scale from 1 to 10 every two minutes. After each scenario, ATCos reviewed the video and explained their ratings. …

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Transformation — Practical Lessons, Greg Padula Jan 2007

Transformation — Practical Lessons, Greg Padula

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

This paper will provide a glimpse into the transformation of the Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC) between 1997 and 2003. It will provide my perspective and lessons as the functional lead during that time. It does not necessarily represent an official position.

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Emotional Intelligence: Does It Fit Into Recruitment Process In The Airlines Industry?, Nutankumar S. Thingujam Jan 2007

Emotional Intelligence: Does It Fit Into Recruitment Process In The Airlines Industry?, Nutankumar S. Thingujam

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Existing literature show that there are various psychological factors that are important in the effective functioning of industrial/organizational set-up. Among the most important ones are the personality traits and cognitive abilities. But it is not possible to include all the important psychological variables in recruitment since that will be extremely time consuming and tiring on the part of the respondents. So, the challenge is to decide which personality traits and cognitive abilities are the best predictors of job performance. In this article I recommend a battery of psychological measures that include ability measure of ability model of emotional intelligence for …

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Supplemental Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of The Personal Computer-Based Aircraft Training Device With That Of An Faa-Approved Flight Training Device, Dr. Jon Mcdermott Jan 2007

Supplemental Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of The Personal Computer-Based Aircraft Training Device With That Of An Faa-Approved Flight Training Device, Dr. Jon Mcdermott

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The introduction of the personal computer-based aircraft training device, or PCATD, in the late 1990s stimulated the academic investigation of this technology for use in collegiate aviation education activities. Initially, FAA regulators dismissed this technology as gaming software and hardware, but the successful collegiate use of PCATD technology for training pilots convinced the FAA in 1997 (AC 61-126) to approve the use of PCATDs as an equivalency to actual flight time, but for only a portion of that equivalency allowed Flight Training Devices (FTDs). This study, a supplemental analysis of the effectiveness of a PCATD, found that there was no …

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Human-Machine System Simulation For Evaluating Flight Deck Display Based On Knowledge Representations Of Expert Pilots, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Akira Ishibashi, Masaharu Kitaramura Jan 2007

Human-Machine System Simulation For Evaluating Flight Deck Display Based On Knowledge Representations Of Expert Pilots, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Akira Ishibashi, Masaharu Kitaramura

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

For evaluations higher level safety in aviation, it is required to reduce accidents involving human errors. Actualizing appropriate Human-Machine Interface (HMI) design is recognized as a key issue for preventing significant hazards resulted from human errors. The present study has proposed a human-machine system simulation called Pilot Cognitive Simulator (PCS) as an evaluation method for HMI. The PCS aims at qualitative evaluations of HMI design from the aspect of information contents thorough analysis of the interaction between pilots’ cognitive process and HMI in a simulation environment. In an experimental simulation-based evaluation of a prototype supporting display, the PCS could successfully …

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The Performance Costs Of Digital Head-Up Displays, Lisa Hagen, Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Matthew S. Brown Ph.D. Jan 2007

The Performance Costs Of Digital Head-Up Displays, Lisa Hagen, Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Matthew S. Brown Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Motor vehicle manufacturers are installing Head-Up Displays (HUDs) in motor vehicles to provide drivers with a variety of vehicle information such as vehicle speed. In theory, HUDs should assist drivers in monitoring the status of their vehicle while allowing them to spend more time looking at the external scene. However, research in the aviation literature has shown that pilots tend to cognitively tunnel on HUDs to the extent that processing of the external scene is delayed. In the present research, a driving simulator was used to examine whether cognitive tunnelling occurs with analogue and digital HUDs. Participants were better at …

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Filling In The Gaps: An Investigation Of The Knowledge Needed For Effective Human-Automation Interaction, Michael T. Curtis, Michelle Harper-Sciarini, Florian G. Jentsch, David Schuster, Ron Swanson Jan 2007

Filling In The Gaps: An Investigation Of The Knowledge Needed For Effective Human-Automation Interaction, Michael T. Curtis, Michelle Harper-Sciarini, Florian G. Jentsch, David Schuster, Ron Swanson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Despite the decade-long focus on pilot understanding of automated systems, knowledge gaps continue to suggest that current training programs are incomplete. There are several different types of knowledge that contribute to an effective understanding of automated systems, including more complex knowledge structures. This suggests that simply training pilots how to operate automated systems will not provide optimal performance. This paper describes an empirical investigation of the importance and measurement of different types of knowledge important for effective automation use. Twenty trained commercial pilots completed several knowledge assessments of automation and airmanship and responded to situational vignettes that assessed their proficiency …

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Spatial Awareness Biases In Synthetic Vision Systems Displays, Matthew L. Bolton, Ellen J. Bass Jan 2007

Spatial Awareness Biases In Synthetic Vision Systems Displays, Matthew L. Bolton, Ellen J. Bass

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) create a synthetic clear-day view of the terrain in front of ownship to prevent controlled flight into terrain. To investigate how spatial biases manifest themselves in SVS displays, an experiment was conducted. Eighteen pilots made spatial judgments (relative angle, distance, height, and abeam time) regarding the location of terrain points displayed in 112 5-second videos of a SVS head down display. Judgment errors revealed expected and unexpected spatial biases. Knowledge of these biases will allow SVS engineers to compensate for them and to improve spatial awareness in future SVS designs.

