Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Articles 31 - 60 of 134
Full-Text Articles in Psychiatry and Psychology
Simulating Uas: How Much Fidelity And Why?, Gerald P. Chubb
Simulating Uas: How Much Fidelity And Why?, Gerald P. Chubb
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The physical, functional, and operational fidelity of a simulation can impact design assessments, training device effectiveness, and the validity of research results done with desk-top simulators (or synthetic tasks). While difficult to quantify, fidelity issues need to be considered in each of these contexts as attempts are made to improve human system integration. This paper reviews some of the implications of fidelity, discusses current efforts to model the impacts training can have on performance, and outlines the kinds of empirical testing that could be done to compare Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT) model predictions of training impacts to actual …
A Comparison Of Technological Systems To Enhance Night Flight Landings, Shawn M. Doherty
A Comparison Of Technological Systems To Enhance Night Flight Landings, Shawn M. Doherty
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A common issue for aviation involves night flights into airports with no light or low light conditions. This study investigated the effectiveness of runway visual capture by pilots using an enhanced visual system that provided an integrated display of infra-red light and light intensification to the pilot or a low-cost lighting system on the ground during landings to an airport in Palatka, Florida. Six pilots each flew a series of five approaches into the airport in conditions utilizing these technologies as well as instances of full runway lighting or no runway lighting. Results indicated that both systems produced visual capture …
Advancing Safety Performance: Using Change Management Principles To Implement Safety Management Systems In Air Carrier Operations, Triant Flouris
Advancing Safety Performance: Using Change Management Principles To Implement Safety Management Systems In Air Carrier Operations, Triant Flouris
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This paper focuses on providing a theoretical answer to the question, how can an air carrier effectively implement a Safety Management System (SMS) in its operations? The core assumption of this study is that the value of a wellstructured SMS in enhancing air carrier operational safety is axiomatic. We argue that air carriers, through the use of change management can successfully transform existing systems into SMS compliant systems.
Pert Networks As A Method For Analyzing The Visual Scanning Strategies Of Aircraft Pilots, Francesco Di Nocera, Robert S. Bolia
Pert Networks As A Method For Analyzing The Visual Scanning Strategies Of Aircraft Pilots, Francesco Di Nocera, Robert S. Bolia
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
In a Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) network, no process can begin executing until all processes that immediately precede it have completed their activity. PERT networks have been used in psychology to investigate the structure of cognitive processes, and may be applied also to the analysis of eye-movements in order to gather detailed information on the processes underlying the ocular activity. This may be particularly useful to understand phenomena for which specific hypothesis have been made. The primary aim of this paper is to show the potential of this approach as a visualization technique, and to devise a research …
Assessing Large-Scale Training Events: Developing Common Tools And Protocols, Sara Elizabeth Gehr, Margaret Schurig, Leah J. Rowe, Ebb Smith, Winston Bennett Jr.
Assessing Large-Scale Training Events: Developing Common Tools And Protocols, Sara Elizabeth Gehr, Margaret Schurig, Leah J. Rowe, Ebb Smith, Winston Bennett Jr.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Numerous previous studies have shown the positive effects that simulators provide in training aircrew for both basic maneuvering and more advanced team combat skills. As technology evolves, we have the ability to connect simulators separated by great geographic distance and often in different countries, thus allowing an even greater number of aircrew to train together as a team. In addition, live-fly training events provide an excellent opportunity to train aircrew. However, these large-scale distributed and live-fly training events must be examined for effectiveness. To accomplish this, training assessors must use a common set of data collection instruments, and follow a …
Measurement Of Social Competence In Pilot Selection, Hans-Juergen Hoermann Phd, Beate Radke, Stefan Hoeft Phd
Measurement Of Social Competence In Pilot Selection, Hans-Juergen Hoermann Phd, Beate Radke, Stefan Hoeft Phd
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
To ensure that pilots possess the necessary level of competence for effective teamwork during line operation, some airlines have introduced special test methods into their selection procedures that allow measuring different subcomponents of Social Competence before a pilot applicant is being employed. Costs and benefits of these measures vary to some degree. For a German airline, we have conducted a validation study (N=292 ab-initio pilots) with several of these measures, including the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (Buhrmester, Furman, Wittenberg & Reis, 1988), the Social Skills Inventory (Riggio, 1989), the Temperament Structure Scales (Maschke, 1987), and Assessment Center methods (Hoeft & Pecena, …
Prediction Differs From Description: General Versus Specific Intelligence Testing For The Selection Of Ab Initio Air Traffic Controllers, Stefan Hoeft, Marc Damitz, André Beauducel
Prediction Differs From Description: General Versus Specific Intelligence Testing For The Selection Of Ab Initio Air Traffic Controllers, Stefan Hoeft, Marc Damitz, André Beauducel
