Nursing Commons^™

Colstridium Difficile Colitis, Katie Bloomfield

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Colstridium Difficile Colitis incidence is continuing to increase and more difficult to treat due to increased resistance to antibiotics. This poster provides information on the pathophysiology, symptoms, risk factors, and nursing implications to decrease the spread.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (Dvt), Sara E. Sipes

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common medical problem that affects 200,000-400,000 people in the United States each year (Anthony, 2013, p. 95). Nurses must be aware of the potential for DVT risk from pediatric to geriatric populations. The risk of DVT is associated with venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability (McNamara, 2014). These risks occur in both healthy people and those with disease states. The development of a DVT may lead to a life-threatening pulmonary embolism (PE). Understanding the pathophysiology of DVT formation can help nurses assess risk and assist in prevention. Early diagnosis of a DVT is important …

Zika Virus, Nurto A. Abdulla

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Zika virus infection, a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes febrile illness associated with rash, has been rapidly emerging in the Western Hemisphere over the past few months. The virus was rarely identified until outbreaks occurred on Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia in 2007, Fresh Polynesia in 2013, and Easter Island in 2014 (Chen & Hamer, 2016). The virus was initially detected in Brazil in 2015, in the northeast, and was subsequently identified in other states and several South American countries, including Colombia, Ecuador, Suriname, Venezuela, French Guyana, and Paraguay. Local transmission has been documented in Central America in …

Pneumothorax Resulting From Costal Osteochondroma, Erin L. Jeffrey

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Osteochondromas are the most common neoplasm of the bone. Two percent of these tumors grow in the chest wall, and can cause severe complications such as pneumothorax. Costal exostoses can cause traumatic pneumothorax through puncture, laceration, or friction from chest wall movement during breathing (Kameda et al., 2016; Imai et al., 2014). The consequent change in intrapleural pressure and possible lung collapse is an urgent medical situation (ENA, 2014) that the advanced practice nurse should diagnose and treat quickly. This poster serves to summarize the pathophysiology of penumothorax caused by osteochondroma.

Type 1 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation: The Most Common Lung Lesion In Newborns., Delilah Penn

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

A poster project on Type 1 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation: The most common lung lesion in newborns.

Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Congenital Heart Disease, Sara M. Rinehart

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

This academic poster discusses pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. This poster is based off research and uses information collected from other articles. Within this academic poster pathophysiology changes that occur within the heart and lungs is discussed, the nurses role with pulmonary hypertension, the significance of the pathophysiology, and important signs and symptoms associated with this disease.

Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome, Ernest Evans

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome is kidney failure that occurs in advanced cirrhosis (Fagundes & Ginès, 2012). It is characterized by a, “significant reduction in creatinine clearance within 1-2 weeks of presentation” (Bacon, 2015). Patients that develop this condition have a median survival rate of one month (Dameron, 2011). Vasodilation leads to decreased perfusion to the kidneys and thus kidney injury (Boyer et al., 2011). Liver transplantation is the best treatment for hepatorenal syndrome (Fagundes & Ginès, 2012). Common causes of cirrhosis are hepatitis C infection, alcohol consumption, and fatty liver disease (Warner, Cuthbert, Bhore, & Rockey, 2011). Regardless of the …

Malignant Hyperthermia, Leonid Levertov

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Providing patient care in the operating room as a nurse anesthetist is rewarding and challenging. There is a paramount level of responsibility that lies on certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA). Recognition of serious life threatening conditions by CRNA must be prompt and treated urgently. As a student registered nurse anesthetist and future CRNA, knowing how to recognize and treat developed emergency conditions while patient is under anesthesia or recovering from anesthesia is an absolute requirement. Malignant hyperthermia (MH), is a rare autosomal dominant hypermetabolic life threatening disorder of skeletal muscle. Malignant hyperthermia is caused by volatile anesthetics (desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane) …

Chronic Bronchitis, Dhwani Chotalia

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Overall incidence of chronic bronchitis is increasing in the community. Long-term side effects negatively affect quality of life of patients. This poster presentation attempts to provide more details on chronic bronchitis. Extensive details on the pathophysiology, signs & symptoms, nursing implications are provided to help the reader understand the disease process, management and prevention strategies of chronic bronchitis.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, Jennifer C. Lyons

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

A deeper dive into Cerebral Venous Thrombosis including, pathological process, risk factors, signs and symptoms, how to diagnose, treatment, nursing implications and a case study.

