Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Nursing Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Nursing

Discipline
Institution
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 391 - 420 of 2312

Full-Text Articles in Nursing

Mandatory Child Abuse And Neglect Reporting Behaviors Among Registered Nurses In New Mexico: A Statewide Comparative Study, Ingrid Ann Wilson Aug 2023

Mandatory Child Abuse And Neglect Reporting Behaviors Among Registered Nurses In New Mexico: A Statewide Comparative Study, Ingrid Ann Wilson

Nursing ETDs

Child abuse and/or neglect (CAN) is a global problem. Although nurses are mandated CAN reporters, a lack of reporting has been an issue. New Mexico (NM) is faced with higher child poverty and CAN-related substance-abuse compared to other U.S. states. This quantitative study aimed to explore factors influencing intended/actual CAN reporting behaviors among NM registered nurses (RN)s, examine relationships of these factors, and compare differences in reporting behaviors between rural and urban locations. A survey to a sample of RNs (N=146) showed factors associated with CAN reporting intended behaviors were work status (r=.21, p < .05), cues to action (r=.20, …


Utilizing A Reminder Tool To Improve Post-Hypoglycemia Recheck Rates On A Medical Surgical Unit., Laken Heitz Aug 2023

Utilizing A Reminder Tool To Improve Post-Hypoglycemia Recheck Rates On A Medical Surgical Unit., Laken Heitz

Doctor of Nursing Practice Papers

Diabetes is a growing epidemic with profound implications on the healthcare system. One of many possible complications is hypoglycemia, which is any value below 70 mg/dL. Inpatient hypoglycemia is a patient safety concern, and its treatment requires nursing adherence to strict protocols including a recheck within 15 to 30 minutes after treatment. However, evidence from the literature and project site demonstrated low rates of timely post-hypoglycemia rechecks. The purpose of this project was to provide education to all MIPS nurses regarding the utilization of a reminder tool for post-hypoglycemia rechecks. The intervention plan included reviewing the current hospital-wide hypoglycemia policy, …


The Use Of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction To Reduce Stress And Burnout In Nurses, Sherri Foreman Aug 2023

The Use Of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction To Reduce Stress And Burnout In Nurses, Sherri Foreman

MSN Capstone Projects

The Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program (MBSR) has been used effectively in multiple clinical settings to reduce workplace stress and burnout in nurses. The MBSR’s cost-effective approach to stress management can be implemented into any healthcare facility’s policy. The topic of MBSR’s effect on stress and burnout has been identified as essential due to nurses working in fast-paced, stressful work environments. These work environments lead to increased stress and burnout. The International Council of Nurses surveyed nurses before and after the pandemic. There were 40% of nurses that reported symptoms of burnout before the pandemic compared to 70% of nurses after …


Perspectives Of Home Care Nurses On Frailty And Resilience In Older Adults Living At Home, Lisa Foley Aug 2023

Perspectives Of Home Care Nurses On Frailty And Resilience In Older Adults Living At Home, Lisa Foley

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

The population of older adults is growing rapidly in the United States. As more people are living to an advanced age, they are often managing a multitude of chronic illnesses and disabilities while continuing to live at home. Frailty is a common condition that affects how one ages and the condition is associated with dependency and poor health outcomes. Resilience is considered to be a protective factor against health stressors that lead to frailty in older adults. Perspectives of home care nurses were obtained by semi-structured interviews which described how older adults live at home with frailty and demonstrate resilience. …


An Interdisciplinary Approach To Online Genetics Education, Pinar Ozmizrak Aug 2023

An Interdisciplinary Approach To Online Genetics Education, Pinar Ozmizrak

All Dissertations

This dissertation presents an interdisciplinary approach to online genetics education.

Chapter I provides an overview of remote education and a brief history of genetics. While the COVID-19 pandemic prompted a turn to emergency online education, exposure to this form of delivery has led to increased intentional online education.

