Medical Education Commons^™

Comparison Of Pharmaceutical Calculations Learning Outcomes Achieved Within A Traditional Lecture Or Flipped Classroom Andragogy, H. Glenn Anderson Jr., Lisa Frazier, Stephanie L. Anderson, Robert B. Stanton, Chris Gillette, Kim Broedel-Zaugg, Kevin W. Yingling

Kim Broedel-Zaugg

Objective. To compare learning outcomes achieved from a pharmaceutical calculations course taught in a traditional lecture (lecture model) and a flipped classroom (flipped model).

Methods. Students were randomly assigned to the lecture model and the flipped model. Course instructors, content, assessments, and instructional time for both models were equivalent. Overall group performance and pass rates on a standardized assessment (Pcalc OSCE) were compared at six weeks and at six months post-course completion.

Results. Student mean exam scores in the flipped model were higher than those in the lecture model at six weeks and six months later. Significantly more students passed …

Nadolol In Pregnancy: A Medical Student’S Reflection On Her Pregnancy, Rebecca King-Mallory, Shawndra Barker, Kaitlin Mcgrogan, Adam M. Franks

Adam M. Franks, MD

Hypertension is a common concern during pregnancy. Beta-blockers are one potential treatment, but third trimester exposure has correlated with an increased risk of perinatal events. Nadolol, a nonselective beta blocker, has properties that differ from those of its selective counterparts, including longer half-life, decreased protein binding, and renal excretion in the unchanged form. There is very limited data on the use of nadolol during pregnancy, and its safety has not been completely evaluated. This case study documents the perinatal outcomes of nadolol use throughout a medical student’s pregnancy and explores the experience in obtaining and undergoing medical care.

Using Scientific Inquiry To Increase Knowledge Of Vaccine Theory And Infectious Diseases, Zachary Walls, John B. Bossaer, David Cluck

John B. Bossaer

Background: The aim of this study was to design and evaluate a laboratory activity based on scientific inquiry to educate first-year pharmacy students in the U.S. about vaccination theory and the attributes of common pathogens. Methods: The laboratory activity had two principal sections. The first consisted of an interactive game during which students rolled a die to determine outcomes based on a set of pre-determined criteria. In the second section, students generated and tested hypotheses about vaccine theory using a computer simulation that modeled disease transmission within a large population. In each section students were asked to evaluate epidemiological data …

Mandatory Pharmacy Residencies: One Way To Reduce Medication Errors, Rami B. Ibrahim, Lilian Baghat-Ibrahim, David J. Reeves

David Reeves

We read with disbelief about a newly graduated pharmacist dispensing 30 times the amount of injectable sodium bicarbonate intended, an error that led to a patient’s death.1 As clinicians, we wondered what clinical scenario might mandate the large amount of sodium bicarbonate dispensed—the answer was none. So why did the pharmacist dispense it? The answer is all too clear: With rare exceptions, institutional pharmacists nationwide are largely focused on dispensing. Postgraduate clinical training in the basic aspects of pharmacotherapy is scarce and not viewed as essential. Inadequate pharmacist training and a staffing shortage were suggested as contributing to the death …

Promoting Interprofessional Education Through A Student Led Community Health Screening Event, Carrie Maffeo, Eileen Carroll, Alexandra Foster, Kelly Daneri, Isabel Hagedorn, Mary Graham, Jane Gervasio

Jane M. Gervasio

Published abstract from the 115th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Grapevine, TX, July 26-30.

Hypertension Management: Making Sense Of Guidelines And Therapy Options For The Elderly, Miranda Arthur, Lindsay Saum, Jessica Wilhoite

Lindsay Saum

Goal: The goal of this activity is to increase the awareness of the pharmacist on the complications surrounding hypertension management in the elderly individual, clarify the differences in current guideline recommendations, and aid in making the most appropriate drug therapy decisions regarding the management of hypertension.

Association Between Applications Scores And Positive Onsite Interviews Of Pharmacy Residency Applicants, Sarah Nisly, Meredith L. Howard, Alex N. Issacs, Tate Trujillo

Sarah A. Nisly

Application to pharmacy residency programs has become increasingly competitive over the past several years. Although successful candidates must excel in the various stages of the application process, preparing written applications and securing onsite interviews are early and arguably the most difficult steps. Residency programs vary in the criteria used for offering onsite interviews. The majority of insight into this topic comes from surveys of residency program directors, but corresponding analyses of interview offers have been minimal...

Teaching Residents To Teach: Preparing Faculty And Clinical Educators, Sarah Nisly, Tracy Sprunger, Alison Walton, Tracy Costello, Jane Gervasio, Mary Andritz

Sarah A. Nisly

Poster abstract published in American Journal of Pharmacy Education.