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Meta-analyses and recent large-scale primary studies concerning the importance of intelligence indicate that for almost all jobs general mental ability (g) alone predicts performance well. However, there is a controversy concerning the question whether specific abilities (s) are needed to predict job or training performance. In the present study performance test data of 5223 applicants from the DLR program for selection of ab initio air traffic controllers at DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH were analyzed. Results of different approaches based on exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to estimate g- and s-intelligence components were compared. In addition to this, the …
Proactive Safety Requires Proactive Measurement, Alyssa Mitchell Gibbons, Terry L. Von Thaden
Proactive Safety Requires Proactive Measurement, Alyssa Mitchell Gibbons, Terry L. Von Thaden
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A major challenge for organizations and safety researchers alike is that commonly used measures of safety (e.g., accident/incident rates, safety behavior) support a reactive rather than a proactive approach to safety. We argue that Reason’s (1990) widely-accepted model of the causes of error suggests a more useful place to focus measurement attempts: preconditions for unsafe acts. Measuring and investigating preconditions rather than errors or outcomes facilitates a proactive, preventive focus; furthers theory development regarding the role of organizational factors in safety; and offers potential remedies to measurement challenges in safety research.
Measuring Change In Pilots’ Conceptual Understandings Of Autoflight, Edwin Hutchins
Measuring Change In Pilots’ Conceptual Understandings Of Autoflight, Edwin Hutchins
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Pilots transitioning to the Airbus A320 were observed in flight and interviewed at four sample points during their first 18 months on the airplane. The interview data were analyzed by examining changes in both the relative frequencies of automation terms and the similarity of pairs of terms over time. The results show that pilots master selected modes before managed modes, and that even after 18 months of experience, their models of complex managed modes are still changing.
Trade-Offs Between Safety-Buffers, Efficiency, And Task-Load, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Peter Hoffmann, Hilde Winkler, Alexandra Kohlberger, Carmen Prenn
Trade-Offs Between Safety-Buffers, Efficiency, And Task-Load, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Peter Hoffmann, Hilde Winkler, Alexandra Kohlberger, Carmen Prenn
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A new scaling approach for traffic situations in ATM assess the changes in and trade-offs between safety-buffers, efficiency and task-load in the work of air-traffic controllers. A computerised scaling tool was developed, which showed sufficient validity for simulated traffic situations (Vormayr, 2005). Results from a study of 23 Austrian air traffic controllers were presented, which could be grouped into controllers with a individual critical situation (ICS) (n=10) and (n=13) without an individual critical situation during a full shift are reported. Controllers were asked to rate the traffic situations after the shift during a reconstruction interview, based on these ratings individual …
The Effects Of International Flight Schedules On Pilot Fatigue, Carol M. Hannah
The Effects Of International Flight Schedules On Pilot Fatigue, Carol M. Hannah
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Pilot fatigue is a critical safety issue for the aviation industry. Fatigue reduces human performance capability and can result in catastrophic error. International airline pilots are particularly susceptible to fatigue’s effects due to sleep loss, long duty days, and jet lag. When fatigued, pilots make errors, which can lead to incidents and accidents. Flight schedules may add to pilot fatigue since they can involve long duty days, short rest periods and may not take into consideration past research on fatigue. Consequently, pilots may not get enough rest to prevent job fatigue. To better understand how pilot flight schedules affect fatigue, …
Aviation Weather Encounter Study: Some Preliminary Findings, David Hunter, Monica Martinussen, Mark Wiggins, David O'Hare
Aviation Weather Encounter Study: Some Preliminary Findings, David Hunter, Monica Martinussen, Mark Wiggins, David O'Hare
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The purpose of this study was to identify the circumstances associated with encounters with adverse weather by general aviation pilots. Self-report data were analyzed for 224 pilots who completed an internet-based questionnaire, and who reported their principal residence as North America. Three groups were identified on the basis of their weather encounters: No-Weather, Near-Weather, and In-Weather. The data provide a description of the demographic characteristics of the pilots, along with details of the events and conditions that existed prior to and immediately following their in-flight weather encounters. Analyses were also conducted comparing the demographic and other characteristics of the three …
Generating Procedures And Recovery Sequences: A Formal Approach, Michael Heymann, Asaf Degani, Immanuel Barshi
Generating Procedures And Recovery Sequences: A Formal Approach, Michael Heymann, Asaf Degani, Immanuel Barshi
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This paper presents a formal approach for the analysis and development of effective, safe, and efficient procedures for abnormal and emergency situations. The focus is on methods for describing the behavior of the underlying machine, specification of desirable and unsafe regions of operation, and an algorithmic approach for computation of optimal action sequences. We discuss current gaps in procedure development and conclude with some of the challenges that lie ahead.