Chapter II focuses on computer and technology use in healthcare by nursing students. This study investigated nursing students’ perspectives using a modified version of the Pretest for Attitudes Toward Computers in Healthcare (PATCH) assessment scale to explore students’ ideas about computers and technology in healthcare delivery. According to the PATCH scale, the …


“E-Matching Card” To Improve Cooperation And Cognitive Abilities Among Nursing Students, Elsye Maria Rosa, Sri Sundari, Eny Renta Ambarwati, Galuh Suryandari, Erna Rochmawati, Farid Suryanto Jul 2023

“E-Matching Card” To Improve Cooperation And Cognitive Abilities Among Nursing Students, Elsye Maria Rosa, Sri Sundari, Eny Renta Ambarwati, Galuh Suryandari, Erna Rochmawati, Farid Suryanto

Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia

One of the learning models that can help students is the cooperative learning model (cooperative learning). Cooperative learning is a group learning method that makes students active in groups. They are expected to work together and discuss the tasks given by the lecturer. One type of cooperative learning model is making a match. Students make a matching learning model using learning cards can increase student activity so that this model is expected to be able to improve learning outcomes. The purpose of this research is to build a learning model using the student make a match approach’s learning cards to …


Shared Governance And Transition Into Practice: Impact On Work Engagement, Gudrun M. Reiter-Hiltebrand Jul 2023

Shared Governance And Transition Into Practice: Impact On Work Engagement, Gudrun M. Reiter-Hiltebrand

Student Scholarly Projects

Practice Problem: High turnover rates, particularly in new graduate nurses, and poor organizational commitment and engagement negatively affect staffing, operational performance, and patient outcomes. A negative trend for nurse engagement indicators was noted in previous staff engagement surveys of this organization.

PICOT: The PICOT question that guided this project was: In transition-into-practice (TIP) nurses (P), how does the implementation of shared governance (I) compared with no shared governance participation (C), affect their engagement with the hospital (O) within eight weeks (T)?

Evidence: Literature has shown that nurse engagement is one of the nurse indicators positively affected by shared governance …


Evaluation Of Simulation On Medication Errors In The Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Carrie Clark Jul 2023

Evaluation Of Simulation On Medication Errors In The Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Carrie Clark

Dissertations

Problem: Medical errors are the third leading cause of death in the United States, the most common medical error being medication error. Pediatric patients are at an increased risk of medication error due to medication dosage calculation and the use of frequent high hazardous drugs.

Methods: The quality improvement (QI) project implemented the use of descriptive observational design using retro and prospective data. The data was collected over a 4-week and 4-week period by gathering data via safety and environmental management survey (SEMS).

Results: The data gathered consisted of an increase in medication errors of 150%. The data collected yielded …


Nursing Faculty Experiences Of An Academic Merger: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Sherry Michelle Boone Jul 2023

Nursing Faculty Experiences Of An Academic Merger: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Sherry Michelle Boone

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experience of undergoing a merger of two or more academic institutions within the United States for nursing faculty who chose to voluntarily depart the organization following the merger. The theoretical framework guiding this study was social capital theory as it discusses the importance of relationships and the resources those relationships provide. While assets may be acquired during a merger, social capital must be developed over time and is important for building a new combined healthy organizational culture. The study included nine participants who departed the institution in the timeframe …


A Step To Improve Maternal Health In Mountain Region Of Pakistan, Rafat Jan, Farzana Yameen, Marina Baig, Sadia Karimi, Kiran Mubeen, Arusa Lakhani Jul 2023

A Step To Improve Maternal Health In Mountain Region Of Pakistan, Rafat Jan, Farzana Yameen, Marina Baig, Sadia Karimi, Kiran Mubeen, Arusa Lakhani

Journal of Asian Midwives (JAM)

No abstract provided.