Inter-Rater Reliability Of A Care Plan Grading Rubric In A Team-Taught Pharmacy Therapeutics Case Course, Tracy Sprunger, Alex Issacs, Alison Walton, Tracy Costello

Alison M. Walton

Poster Abstract published in American Journal of Pharmacy Education.

Teaching Residents To Teach: Preparing Faculty And Clinical Educators, Sarah Nisly, Tracy Sprunger, Alison Walton, Tracy Costello, Jane Gervasio, Mary Andritz

Alison M. Walton

Poster abstract published in American Journal of Pharmacy Education.

Redesign Of A Statewide Teaching Certificate Program For Pharmacy Residents, Jasmine Gonsalvo, Darin Ramsey, Amy Sheehan, Tracy Sprunger

Tracy L. Sprunger

Objectives. To identify and assess changes made to the Indiana Pharmacy Resident Teaching Certificate program over 10 years to adapt to the growing number and changing needs of pharmacy educators in the next generation. Design. In 2011, all resident program participants and directors were sent an electronic survey instrument designed to assess the perceived value of each program component. Assessment. Since 2003, the number of program participants has tripled, and the program has expanded to include additional core requirements and continuing education. Participants generally agreed that the speakers, seminar topics, seminar video recordings, and seminar offerings during the fall semester …

Teaching Residents To Teach: Preparing Faculty And Clinical Educators, Sarah Nisly, Tracy Sprunger, Alison Walton, Tracy Costello, Jane Gervasio, Mary Andritz

Tracy L. Sprunger

Poster abstract published in American Journal of Pharmacy Education.

Inter-Rater Reliability Of A Care Plan Grading Rubric In A Team-Taught Pharmacy Therapeutics Case Course, Tracy Sprunger, Alex Issacs, Alison Walton, Tracy Costello

Tracy L. Sprunger

Poster Abstract published in American Journal of Pharmacy Education.

Assessment Of Web-Based Training (Wbt) Modules On Learning Facilitation For Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (Appe) In Pediatrics, Jennifer L. Morris, Chad A. Knoderer

Chad A. Knoderer

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of web-based training (WBT) modules to enhance and facilitate student pharmacists’ learning and their ability to provide pharmaceutical care to children during a pediatric advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE). METHODS: Pediatric-specific WBT modules were developed for completion by APPE students during a 4- week rotation. Pediatric modules covered developmental pharmacology; antimicrobial use and monitoring; fluids, electrolytes, and dehydration; and drug information. Students were responsible for completing all modules within the first week of the APPE. Preassessments and postassessments consisted of 8 to 10 multiple-choice questions, with scores ranging from 0 to 100 points. Data were …

Evaluation And Revision Of An Introduction To Experiential Rotations Course, Eliza A. Dy, Sarah Nisly

Sarah A. Nisly

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the perceived student value of topics taught in Butler University’s Introduction to Experiential Rotations (RX500) course, implement course revisions to address any perceived weaknesses, and to reassess the course following implementation of those course revisions. Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) students from Butler University’s 2012 doctorate of pharmacy class were initially surveyed to assess the perceived usefulness and design of RX500. Based on the findings of the initial data, course revisions were developed and implemented for the following semester’s RX500 course. In order to assess for potential changes in the perceived value …

Lipid Goals: Update On Their Status, Katie Axford, Eliza Dy, Sarah A. Nisly

Sarah A. Nisly

Goal: The goal of this lesson is to discuss current medical management of dyslipidemias, including available agents and goals of therapy, as well as potential future treatment strategies based on recently published literature.

Dietary Supplement Education In A Senior Population, Kimberly G. Elder, Sarah A. Nisly

Sarah A. Nisly

Background. Dietary supplements are widely used among United States senior citizens for various indications. Potential dangers with supplement use include the lack of regulation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the possibility for drug-supplement interactions. Senior focused education may in- crease the safe use of dietary supplements by older adults. Objective. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a pharmacist driven educational seminar in a local senior population. Methods. Participants aged 55 years and older in one of three senior programs were eligible for inclusion. Initially, a needs-assessment interview was con- ducted at …

Knowledge Of And Perceived Need For Evidence-Based Education About Antipsychotic Medications Among Nursing Home Leadership And Staff, Celeste Lemay, Kathleen Mazor, Terry Field, Jennifer Donovan, Abir Kanaan, Becky Briesacher, Sarah Foy, Leslie Harrold, Jerry Gurwitz, Jennifer Tjia