An Analysis Of Atc Communication-Line Occupancy From Real-Time Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Tetsushi Yamamoto
An Analysis Of Atc Communication-Line Occupancy From Real-Time Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Tetsushi Yamamoto
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
ATC (Air Traffic Control) communication between air traffic controllers and flight-crews is the most essential task in the ATC operations. This paper describes results from an analysis of the ATC communication in two (2) series of real-time (human-in-the-loop) simulation experiments. We analyzed communication-line occupancy rate in a modeled sector of Japanese en-route airspace. In the analysis, we focused on phraseology in the communication. We standardized air traffic controllers’ phraseology as well as flight-crews’ one, because individual difference of phraseology had an effect on time amount for the communication. Then, the line occupancy rate was computed on the standardized phraseology. Communication …
Optimizing Efb Use Through Training, Standards, And Best Practices, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D, Thomas L. Seamster
Optimizing Efb Use Through Training, Standards, And Best Practices, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D, Thomas L. Seamster
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) provides an integrated information management system that promises new capabilities and benefits to pilots, but information access and display differs substantially from traditional paper documents. Pilots must understand what information is available and where it is located, how data is accessed and entered, and how this system interacts with other aircraft systems. Operators must develop standards, best practices and training that will optimize the EFB capabilities and ensure safe and effective crew performance. This paper presents how key training and procedural enhancements as well as the identification of best practices can be identified during the …
Task Analysis For Team Of Air Traffic Controllers In Enroute Atc, Satoru Inoue, Taro Kanno, Hisae Aoyama, Kazuo Furta
Task Analysis For Team Of Air Traffic Controllers In Enroute Atc, Satoru Inoue, Taro Kanno, Hisae Aoyama, Kazuo Furta
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The tasks involved in Air Traffic Control (ATC) make heavy demands on the information processing capacities of air traffic controllers. In particular, human factors problems that lead to both major and minor incidents are considered to be a serious problem for ATC in Air Traffic safety. In this research, we examined the functional problems in an ATC system from the human factors aspects, and concluded that solution of this problem needs some kinds of measures. This research focuses on analysis of the air traffic controller's tasks for en-route ATC and modeling controller's cognitive process.
Aviation Technologies And Human Error: A Research Literature Database And Analysis, Christopher M. Johnson, Esa M. Rantanen, Stuart L. Moment
Aviation Technologies And Human Error: A Research Literature Database And Analysis, Christopher M. Johnson, Esa M. Rantanen, Stuart L. Moment
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Technological interventions are commonly introduced in aviation to prevent or mitigate human errors. Such interventions, however, may also create new opportunities for error and even result in new error types. To examine the relationship between human errors and technological ‘fixes’, a research literature database was created that links them together within a three-dimensional matrix, with axes for the human operator, the task, and the environment. Each of these axes, as well as the errors and technologies included in the database, are furthermore organized according to specific taxonomies. To allow for universal access to the database as well as to facilitate …
Cooperative Perception In Multisensor Environment: The Case Of The Tigre Helicopter, Dr Sylvain Hourlier, Pr Corinne Roumes
Cooperative Perception In Multisensor Environment: The Case Of The Tigre Helicopter, Dr Sylvain Hourlier, Pr Corinne Roumes
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
How do Tigre pilots build a coherent situation awareness (SA) of the night world through their multiple sensors (IR and I2)? These bring numerous opportunities for pilots to misunderstand each other because of field of view (FOV), wavelength spectrum and point of view differences. After a brief review of the literature on how operators build an SA of the world, we present the field project developed to analyze the impact of sensor commonality and diversity. Realistic situations are recorded to witness how Tigre pilots "create" a mental model of the situation and develop a collaborative strategy. Crew co-construction of sense …
Anticipatory Processes In Critical Flight Situations, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Karin Tropper
Anticipatory Processes In Critical Flight Situations, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Karin Tropper
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The model of anticipatory behavior control of Hoffmann (2003) is a current concept to describe the central role of anticipatory processes. It extends and changes the focus of the situation awareness concept to describe spatial disorientation. Two simulator studies have been conducted including the exercise black hole approach – a difficult landing procedure at night – with different samples of pilots. Pilots were grouped according to their flight performance in this profile (crash, problems, landing). Results of the heart rate show a significant interaction between the recording sections within the approach and the performance group. Already some miles before the …