Experiences Of Dehumanizing: Examining Secondary Victimization Within The Nurse-Patient Relationship Among African American Women Survivors Of Sexual Assault In The Upper Midwest, Ashley Ruiz, Kaylen M. Moore, Lynne M. Woehrle, Peninnah M. Kako, Kelly C. Davis, Lucy Mkandawire-Valhmu Jul 2023

Experiences Of Dehumanizing: Examining Secondary Victimization Within The Nurse-Patient Relationship Among African American Women Survivors Of Sexual Assault In The Upper Midwest, Ashley Ruiz, Kaylen M. Moore, Lynne M. Woehrle, Peninnah M. Kako, Kelly C. Davis, Lucy Mkandawire-Valhmu

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

Despite calls recognizing the need for culturally sensitive responses to minimize the occurrence of secondary victimization for African American women following an experience of sexual assault, few studies have focused on hearing from African American women survivors about their experiences receiving healthcare services in a hospital setting following sexual assault. Employing critical ethnography as our methodology and using intersectionality theory as a lens, we centered the voices of African American women survivors about their experiences receiving nursing care in urban acute care or hospital settings in the Upper Midwest of the United States following sexual assault. In this qualitative study, …


The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Help-Seeking Behaviours Of Indigenous And Black Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence In The United States, Ashley Ruiz, Jeneile Luebke, Kaylen M. Moore, Antonia Drew Vann, Michael Gonzalez Jr., Brittany Ochoa-Nordstrum, Rachel Barbon, Kaboni W. Gondwe, Lucy Mkandawire-Valhmu Jul 2023

The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Help-Seeking Behaviours Of Indigenous And Black Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence In The United States, Ashley Ruiz, Jeneile Luebke, Kaylen M. Moore, Antonia Drew Vann, Michael Gonzalez Jr., Brittany Ochoa-Nordstrum, Rachel Barbon, Kaboni W. Gondwe, Lucy Mkandawire-Valhmu

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

Aims

This article discusses possible barriers to help-seeking that Indigenous and Black women encountered when seeking help related to experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design

This article is focused on understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations at highest risk for intimate partner violence in its most severe forms.

Data Sources

Literature sources range from 2010 to 2022. The article is also informed by the experiences of scholars and advocates working with Indigenous and Black women experiencing intimate partner violence in Wisconsin. In our write-up, we draw on Indigenous feminism and Black feminist thought. …


The InterFace Of Social Media Recruitment And Nursing Education Research, Angela M. Mcnelis, Kristina Dreifuerst, Sarah L. Beebe Jul 2023

The InterFace Of Social Media Recruitment And Nursing Education Research, Angela M. Mcnelis, Kristina Dreifuerst, Sarah L. Beebe

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

This study describes using social media in recruiting a large and hard-to-reach national sample of family nurse practitioner students in the United States enrolled in their final clinical course and the impact on survey response targets. Social media recruitment was initiated when sample targets were not met using traditional, direct email invitations. A cross-sectional, observational, complex-samples survey design was used to collect data from students enrolled in accredited programs. When inviting participants via emails to schools of nursing and program administrators was only moderately successful, direct recruitment via social media sites was used. Targeted study advertisements were shown 602 389 …


Parenting During A Pandemic: Understanding The Impact Of Covid-19 On Early Childhood Development, Jessica A. Manes Jul 2023

Parenting During A Pandemic: Understanding The Impact Of Covid-19 On Early Childhood Development, Jessica A. Manes

Senior Theses

The early years of a child's life are crucial for their development, shaping their ability to process information, communicate, and form their identity. However, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted essential elements necessary for optimal early childhood development, including quality education, nurturing environments, and social stimulation. This study explored how parents in South Carolina perceived the pandemic's impact on their children's development. Five themes emerged from the study. Firstly, remote work due to pandemic protocols significantly affected the parent-child relationship. Secondly, the family's socioeconomic status influenced their ability to cope with and protect their children from the pandemic's impact. Thirdly, isolation resulting …


Improving The Mental Health Nursing Competencies Of Nurses Caring For Patients With History Of Substance Use Disorder In Long-Term Care Settings, Nancyver Lafleur-Omeler Jun 2023

Improving The Mental Health Nursing Competencies Of Nurses Caring For Patients With History Of Substance Use Disorder In Long-Term Care Settings, Nancyver Lafleur-Omeler

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background

While nurses are often on the front lines of working with patients with a history of substance use disorders (SUD), most have limited training in this area. Nurses who work in Long Term Care (LTC) settings are often challenged to resolve the practical issue of needing more competency in caring for SUD patients. Horner et al. (2019) agreed that the deficiency of mental health knowledge and skills in healthcare workers is linked to decreased quality of care, which can diminish patient outcomes. This lack of competency must be addressed (Margoliese & Vandyck, 2019).

