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Articles 61 - 90 of 153
Full-Text Articles in Dentistry
Tensile Strength Of Elastomeric Ligature Ties Stretched Over Large And Small Orthodontic Brackets, Golden Shiloh
Tensile Strength Of Elastomeric Ligature Ties Stretched Over Large And Small Orthodontic Brackets, Golden Shiloh
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate whether or not the larger required stretch of elastomeric ligature ties to secure an orthodontic wire into a larger sized bracket would lead to a more significant loss in tensile strength than if a smaller bracket size was used that required less of a stretch for placement of the elastomeric ligature. Methods: Maximum tensile strengths of elastomeric ligature ties from American Orthodontics and Dentsply Sirona were measured and compared after incubation for 4 weeks at 37±1oC under the following conditions: Unstretched dry, unstretched in artificial saliva, stretched and tied over a …
Oral Health And Quality Of Life: A Clinic-Based Sample, Kinan M. Al-Bitar
Oral Health And Quality Of Life: A Clinic-Based Sample, Kinan M. Al-Bitar
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Attachment loss due to periodontal diseases is associated with functional limitations as well as physical pain and psychological discomfort, which may lead to a reduced quality of life. This manuscript is intended to answer the question, if periodontal status has an effect on oral health related quality of life. Survey data were collected in an U.S. dental school clinical setting from n=97 adults (54% females, average age 51 years) in a cross- sectional study. Quality of life related to oral health was assessed with the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49). Additional measures using the DMFT index, periodontal status, dental anxiety, …
Accuracy Of Merging Scans Of Definitive Fixed Prosthodontic Impressions To Obtain Single, Accurate Digitized Master Casts, Ossama Raffa
Accuracy Of Merging Scans Of Definitive Fixed Prosthodontic Impressions To Obtain Single, Accurate Digitized Master Casts, Ossama Raffa
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Many impressions sent to commercial laboratory dental technicians may include marginal defects. In order to fabricate accurate restorations, digital technology may be used to merge digital files of defective impressions into a single Standard Tesselation Language (STL) file, free of errors. Material and Methods: Ivorine teeth on a dentoform were prepared to receive a posterior fixed dental prosthesis (FDP). A flawless impression was made in a sectional tray using polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impression material. An extraoral scanner was used to digitize the impression; this was the reference cast. Wax was used to create defects on the buccal and lingual …
Peri-Implantitis Risk Prediction Using A Computer Based Periodontal Risk Calculator Tool: A Retrospective Study, Walaa Al Zaibak
Peri-Implantitis Risk Prediction Using A Computer Based Periodontal Risk Calculator Tool: A Retrospective Study, Walaa Al Zaibak
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Although literature is abundant on the diagnosis and management of peri-implantitis after it has occurred, to our current knowledge there are no studies that have specifically looked into the relationship between peri-implantitis and the periodontal risk assessment tool used for natural dentitions.Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, the patient population included patients (>20 years of age) who had implants placed and restored at Marquette University School of Dentistry (MUSOD) from 2008 to 2016. Further, the restored implants in these patients must have been in function for at least one year and followed up in the school …
Impact Of Delayed Completion Of Previously Initiated Therapy And Provider Type On Outcomes Of Root Canal Treatment, Igor Sulim
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Objective:if the provider type influences long-term outcomes in instances where NSRCT has been previously initiated. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if the period of time between previously initiated therapy and the completion of non-surgical root canal treatment (NSRCT) influences long-term outcomes. The secondary purpose of this study was to determineMaterials/Methods: Enrollment and claims data from Delta Dental of Wisconsin from2002-2014 was analyzed. Teeth that received NSRCT within 6 months after completionof pulpal debridement or pulpotomy procedures (identified by Codes of DentalProcedures and Nomenclature) and within a continuous insurance coverage period were …
Influence Of Progressive Vs. Minimal Canal Preparations On The Fracture Resistance Of Mandibular Molars: A Finite Element Analysis, Michael Smoljan
Influence Of Progressive Vs. Minimal Canal Preparations On The Fracture Resistance Of Mandibular Molars: A Finite Element Analysis, Michael Smoljan
Master's Theses (2009 -)
INTRODUCTION: Several file systems have been recently introduced with the objective of preserving coronal dentin. There is limited research comparing the role of canal shaping on preservation of pericervical dentin and its role in fracture resistance. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of minimal canal taper on residual tooth strength and stress distribution after root canal treatment. Methods: Two pre-accessed mandibular molar TruTeeth (Acadental Endo 3DP, Lenexa, KS) were subject to simulated endodontic treatment in this study. One tooth was instrumented with ProTaper Gold (Dentsply, Tulsa, OK) to F2 (25/0.08v progressive taper) in the mesial canals …