A Worldwide Review Of Selection For Air Traffic Control Personnel, Raymond E. King, Carol A. Manning, David J. Schroeder, Thomas R. Carretta, Hermann Rathje, Ronald Myhr
A Worldwide Review Of Selection For Air Traffic Control Personnel, Raymond E. King, Carol A. Manning, David J. Schroeder, Thomas R. Carretta, Hermann Rathje, Ronald Myhr
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Air traffic control is a highly technical occupation that requires emotional stability, considerable aptitude, and lengthy training. Identifying those individuals with the greatest potential to capitalize on training is a major interest of air traffic organizations around the world, particularly when considering limited resources. This paper compares and contrasts several selection systems, to include their development, continuing validation, and in one case, demise. In the erstwhile, two-stage US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) selection process, applicants completed the written Office of Personnel Management (OPM) test battery and a nine-week screening program at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City, OK. The eventual …
How General Aviation Pilots Use Weather Information Providers And Products, William R. Knecht
How General Aviation Pilots Use Weather Information Providers And Products, William R. Knecht
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Data obtained from 221 general aviation (GA) pilots were examined to determine usage patterns for weather information. Weather products, providers, and en-route information sources were ranked according to relative use and rated by perceived information value, frequency of use, and time invested per usage. The measures were highly correlated. Conclusion #1: A small fraction of pilots show sparse use patterns, and these may be at risk for flying with inadequate preparation. Conclusion #2: There seems to be a strong tendency for many pilots to prefer relatively simple forms of information (e.g. METARS). This may present a problem, given the often-complex …
Ethical And Cultural Factors Relating To The Behavior And Reactions Of Pilots In The Time Of Battle, Dr. Joanne K. Lekea
Ethical And Cultural Factors Relating To The Behavior And Reactions Of Pilots In The Time Of Battle, Dr. Joanne K. Lekea
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Pilots’ performance depends on a multitude of factors. Components like the physical strength of the pilot, his psychology, any special flight conditions are important1, but not the only ones. We, also, need to look at the social and cultural factors which are specific to an individual pilot and relate to every nation’s customs and traditions, whether religious or of a social nature. These components come into play when orders related to war operations have to be executed. This is the case as, beyond the psychology unique to military officers or soldiers in the battlefield, they act according to their beliefs, …
Modelling The Human Air Traffic Controller, Part 1: Expert-Trainee Differences In Conflict Detection, Shayne Loft, Scott Bolland, Michael S. Humphreys, Andrew Neal
Modelling The Human Air Traffic Controller, Part 1: Expert-Trainee Differences In Conflict Detection, Shayne Loft, Scott Bolland, Michael S. Humphreys, Andrew Neal
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The provision of air traffic management services is highly dependent on the ability of controllers to ascertain whether or not aircraft will lose separation (known as conflict detection). Due to flight environmental factors there is an inherent uncertainty involved in predicting aircraft trajectory. A model of conflict detection is presented that assumes that controllers predict aircraft progress between a minimum and maximum speed and climb/descent rate, depending on error bounds placed on nominal values. An initial study is reported to calibrate this model. Controllers indicated whether they would intervene to assure separation between pairs of converging aircraft at cruising altitude. …
Effectiveness Of Weather Coding Schemes On Air Traffic Displays, Chen Ling, Yifei Dong, Desmond Harvey, Paul Brantmeier, Fabio Rojas
Effectiveness Of Weather Coding Schemes On Air Traffic Displays, Chen Ling, Yifei Dong, Desmond Harvey, Paul Brantmeier, Fabio Rojas
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Air traffic controllers need to reliably and quickly get weather information for aircraft safety. They typically use visual displays to acquire weather information. Current air traffic control displays use different schemes to encode weather information. The objective of this study was to explore the effectiveness of several coding schemes for precipitation levels. We studied three coding schemes that were adapted from the weather displays employed in the Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) Color Display (ACD), the Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS), and the Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS). We developed a computer simulation interface that displayed weather maps overlapping …
Organizational And Inter-Organizational Factors Affecting Aircraft Maintenance Safety In China: A Preliminary Study, Yongjuan Li, Erping Wang, Feng Li, Guangtao Yu