Jennifer Tjia

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Antipsychotic use is common in US nursing homes, despite evidence of increased risk of morbidity and mortality, and limited efficacy in older adults with dementia. Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding antipsychotic use among nursing home staff are unclear. The study aim was to describe nursing home leadership and direct care staff members' knowledge of antipsychotic risks, beliefs and attitudes about the effectiveness of antipsychotics and nonpharmacologic management of dementia-related behaviors, and perceived need for evidence-based training about antipsychotic medication safety. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS: Survey of leadership and direct care staff of nursing homes in Connecticut was conducted …

Development Of A Peer Teaching-Assessment Program And A Peer Observation And Evaluation Tool, Jennifer M. Trujillo, Margarita V. Divall, Judith T. Barr, Michael J. Gonyeau, Jenny A. Van Amburgh, S. James Matthews, Donna M. Qualters

Samuel James Matthews

Objectives. To develop a formalized, comprehensive, peer-driven teaching assessment program and a valid and reliable assessment tool. Methods. A volunteer taskforce was formed and a peer-assessment program was developed using a multistep, sequential approach and the Peer Observation and Evaluation Tool (POET). A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and practicality of the process and to establish interrater reliability of the tool. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Results. ICCs for 8 separate lectures evaluated by 2-3 observers ranged from 0.66 to 0.97, indicating good interrater reliability of the tool. Conclusion. Our peer assessment program for large classroom …

Pharmacy Student Knowledge And Communication Of Medication Errors, Nathaniel M. Rickles, Carey M. Noland, Anthony Tramontozzi, Michele A. Vinci

Carey M. Noland

Objectives. To describe and evaluate pharmacy students' knowledge of and comfort in communicating, managing, and preventing medication errors. Methods. Using a cross-sectional design, a survey instrument was administered to fifth-year pharmacy students. The survey instrument included both open-and close-ended questions to describe and examine factors associated with knowledge and comfort in communication of medication errors.Results. Survey instruments were completed by 93 students (90% response rate). Nearly 80% reported not having received training in communicating medication errors. The perception of having more adequate training was related to greater knowledge in the communication of medication errors (p

A Tool For Measuring Active Learning In The Classroom, Jenny A. Van Amburgh, John W. Devlin, Jennifer L. Kirwin, Donna M. Qualters

John W. Devlin

Objectives. To develop a valid and reliable active-learning inventory tool for use in large classrooms and compare faculty perceptions of active-learning using the Active-Learning Inventory Tool.Methods. The Active-Learning Inventory Tool was developed using published literature and validated by national experts in educational research. Reliability was established by trained faculty members who used the Active-Learning Inventory Tool to observe 9 pharmacy lectures. Instructors were then interviewed to elicit perceptions regarding active learning and asked to share their perceptions.Results. Per lecture, 13 ( range: 4-34) episodes of active learning encompassing 3 ( range: 2-5) different types of active learning occurred over 2.2 …

A Tool For Measuring Active Learning In The Classroom, Jenny Van Amburgh, John Devlin, Jennifer Kirwin, Donna Qualters

Jennifer L. Kirwin

Objectives. To develop a valid and reliable active-learning inventory tool for use in large classrooms and compare faculty perceptions of active-learning using the Active-Learning Inventory Tool.Methods. The Active-Learning Inventory Tool was developed using published literature and validated by national experts in educational research. Reliability was established by trained faculty members who used the Active-Learning Inventory Tool to observe 9 pharmacy lectures. Instructors were then interviewed to elicit perceptions regarding active learning and asked to share their perceptions.Results. Per lecture, 13 ( range: 4-34) episodes of active learning encompassing 3 ( range: 2-5) different types of active learning occurred over 2.2 …

Using Facebook To Facilitate Course-Related Discussion Between Students And Faculty Members, Margarita V. Divall, Jennifer L. Kirwin

Jennifer L. Kirwin

Objectives. To use Facebook to facilitate online discussion of the content of a Comprehensive Disease Management course and to evaluate student use and perceptions of this exercise. Design. A Facebook page was created and coordinators encouraged students to "like" the page and to post and view study tips, links, or questions. At the end of the course, students' use and perceptions were evaluated using an anonymous survey tool. Assessment. At the end of week 1, there were 81 followers, 5 wall posts, and 474 visits to the course Facebook page. At peak use, the page had 117 followers, 18 wall …

Service-Learning At A Camp For Children With Asthma As Part Of An Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience, Jennifer L. Kirwin, Jenny A. Van Amburgh, Kristyn M. Napoli

Jennifer L. Kirwin

Objectives. To describe a service-learning opportunity within an advanced pharmacy practice experience and report satisfaction survey results from 2001 through present. Design. Pharmacy students volunteered to attend asthma camp during an ambulatory care rotation. Students administered and monitored medications and coordinated educational activities for campers. Students set goals for the week and completed reflective journals about the experience. A survey was administered 1 week and 6 months after the experience to assess satisfaction, changes in attitudes toward children with chronic asthma, and empathy towards patients.Assessment. Most students accomplished their goals and were satisfied with the experience. Approximately 40% of students …