Purpose

The goal of this project …


Factors Influencing High Nurse Turnover In A Midwestern U.S.A. Community Hospital And A Proposal For Change, Deborah Mokeira Omagwa Jun 2023

Factors Influencing High Nurse Turnover In A Midwestern U.S.A. Community Hospital And A Proposal For Change, Deborah Mokeira Omagwa

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Nurse turnover has become a universal problem in recent years, causing nurses to bear the burden of higher patient loads, working overtime hours, and dealing with unfavorable working conditions. Nurses sometimes feel they have no voice to fight for them while they struggle at the bedside to improve patient outcomes. The purpose of this project was to be a voice for the nurses to inform the hospital administration on data driven results on how nurse turnover can be reduced, with the goal that the proposed nurse retention strategies will be implemented in this community hospital.

This was a qualitative project …


The Impact Of Role Perception Gaps Among Nurses: An Integrative Review, Anita Fennessey, Drnp, Rn, Cne Jun 2023

The Impact Of Role Perception Gaps Among Nurses: An Integrative Review, Anita Fennessey, Drnp, Rn, Cne

College of Nursing Posters

Background & Significance

  • Inadequate communication has consistently been indicated as a contributor to adverse events in all areas of healthcare (Paltved et al, 2017).
  • Factors related to individual, team, work environment, organizational and institutional aspects have also been shown to influence patient safety, with increased chances of causing patient harm (Rezende da Silva dos Santos, Campos & Celestino da Silva, 2018).
  • Efficient communication among healthcare members is considered a contributing element in promoting a culture of safety (Rezende da Silva dos Santos, Campos & Celestino da Silva, 2018).
  • Errors in communication can compromise continuity of care and place patient safety …


The Lived Experiences Of Faculty Conducting Post-Simulation Debriefing In Nurse Practitioner Programs, Jodi Borden Duncan Jun 2023

The Lived Experiences Of Faculty Conducting Post-Simulation Debriefing In Nurse Practitioner Programs, Jodi Borden Duncan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Simulation-based education is a teaching–learning pedagogy widely used in nursing programs today. While much research has been done on student perceptions of simulation and the fact most learning occurs in the post-simulation debriefing session, little research has been done on how learning takes place in debriefing. Nurse practitioner faculty also use simulation as a teaching methodology, but the implementation of debriefing methods and faculty experiences with debriefing sessions are not known. As simulation may not be counted as direct clinical hours in nurse practitioner programs, more research must be done before the substitution of hours can be considered. The substitution …


Effect Of Preoperative Skin Cleansing On Instances Of Surgical Site Infections, Katie Armington, Jessica Blank, Madison Waterhouse, Cynthia Gavett, Hailey Tofflemoyer, Rachelle Cassidy, Lindsay Bushnell, Jennifer Barriere, Anastasia Colbath Jun 2023

Effect Of Preoperative Skin Cleansing On Instances Of Surgical Site Infections, Katie Armington, Jessica Blank, Madison Waterhouse, Cynthia Gavett, Hailey Tofflemoyer, Rachelle Cassidy, Lindsay Bushnell, Jennifer Barriere, Anastasia Colbath

Nurse Residency

Background

• On a single square centimeter of skin, there can be as many as 10 million aerobic bacteria

• Bacteria on a patient’s skin is the leading cause of infection related to surgery

• 17% of all hospital acquired infections come from surgical site infections

• Surgical site infections cost about $3,000 $29,000 per patient


Building Thriving Healthcare Teams Through Organizational Learning, Bret Lyman, Marie M. Prothero, Adrianna L. Watson Jun 2023

Building Thriving Healthcare Teams Through Organizational Learning, Bret Lyman, Marie M. Prothero, Adrianna L. Watson

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this article is to provide practical steps nurse leaders can use to build thriving healthcare teams through organizational learning. The climate, culture, and activities associated with organizational learning are well-aligned with those needed to build thriving teams. Nurse leaders who leverage this alignment can effectively recruit and retain teams while enhancing their team’s ability to effectively navigate change.