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Measuring Safety Culture In A Non-Us Airline Using The Commercial Aviation Safety Survey, Terry L. Von Thaden, Sólveig Ragnarsdóttir Jan 2007

Measuring Safety Culture In A Non-Us Airline Using The Commercial Aviation Safety Survey, Terry L. Von Thaden, Sólveig Ragnarsdóttir

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The purpose of this present study was twofold: firstly to test the psychometric appropriateness of the Commercial Aviation Safety Survey (CASS) for flight operations developed at the University of Illinois, in non-US environment, and secondly to assess the current state of organizational safety culture at a European airline. To achieve these objectives the CASS was administered in a web-based format to the flight operations department at a major European air carrier. The respondents reflected a representative employee distribution and a response rate of 31 percent. The internal consistency of the CASS indicated adequate reliability (all scores above 0.70). The survey …

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An Airline Evaluation Of The Facilitation Skills Assessment Tool [Fsat] As A Device For Training And Assessing Facilitators, Maryjo O. Smith Ph.D., Guy M. Smith Ed.D., Captain Colin Budenberg, Captain John Willats, Captain Pete Griffiths Jan 2007

An Airline Evaluation Of The Facilitation Skills Assessment Tool [Fsat] As A Device For Training And Assessing Facilitators, Maryjo O. Smith Ph.D., Guy M. Smith Ed.D., Captain Colin Budenberg, Captain John Willats, Captain Pete Griffiths

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Researchers and airline practitioners from the USA and UK collaborated in a four-year project to develop the Facilitation Skills Assessment Tool (FSAT), an instrument to assess the skills of an airline facilitator. The final phase of the FSAT Development Project was the evaluation of FSAT at two airlines – Thomsonfly (formerly Britannia Airways) in the UK and Southwest Airlines in the USA. Statistical analysis allowed the combination of data from both airlines; these 66 assessments demonstrated that FSAT was a valid and reliable instrument for measuring facilitation skills.

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Changes In Cognitive And Sensory Abilities Of Older Pilots Parallel Those Observed In The General Population, C.A. Miller, A. Chaparro Jan 2007

Changes In Cognitive And Sensory Abilities Of Older Pilots Parallel Those Observed In The General Population, C.A. Miller, A. Chaparro

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

This investigation compares young and older pilots with age-matched controls from the general population on cognitive and sensory abilities. Cognitive assessments included short-term and long-term memory, learning, delayed recognition and mental rotation. Sensory measures included visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, auditory thresholds, speech intelligibility and tactile sensitivity. Significant differences in contrast sensitivity was obtained as a function of age and pilot status. Also, young pilots (24-42 years) have greater tactile sensitivity than older pilots (64-88 years), and both non-pilot groups. In general, younger participants performed better on the assessments than the older subjects regardless of pilot status. Although, the mean differences …

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Assessing Readiness For Collaboration In Military C2 Centers, Dr. Joseph B. Lyons, Stephanie D. Swindler, Dr. Jacob J. Wolf, Patrick J. Vinvent Jan 2007

Assessing Readiness For Collaboration In Military C2 Centers, Dr. Joseph B. Lyons, Stephanie D. Swindler, Dr. Jacob J. Wolf, Patrick J. Vinvent

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The present research explored the concept of collaborative readiness within a logistics command and control center which was undergoing an organizational change targeting collaborative processes. A series of collaboration-centric items were piloted during an ongoing organizational assessment which was administered to approximately 240 personnel. The results suggested that collaborative readiness could be conceptualized by four overall dimensions: 1) general effectiveness and attitudes, 2) technology adaptability and external collaboration, 3) collaboration enablers, and 4) job characteristics.

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Testing A Maneuver Space-Based Collision Avoidance System: Experiment 1, William R. Knecht Jan 2007

Testing A Maneuver Space-Based Collision Avoidance System: Experiment 1, William R. Knecht

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

A new data visualization technology is demonstrated for en-route tactical aircraft separation maintenance. This technology displays maneuver space (MS), a nonveridical coordinate space based on the four key maneuver elements of heading, speed, altitude, and available maneuver time. In this first major test of a prototype 4D collision avoidance system (4CAS), eight licensed general aviation pilots each flew eight simulated free flight scenarios, with the goal of deviating as little as possible from a pre-assigned flight path, while still maintaining standard separation from traffic. Compared to a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI), the CDTI+4CAS condition showed performance advantage for …

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