Development Of Progressive Oral Presentations In A Therapeutics Course Series, Michael Gonyeau, Jennifer Trujillo, Margarita Divall

Margarita V. DiVall

Objectives. To develop and implement a series of progressive evidence-based, oral presentation activities within the therapeutics series to strengthen interprofessional oral communication and literature evaluation skills.Design. A step-wise progression of oral presentations was created to establish interprofessional communication skills and reinforce such skills in successive modules. Students progressed from a basic oral presentation to a brief clinical trial presentation, followed by a full journal club, culminating with a therapeutic debate. Guidelines and assessment tools were developed for each presentation focusing on style, content and organization, and analytic approach. Feedback was obtained from students and faculty members through the administration of …

Using Facebook To Facilitate Course-Related Discussion Between Students And Faculty Members, Margarita V. Divall, Jennifer L. Kirwin

Margarita V. DiVall

Objectives. To use Facebook to facilitate online discussion of the content of a Comprehensive Disease Management course and to evaluate student use and perceptions of this exercise. Design. A Facebook page was created and coordinators encouraged students to "like" the page and to post and view study tips, links, or questions. At the end of the course, students' use and perceptions were evaluated using an anonymous survey tool. Assessment. At the end of week 1, there were 81 followers, 5 wall posts, and 474 visits to the course Facebook page. At peak use, the page had 117 followers, 18 wall …

Development Of A Peer Teaching-Assessment Program And A Peer Observation And Evaluation Tool, Jennifer M. Trujillo, Margarita V. Divall, Judith T. Barr, Michael J. Gonyeau, Jenny A. Van Amburgh, S. James Matthews, Donna M. Qualters

Margarita V. DiVall

Objectives. To develop a formalized, comprehensive, peer-driven teaching assessment program and a valid and reliable assessment tool. Methods. A volunteer taskforce was formed and a peer-assessment program was developed using a multistep, sequential approach and the Peer Observation and Evaluation Tool (POET). A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and practicality of the process and to establish interrater reliability of the tool. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Results. ICCs for 8 separate lectures evaluated by 2-3 observers ranged from 0.66 to 0.97, indicating good interrater reliability of the tool. Conclusion. Our peer assessment program for large classroom …

School-Wide Clinical Intervention System To Document Pharmacy Students' Impact On Patient Care, Margarita V. Divall, Brian Zikaras, Debra Copeland, Michael J. Gonyeau

Margarita V. DiVall

Objectives. To implement and evaluate a school wide, Web-based clinical intervention system to document types and impact of pharmacy students' clinical activities during advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). Methods. A clinical intervention form was developed by pharmacy practice faculty consensus and uploaded to a secure Web site. Prior to APPEs, all pharmacy students were trained on the purpose and use of the system as well as strategies to document interventions appropriately. Results. Over the 3-year period of data collection, 15,393 interventions were documented. Most common intervention types included dosage adjustments, education of patients and providers, and optimization of therapeutic regimens. …

A Vidcasting Project To Promote The Pharmacist's Role In Public Health, Seena L. Haines, Jenny A. Van Amburgh

Jenny A. Van Amburgh

Objective. To develop, implement, and assess an Internet-based vidcasting project to promote the pharmacist's role in public health. Design. This was a collaborative effort for 2 different courses taught at 2 different schools of pharmacy. Faculty members created a special instructional design for students to follow in planning, producing, and publishing video public service announcements on the Internet.Assessment. Formative and summative assessments, including course examinations, a grading rubric, student survey, and focus group, were implemented to evaluate student learning and public reaction. Students believed Internet video public service announcements served as a useful reference for patients and professionals, aided in …

Status And Recommendations For Self-Care Instruction In Us Colleges And Schools Of Pharmacy, 2006, Seena L. Zierler-Brown, Jenny A. Van Amburgh, Kristin A. Casper, Linda L. Krypel, Amista Lone Salcido, Victor A. Padron, W. Steven Pray, Andrea L. Wall, Jenelle L. Sobotka, Janet P. Engle

Jenny A. Van Amburgh

Teachers of pharmacy self-care courses have met annually since 1998 at the Nonprescription Medicines Academy (NMA) held in Cincinnati, Ohio. During these meetings, self-care faculty members discuss methods of enhancing the teaching of self-care in US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Self-care courses are taught using a variety of methods and content is woven into pharmacy curricula in many different ways. This manuscript sets forth the current state of self-care instruction in pharmacy curricula including the recommended core curriculum, instructional methodologies, course mechanics, existing standards, and assessment and curricular placement, and makes recommendations for the future.