The Lived Experience Of Using Opiates Among Young Adults, Catherine Mbewe Jun 2023

The Lived Experience Of Using Opiates Among Young Adults, Catherine Mbewe

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The purpose of this research study is to explore the lived experience of using opiates, as described by young adults aged 18 to 25 years. Over the last 2 decades, opioid use disorders (OUDs) and opiate overdose deaths have increased dramatically in the United States. What used to be a problem primarily contained to minority groups in poor inner-city areas is now increasingly common in all races, genders, ages, and classes. There has also been an alarming increase in opiate use—including fentanyl, both legal and illegal—among young adults. While much of the literature has been focused on the opiate use …


Building Thriving Healthcare Teams Through Organizational Learning, Bret Lyman, Marie M. Prothero, Adrianna L. Watson Jun 2023

Building Thriving Healthcare Teams Through Organizational Learning, Bret Lyman, Marie M. Prothero, Adrianna L. Watson

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this article is to provide practical steps nurse leaders can use to build thriving healthcare teams through organizational learning. The climate, culture, and activities associated with organizational learning are well-aligned with those needed to build thriving teams. Nurse leaders who leverage this alignment can effectively recruit and retain teams while enhancing their team’s ability to effectively navigate change.


Wound Care For Unhoused Youth, Diana Altman, Monse Villasenor, Grace Fry, Maddy Johnson, Matthew Messenger May 2023

Wound Care For Unhoused Youth, Diana Altman, Monse Villasenor, Grace Fry, Maddy Johnson, Matthew Messenger

Nursing Leadership in Community Engagement Projects

Wound Care For Unhoused Youth

Introduction

We partnered with a non-profit organization designed to serve the unhoused youth, ages 18-25, who have a day program as well as an overnight shelter. They have 30 beds and reserve 20 of those beds for individuals who are “residents,” who commit to staying for several nights and work towards finding more permanent options. The other 10 beds are for individuals to use for a single night, but these are not always guaranteed, you must sign up to save a spot. The day program has various activities ranging from painting to resume workshops and …


Implementation Of Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment: Alcohol Revised (Ciwa-Ar) Education Program In A Crisis Stabilization Unit, Amanda Dehart May 2023

Implementation Of Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment: Alcohol Revised (Ciwa-Ar) Education Program In A Crisis Stabilization Unit, Amanda Dehart

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Manuscripts

Background: At this time the crisis stabilization Units do not currently utilize the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment: Alcohol Revised tool with patients who may experience Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Patients with alcohol use disorders have a high comorbidity rate with psychiatric disorders (Butterfield, et al, 2020). The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment: Alcohol Revised or CIWA-Ar is currently the most widely used assessment tool in the psychiatric setting when assessing patients who may be experiencing Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (Pribék, et al, 2021) .

Purpose of Project: The purpose of this project is to measure pre and post -education knowledge of the registered …


Using Curriculum Mapping As A Tool To Align The Information Literacy And Evidence-Based Research Learning Outcomes In Nursing Curriculum, Jane Wu May 2023

Using Curriculum Mapping As A Tool To Align The Information Literacy And Evidence-Based Research Learning Outcomes In Nursing Curriculum, Jane Wu

Library Faculty & Staff Scholarship

This research investigated how to use curriculum mapping as a curriculum-integration tool to identify the components of information literacy (IL) and evidence-based practice (EBP) in the nursing curriculum for the future systematic incorporation of information literacy components in teaching EBP. The primary objective is to strengthen information literacy and evidence-based research competency. The ACRL information literacy framework in Higher Education, Information Literacy Competency Standards for Nursing, EBP Competencies, and the EBP research model were used to provide structure to create a map and crosswalk of information literacy and EBP student learning outcomes. We obtained 59 copies of the nursing undergraduate …