Chemotherapy Induced Neutropenia And Increased Risk For Sepsis, Megan E. Moore-Weber

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Available treatment options for patients diagnosed with cancer include surgery, the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities. Chemotherapeutic agents utilized to treat cancer have a variety of potential side effects. One of the most common and well known side effects associated with the administration of chemotherapeutic agents is neutropenia. Neutropenia places oncology patients at an increased risk of contracting infections which may lead to a life threatening complication known as sepsis. Sepsis is an extremely dangerous oncologic emergency requiring prompt medical treatment. Failure to recognize symptoms associated with sepsis in the neutropenic patient and …

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: The Pathophysiology Of Broken Heart Syndrome, Mason Murrey

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

First identified in 1992 in Japan, Takotsubu Cardiomyopathy is a stress-induced cardiomyopathy that presents identically to ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). Termed Broken Heart Syndrome for its correlation to stressful events such as the loss of a spouse or family member, Takotsubo is a complex phenomenon in the world of cardiac care. Over-saturation of endogenous catecholamines is the most popular explanation for this clinical condition, but other explanations such as parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction and coronary artery vasospasm are also revealing themselves as causative factors.

Urinary Tract Infection, Amanda Weilbacher

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection that affects numerous men and women throughout their lives. UTI is an inflammation of the urinary epithelium often caused by bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract or vaginal colonization when uropathogens adhere to uroepithelial cells and travel up the urethra. UTI is the second most common infection in the use of antimicrobial treatment in primary and secondary care setting. The prominence of UTIs and the increased antimicrobial resistance in the population has created a need for further knowledge of UTI pathology and its prevention in primary care settings. Research on the identification …

Aortic Stenosis, Cody Houseman

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

A recent influx of patients undergoing the transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure sparked interest in the pathophysiologic process of Aortic Stenosis (AS), especially in the geriatric population. AS is mostly asymptomatic until later stages of the disease, which delays treatment and intervention leading to poor outcomes and prognosis, especially for those who are not surgical candidates. The TAVR procedure has allowed patients who are otherwise not candidates for open heart surgery undergo valve replacement in a low risk fashion, prolonging life and improving quality of life. AS causes an increase in afterload, decreasing outflow of blood from the left …

The Pathophysiology Of Heart Failure, Amber C. Tieu

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Abstract

The purpose of this presentation was to discuss the pathophysiology of heart failure. Topics covered included disease prevalence and common signs and symptoms. The pathophysiology of heart failure is further discussed identifying how heart failure is classified and how each compensatory mechanism of heart failure leads to further disease progression. Implications for nursing care are discussed including goals of treatment, medication regimens, and patient education on disease management.

Malignant Hyperthermia, Aaron Roth

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Malignant hyperthermia is a rare disease trait and can take place in a variety of settings. If not treated in a timely manner, the consequences will be dire. It is recommended that nurses and other healthcare personnel be properly educated on MH crises. By detecting the signs and symptoms associated with the disease, providers can efficiently remedy the crisis and save patient lives (Seifert, 2014). Since the discovery of dantrolene in 1975 and the advancement of genetics regarding MH, death rates dropped from about 80% to about 5% (Schneiderbanger et al., 2014). Today there is a MH group called the …

Post-Operative Nausea And Vomiting, Casey Schmiesing

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is any nausea or vomiting that follows immediately after and up to 48 hours post surgery. PONV is common complaint from patients and has many serious consequences to the patient and hospital. There are several risk factors that make a patient more susceptible to experiencing PONV. Using a multimodal approach to work on all receptors involved with the vomiting reflex will help decrease the chances of the patient getting PONV. There are several implications for anesthesia providers to decrease PONV with their patients.