Outcomes Of Primary Endodontic Therapy In Medicaid Enrollees, Timothy Gainey
Outcomes Of Primary Endodontic Therapy In Medicaid Enrollees, Timothy Gainey
Master's Theses (2009 -)
The objective of this study was to determine factors affecting survival of teeth after nonsurgical root canal therapy (NSRCT) among enrollees of Wisconsin Medicaid during the years 2001-2009. Only permanent teeth with NSRCTs and that had permanent restorations within 60 days after treatment completion were included in the analysis. Patients with less than 60 days of insurance coverage after treatment completion were excluded. NSRCTs and untoward events (extraction) were identified based on Code on Dental Procedures and Nomenclature (CDT). Kaplan-Meier methods were used to plot the survival distribution for the overall cohort and subgroups by age, gender, race, tooth location, …
Effect Of Heat-Treatment Time On Bending Properties Of Cobolt-Chromium Orthodontic Wires, Melanie Hammerbeck
Effect Of Heat-Treatment Time On Bending Properties Of Cobolt-Chromium Orthodontic Wires, Melanie Hammerbeck
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Different protocols appear in the literature with respect to heat-treating cobalt-chromium orthodontic wires. The objective was to determine the effect of variable heat-treatment time and method on the bending properties of CoCr wires. Two tempers of CoCr ‘Elgiloy’ wires (Rocky Mountain Orthodontics), blue (B) and yellow (Y), were heat-treated for different durations. The groups (n=20/group/temper) included: 1) as-received (control); 2) brush-flame; 3) 480oC for 5sec; 4) 480oC for 10min; 5) 480oC for 2hr; and 6) 480oC for 5hr. Wire segments were tested by a three-point bend test. Stiffness/flexural modulus, percent recovery, and force values at select deflections were statistically compared …
Efficacy Of Invisalign Attachments: A Retrospective Study, Theresa Karras
Efficacy Of Invisalign Attachments: A Retrospective Study, Theresa Karras
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Objective: To compare the efficacy of Invisalign’s (Align Technology, Inc., Santa Clara, CA) optimized and conventional attachments on rotational and extrusive tooth movements.Materials and Methods: Initial, predicted, and achieved digital dental models from 100 orthodontic patients were exported from Invisalign’s ClinCheck software as stereolithography (STL) files and subsequently imported into the Slicer CMF program (open source, version 4.7.0) for superimpositions on posterior teeth with no planned movement. Rotational and extrusive measurements for both optimized and conventional attachment types were made on 382 teeth from the superimposition of the initial and predicted models (“predicted movement”) and from the superimposed initial and …
The Cytotoxicity Effect Of Silver Solder Materials On Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Cells, Joseph Jeffrey Curry
The Cytotoxicity Effect Of Silver Solder Materials On Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Cells, Joseph Jeffrey Curry
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Objectives:Orthodontic appliances with silver soldering can be in the oral cavity for several years and very few studies have been done to detect the biosafety of the silver solders. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the cytotoxicity effects of two different solder materials on Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast cells (HPLF).Methods:Two commonly used solder materials from two companies, (Leone and Summit) with different metal elements and percentages were studied. The solder samples were exposed to HPLF cells for 48 hours and the cytotoxicity effect of soldered materials on HPLF cells was measured via the MTT colorimetric assay …
The Effect Of Mechanical Vibration On Alveolar Bone Following Experimental Periodontitis - A Micro-Ct Study, Andrei Dan Taut
The Effect Of Mechanical Vibration On Alveolar Bone Following Experimental Periodontitis - A Micro-Ct Study, Andrei Dan Taut
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Vibration in the form of high frequency, low magnitude acceleration has paradoxical effects on craniofacial bones – with anabolic effects under physiological conditions and catabolic effects in the presence of inflammation. The objectives of this study are to establish a murine model for periodontitis and to investigate the effects of high frequency, low magnitude mechanical vibration on alveolar bone following ligature- induced experimental periodontitis.Materials and Methods: Ninety-five 11-week-old inbred strain C57BL/67 male mice were randomly assigned into four groups: 1) healthy control (n = 9); 2) healthy + mechanical vibration (n = 8); 3) experimental periodontitis + no treatment …
Evaluation Of Corrosion Mechanisms In Stainless Steel Orthodontic Retainer Wires, Jamie Martin
Evaluation Of Corrosion Mechanisms In Stainless Steel Orthodontic Retainer Wires, Jamie Martin