The Dedicated Education Unit: Increasing Capacity And Confidence, Heather Marie Van Housen May 2023

The Dedicated Education Unit: Increasing Capacity And Confidence, Heather Marie Van Housen

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Projects

Background: In the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) 2020 annual survey, nursing schools turned away 66,274 entry-level applications to baccalaureate nursing programs in the United States due to a faculty shortage and clinical placement sites (AACN, 2021).

Local Problem: Hospitals need more qualified nurses to meet community needs. The need for clinical faculty and additional clinical placement sites disrupts the workforce pipeline through local nursing schools. A new approach to clinical education is needed to prepare more students for the growing complexities of independent nursing practice.

Methods: Dedicated Education Unit (DEU) implementation to expand pre-licensure nursing student clinical …


Improving Timely Sepsis Care Through Staff Education Within The Emergency Department, Jillian J. Abinader May 2023

Improving Timely Sepsis Care Through Staff Education Within The Emergency Department, Jillian J. Abinader

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem: A sepsis protocol and bundle has been implemented in an urban Emergency Department to help screen patients and treat sepsis efficiently and effectively. The benchmarks from the bundle are not being met consistently every month and are below the targeted 90%.

Context: A microsystem assessment and a gap survey sent out to nurses, helped determine that there is room to improve nurses’ knowledge and confidence about sepsis and the sepsis bundle workflow. Sepsis is one of the most expensive and burdensome conditions in U.S. hospitals. Literature supports staff education to improve sepsis bundle compliance.

Intervention: A video was created …


Educating Medical-Surgical Nurses In A Large Hospital Organization On Sepsis Bundle Elements, Christopher N. Guinto May 2023

Educating Medical-Surgical Nurses In A Large Hospital Organization On Sepsis Bundle Elements, Christopher N. Guinto

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem: Results from a voluntarily anonymous pre-survey about sepsis revealed that a majority of the seventeen nurses assessed themselves below an "expert knowledge '' level. The survey results present an opportunity to improve the nurses’ knowledge and confidence in nursing response and improve patient outcomes with sepsis.

Context: The quality improvement (QI) project was conducted on a medical-surgical unit in a large Northern California hospital.

Intervention: A QI team initiated evidenced-based practice research and created an educational sepsis handout for nurses to increase sepsis knowledge and confidence.

Measures: The self-assessment pre-survey would be compared to the responses from the post-survey. …


A Lifestyle Modification Intervention In Hispanic Adolescents With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Brianne Miller May 2023

A Lifestyle Modification Intervention In Hispanic Adolescents With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Brianne Miller

Evidence-Based Practice Project Reports

U.S. population studies have confirmed that the Hispanic population has the highest prevalence and the worst prognosis for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Katz et al., 2021). The purpose of this evidence-based practice project was to implement a multicomponent, lifestyle modification intervention in Hispanic pediatric primary care patients to combat the disease process and sequela of NAFLD. The PICOT question for this project was: In Hispanic adolescents aged 10-21 with obesity and NAFLD (P), what is the effect of a multicomponent, lifestyle modification intervention (I), on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (O), over a 12-week time period (T)? A comprehensive literature search …


Implementation And Evaluation Of A Diabetic Education Program, Brianna Cole May 2023

Implementation And Evaluation Of A Diabetic Education Program, Brianna Cole

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Project

The purpose of this project was to help create and evaluate a diabetes education program that was accessible to diabetic patients over the age of 18. This project was conducted through Enhanced Healthcare of the Ozarks clinic with the guidance and approval of the American Diabetes Association. There is currently one other diabetic education program available in Northwest Arkansas. The theme of this project was to provide education in individual and group settings regarding medication use, emergency situations, nutritional choices, and self-management techniques. These patients learned meal planning strategies, proper nutrition choices, functions of the body, self-management techniques, emergent situation …