Angioedema: Adverse Reaction From Ace-Inhibitors, Jennifer L. Hawkins

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) medications are one of the leading causes of angioedema in the United States, also known as ACEI-RA (Chan & Soliman, 2015). ACEI medications are frequently prescribed to help manage diseases, such as hypertension and congestive heart failure, and include, but are not limited to lisinopril and enalapril, with lisinopril being the most commonly prescribed at this time (Chan & Soliman, 2015). In addition, ACEIs are used to help prevent myocardial infarction, diabetic neuropathy, and a cerebrovascular accident (Chua, Ignaszewski, & Schwenger, 2011). There are several risk factors for developing ACEI-RA, with African-American females being the greatest …

Time Lost Is Brain Lost: Impact Of Ischemic Stroke, Paula Severns

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Stroke is the leading cause of functional impairment and the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Annually 795,000 stokes occur with mean annual lifetime cost estimated at $140,000 per person. Approximately every 40 seconds a stroke occurs while every four minutes a stroke death occurs. Stroke is the broad term often used to describe a neurological emergency, of either ischemic or hemorrhagic etiology, affecting blood flow to the brain. Although approximately 90% of strokes are ischemic in nature, both are medical emergencies requiring time sensitive medical intervention. Decreasing modifiable risk factors, public education and recognition, along with …

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus And Cardiovascular Disease, Jayme York

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a challenging auto-immune disorder that incurs sporadic flares, remissions, and relapses (Robinson & Currie, 2011, p. 629). This auto-immune process is caused by the lack of tolerance to self-antigens within the adaptive immune system and can involve multiple organ systems, including the brain, heart and kidneys (Chen, Wu, Wang, Li, 2015, p. 1). SLE, also referred to as lupus, is a disease that affects women more often than men, especially during their childbearing years (Robinson & Currie, 2011, p. 631).

Over the past 3 decades, the five-year survival rate for patients suffering from Lupus have …

Japanese Octopus Traps & Broken Hearts: Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, Chase A. Smith

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

This academic poster provides a brief overview of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TTC), it’s pathophysiology, and implications for nursing care. TTC is a non-ischemic cardiomyopathy that typically presents acutely in a very similar fashion to an acute myocardial infarction (Reeder & Prasad, 2015). Interestingly the disease primarily afflicts females (90% of cases) and is often triggered by an intense emotional or physical stressor (Minhas, Hughey & Kolas, 2014). Despite the acute onset and symptoms, the majority of cases are benign and resolve with conservative heart failure treatment (Scantlebury & Prasad, 2014) though a small percentage of cases can develop profound shock, resulting …

Diabetic Retinopathy, Tara L. Smith

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

This poster is intended to cultivate a better understanding of diabetic retinopathy, the pathological process of the disease, signs and symptoms, and nursing implications related to the disease.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy In Multiple Sclerosis, Lauren R. Jackson

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and debilitating disease caused by the JC virus and results in demyelination of oligodendrocytes and glial cell lysis. The virus is able to cross the blood brain barrier, leading to plaque development on the brain and neurological problems. (Gorelik et al., 2011). PML develops in individuals who have an immune disorder and who have been treated with immunomodulatory medications, including patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). There is no cure for PML and 30-50% of patients who develop the disease die within the first few months of diagnosis. The JC virus is thought to …

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Jessica L. Kaufman

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as lung failure with a ratio of partial pressure oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) <100 (Michaels, Hill, Long, Young, Sperley, Shanks, & Morgan, 2013). ARDS is characterized by acute, widespread pulmonary inflammation due to infection (viral or bacterial), trauma, and/or inhaled toxins (Aokage, Palmer, Ichiba, & Takeda, 2015). Approximately 150,000 patients are diagnosed with ARDS each year in the U.S. with reported mortality rates varying from 20%-40% (Butt, Kurdowska, & Allen, 2016; Drahnak & Custer, 2015). The pathophysiology of acute respiratory syndrome is complex, and can result from a number of different insults. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a life threatening condition that requires aggressive treatment with close monitoring. Successful treatment of ARDS requires expert knowledge from physicians, advanced practice nurses, bedside nurses, and respiratory therapists; all of whom must understand the complex underlying pathophysiology and critical nature of this condition.

Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Tyler B. Skelton

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome consists of a group of neuropathic conditions characterized by progressive weakness and diminished or absent myotatic reflexes. The estimated annual incidence in the United States is 1.65 to1.79 per 100,000 persons (Walling & Dickson, 2013). Understanding how this condition progresses and the affects it has on a patient will assistant in providing optimal patient care as a future nurse anesthetist. As stated by Turakhia, P., Barrick, B., and Berman, J. (2013) “the anesthetic implications for the various comorbidities are varied and can be profound” (p.1). An individual who suffers from Guillain-Barre is a patient who certainly requires critical …

Neurohormonal Activation In Cardiorenal Syndrome, Eric J. Glasstetter

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Cardiac and renal functioning are highly related as each system is interdependent on the other, and subsequently, dysfunction of one system can potentiate the development of dysfunction of the other, a conditioned referred to as Cardiorenal Syndrome, or CRS. (Scully & Goldsmith, 2013). In CRS, heart failure and renal failure exist together. Heart failure is the result of decreased heart efficiency and results in hemodynamic and neurohormonal changes (Nicholson, 2014). A decrease in cardiac function and cause dysfunction of other body systems, including the renal system, and at the same time, impaired renal functioning can result in increased fluid retention …

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Emily Stitzel

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal neurodegenerative disorder affecting an individual’s motor neurons. With a high prevalence affecting people in the United States of America, the progressive disease affects the lives of many. Once a patient is diagnosed, a short survival rate is to be expected. Importance for healthcare workers should be to focus on proper diagnosis, therapeutic communication, and palliative care. The pathophysiology is still under investigation; however, there have been breakthroughs regarding genetic alterations within the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1) and a large repeat on the C9ORF72 gene. By examining the signs and symptoms, doing the …

Kawasaki Disease In Pediatric Patients, Cassandra F. Krinn

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Kawasaki Disease (KD) is an idiopathic, multi system disorder that is characterized by vasculitis of the arteries, capillaries, and veins. It typically affects children 5 years old or younger and is predominately seen in male children of Japanese decent. The inflammation of the blood vessels seen makes Kawasaki disease the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children, with 20% of those affected developing coronary artery aneurysms, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure. Diagnosis is based on criteria including presence of fever for 5 days, bilateral conjunctivitis, erythema of the lips and oral mucosa, changes in extremities, rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. …

Congenital Syphilis, Natalie T. Bennett

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Despite available prevention and treatment measures, congenital syphilis is on the rise again in the United States (Su et al, 2016). Congenital syphilis is caused by maternal infection during pregnancy with the bacteria Treponema pallidum, which is then transmitted to the fetus. Complications include miscarriage, fetal and neonatal death, premature birth, and other anomalies in the newborn. The leading factor in congenital syphilis infection is limited or no prenatal care (Dobson, 2016). If the syphilis-infected mother is treated during pregnancy, infection of the fetus can be prevented (Su et al, 2016). Nurses and health care providers need to be …

Pulmonary Fibrosis, Coreena Wells

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disorder characterized by development of a fibrotic pathway following injury and inflammation. Initial injury can be caused by environmental, biologic, or chemical irritants. Many times the cause is unknown. Lung fibrosis leads to difficult ventilation and perfusion and subsequent hypoxemia. Current research shows an increase in inflammatory mediators which stimulate ECM deposition.