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Title: Evaluation of Corrosion Mechanisms in Stainless Steel Orthodontic Retainer WiresAuthors: Jamie Martin, Ghada Nimeri, David BerzinsObjective:Orthodontic retainers fabricated from stainless steel wire and acrylic are prone to several types of corrosion in the oral environment, including stress, crevice, and galvanic corrosion. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effect of stress corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and crevice corrosion on stainless steel retainer wires.Methods:Three different brands of 0.032-inch stainless steel wires were tested. Six new segments (2-inch length) of each brand of wire were tested in each of four tests: 1) in an artificial saliva solution to determine …
The Design And Physical Properties Of An Optimized Chitosan Hydrogel For Potential Use In Endodontics, Hunter Housley
The Design And Physical Properties Of An Optimized Chitosan Hydrogel For Potential Use In Endodontics, Hunter Housley
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: The aim of this study was to synthesize an optimized chitosan/carbon dot hydrogel and measure its effects on the proliferation of dental pulp stem cells. Methods: 1.5% w/v chitosan hydrogel samples were fabricated with 300 mg/ml aqueous β-glycerol phosphate (β-GP) to create an optimized chitosan with a gelation onset temperature below 37°C. Spermidine-functionalized carbon dots (CDs) were added to test groups in concentrations of 25 µg/ml and 50 µg/ml. Complex shear viscosity of the prepared hydrogel samples was evaluated with a Kinexus pro+ shear rheometer (Malvern Panalytical). Samples were evaluated for cellular proliferation with dental pulp stem cells at …
The Influence Of Full Coverage Restorations On Pulp Vitality: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study, Abby Yavorek
The Influence Of Full Coverage Restorations On Pulp Vitality: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study, Abby Yavorek
Master's Theses (2009 -)
INTRODUCTION: The incidence of pulpal disease after delivery of a full-coverage crown has been previously described as between 2-19%. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the factors that contribute to the incidence of NS-RCT after the delivery of single-unit full-coverage restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Insurance claims from 88,409 crown placements in the Delta Dental of Wisconsin Insurance database were analyzed from the years 2008 to 2017. The Cox Regression model was used to analyze the effect of the predictor variables on the survival of the tooth. Untoward events were defined as NS-RCT, tooth extraction, retreatment of …
Comparison Of Power Versus Manual Toothbrush In Reducing Gingivitis, Keerthi Kamreddy
Comparison Of Power Versus Manual Toothbrush In Reducing Gingivitis, Keerthi Kamreddy
Master's Theses (2009 -)
The purpose of the present 4-week, parallel-arm, single-blinded, clinical study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of a new power toothbrush in comparison with a standard flat trim ADA approved manual brush. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of powered toothbrush on gingivitis reduction compared to a manual toothbrush. Secondary objectives of this study are to evaluate the effectiveness of plaque removal.Materials & Methods: The study was a single-blinded parallel arm randomized controlled interventional trial. Forty-six male and female subjects with gingivitis (32 female and 16 males) with a mean age of 26 …
Injectable Gels With Potential Use In Endodontics, Maksim Montatskiy
Injectable Gels With Potential Use In Endodontics, Maksim Montatskiy
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Objective: To formulate a thermoreversible hydrogel using methyl-cellulose, carbon dots and inorganic salts to achieve physiologically compatible gelation temperature; to test cytotoxic effects of formulation against dental pulp stem cells.Materials/Methods: A 5% w/v methylcellulose (MC) solution was prepared and equal volumes of NaCl aqueous solution were added to make various sodium chloride salt concentrations and reach the final MC concentration of 2.5%. Samples were analyzed using a shear rheometer to monitor complex shear viscosity as a function of temperature to arrive at onset gelation temperature closest to targeted temperature. Carbon dots were synthesized by thermal method using ammonium citrate …
An In Vitro Study Of Surface Alterations To Peek And Titanium And Its Effect Upon Human Gingival Fibroblasts, Maryam Gheisarifar
An In Vitro Study Of Surface Alterations To Peek And Titanium And Its Effect Upon Human Gingival Fibroblasts, Maryam Gheisarifar
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Objective: Soft tissue attachment to different surfaces plays a pivotal role in long term success of dental implants. The aim of the current study was to evaluate viability and adhestion of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) upon specific surface modifications on different implant abutment materials. Material & Methods: A total of 150 specimens in 6 experimental groups were used: titanium alloy (Ti [smooth machined]), titanium laser-modified (TiL), PEEK (P [smooth machined]), PEEK laser-modified (PL), PEEK plasma treated (PP), PEEK laser and Plasma treated (PLP). The surface roughness (Sa), water contact angle (WCA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were measured. Human gingival …
Effect Of Different Implant Abutment Materials On Optical Properties Of Translucent Monolithic Zirconia Crowns, Nisha Patel