Organizational And Inter-Organizational Factors Affecting Aircraft Maintenance Safety In China: A Preliminary Study, Yongjuan Li, Erping Wang, Feng Li, Guangtao Yu
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The main aim of this research was to explore the organizational and inter-organizational factors affecting aircraft maintenance safety. Specifically it is intended: (a) to probe the categories of organizational factors which effect maintenance safety through the study of an aircraft maintenance organization; and (b) to explore the interface between pilots and maintenance technicians, which is referred to as the information interface due to the exchange of the information between both parties for the safety of flight. The study consisted of 17 interviewees from one aircraft maintenance organization in China, who participated in structured one-on-one interviews. The data were coded using …
Research Portfolio For The Next Generation Air Transportation System, Paul Krois, Tom Mccloy, Dino Piccione
Research Portfolio For The Next Generation Air Transportation System, Paul Krois, Tom Mccloy, Dino Piccione
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) poses changes in roles and responsibilities between pilots and air traffic control (ATC) specialists as the allocation of function increasingly orients automation, technology, and procedures toward airborne separation assurance. The discipline of human factors is in a critical position to mature research concepts and prototypes, and transition those capabilities to the flight deck and in ATC. A research portfolio is required that aligns NextGen objectives with research goals, programs, and projects to resolve human performance issues, ensure human-system integration, and achieve targeted outcomes.
Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems Into The National Airspace System, Beth Lyall, Greg Harron, Audrey Acuña, Kimberly Eis, David Johnson
Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems Into The National Airspace System, Beth Lyall, Greg Harron, Audrey Acuña, Kimberly Eis, David Johnson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Currently there is a lot of interest in integrating unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) into the national airspace system (NAS). Well-established processes are currently in place to certify all aspects of the design, operation, training, and maintenance of the aircraft now in the NAS. The FAA is drawing on these experiences and processes to develop certification criteria for UASs as there are requests for them to enter the NAS. It is important to identify the differences between manned aircraft and unmanned aircraft systems and how those differences will impact operations in the NAS. As these differences are addressed, all users that …
Effective Computer Based Training In Aviation: An Evaluation Of The Nasa In-Flight Icing Program, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi
Effective Computer Based Training In Aviation: An Evaluation Of The Nasa In-Flight Icing Program, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Effective aviation training must provide pilots with the knowledge and skills they need to make appropriate operational decisions and to implement those decisions. Pilots must not only learn information, they must be able to retrieve that information and apply it effectively in the operational environment. In this paper, we report an evaluation of a computer-based training (CBT) program designed to impart factual knowledge and to enhance pilots’ abilities to make appropriate operational decisions regarding in-flight icing. To accomplish these goals, the educational design of the CBT relied heavily on current work in cognitive science on learning and decision-making. To evaluate …
What Is A Cognitive System?, Gavan Lintern
What Is A Cognitive System?, Gavan Lintern
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The theme for this year’s symposium, The Airspace as a Cognitive System, stimulates the questions; what is a Cognitive System and in what sense can we characterize the airspace as a cognitive system? I discuss these questions by reviewing ideas promoted in discussions of distributed cognition. I also contrast the concept of distributed with the similar concepts of shared and joint as the are discussed in the literature on cognitive systems, team training and situation awareness. I conclude that the notions of distributed cognition and joint cognitive systems offer considerable leverage for addressing the anticipated design challenges in airspace systems …
A Comparison Of Risk Evaluation In Emergency Medical Services Helicopter Operation Regulations, Joseph P. Mclaine, Terry L. Von Thaden
A Comparison Of Risk Evaluation In Emergency Medical Services Helicopter Operation Regulations, Joseph P. Mclaine, Terry L. Von Thaden
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This study represents a comparison of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) operations, between US Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), and European Joint Aviation Regulations Operations Specifications. Presently, US regulations allow HEMS operators to conduct work under FAR Part 135, Commercial Aviation Operations, or under FAR Part 91, General Aviation Operations. This allows HEMS operators to accept a greater level of risk by substituting lower minimum procedural standards under FAR Part 91 than under FAR Part 135, and may be partly culpable for a higher rate of fatal crashes in HEMS operations conducted under FAR Part 91. In stark contrast, explicit criteria …