Effect Of Different Implant Abutment Materials On Optical Properties Of Translucent Monolithic Zirconia Crowns, Nisha Patel
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of implant abutment color on the final shade of monolithic translucent zirconia crowns. The null hypothesis was that abutment color or brand of zirconia would have no effect on color of monolithic translucent zirconia crowns.Material and methods: A maxillary right central incisor implant (Nobel Replace Trilobe RP) in a dentoform model was used to mill customized abutments of titanium, gold-anodized titanium, pink-anodized titanium, and zirconium dioxide. An A2 dentin shade polymethyl methacrylate abutment was used as a control. Four types of zirconia systems (BruxZir Anterior; Glidewell Laboratories, LAVA …
Evaluation Of Accuracy Of Static Computer-Guided Implant Placement Compared With Partially-Guided Or Free-Hand Placement, Laxmi Sukhtankar
Evaluation Of Accuracy Of Static Computer-Guided Implant Placement Compared With Partially-Guided Or Free-Hand Placement, Laxmi Sukhtankar
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Purpose: To evaluate precision and trueness of static computer-assisted implant surgery (sCAIS) in comparison with partially-guided and free-hand implant placement in vitro.Materials & Methods: The study was conducted on one hundred mandible replicas obtained from a cone beam computer tomography of a partially edentulous case for implant placement in mandibular right first molar site. First, the fully guided implant placement with different sleeve to bone distances (2mm = H2, 4mm = H4, 6mm= H6) was determined. Second, fully guided implant placement was compared with partially guided, and free implant placement. The achieved implant position was digitized and compared …
Orthodontic Treatment Planning Using Direct Visual Approximation Of Arch Length Discrepancy And Cephalometric Analyses, Kathleen Rouse Vaught
Orthodontic Treatment Planning Using Direct Visual Approximation Of Arch Length Discrepancy And Cephalometric Analyses, Kathleen Rouse Vaught
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Space analysis and radiographic analyses are crucial elements in developing an orthodontic treatment plan. It is imperative that the orthodontist makes accurate measurements in order to come up with the most effective treatment options for each patient. Some practitioners refrain from direct measurements to determine arch length discrepancies and instead determine the amount of crowding by using direct visual approximation. In addition, more orthodontists do not routinely trace all cephalograms taken. If more and more orthodontists are using direct visual approximation to determine angular cephalometric measurements, it is important to assess the accuracy and reliability of these measurements. This …
Comparison Of Immediate Vs. Delayed Recall Of Orthodontic Information Following An Electronic Reminder, Michael Lenz
Comparison Of Immediate Vs. Delayed Recall Of Orthodontic Information Following An Electronic Reminder, Michael Lenz
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Patients and parents in dentistry often do not remember important information disclosed during the informed consent process, so improvement in the delivery of information is needed. This study explored the effect of an emailed narrated instructional PowerPoint on the immediate vs. delayed recall and comprehension of informed consent information in orthodontics. Thirty-two subjects were recruited from a university and private practice orthodontic clinic. At the initial visit, subjects were alternately assigned to one of two groups and were presented with a mock orthodontic treatment plan and informed consent presentation for a pretend patient. Immediately following the presentation, the subjects’ verbal …
Orthodontic Open-Coil Spring Deactivation Forces Differ With Varying Activation Levels, Ryan Lubinsky
Orthodontic Open-Coil Spring Deactivation Forces Differ With Varying Activation Levels, Ryan Lubinsky
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Coil springs are used in orthodontics to deliver forces to move teeth. However, the optimal amount of activation to produce predictable, continuous deactivation forces, for the purpose of orthodontic tooth movement, is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the deactivation force characteristics of nickel-titanium open-coil springs after varying levels of activation. Methods: Four open-coil spring products were evaluated: Dentsply GAC 100 gram and 150 gram, Orthoclassic Orthodontics Medium 150 gram, and American Orthodontics nickel-titanium springs. Open-coil springs were compressed (activation) with a universal testing machine to 20, 40, 60, or 80% of original length (15 mm; n=15/product/activation …
Orthodontic Bond Strength Comparison Between Two Filled Resin Sealants, James Kolstad
Orthodontic Bond Strength Comparison Between Two Filled Resin Sealants, James Kolstad
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Sealants are used in orthodontics to help prevent demineralization during treatment. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the shear bond strength (SBS) between two different resin sealants bonded to teeth. Materials and Methods: Extracted human premolars (n=20/group) were randomly divided and prepared by acid etching, followed by application of primer or sealant. Group 1, the control group, used Transbond XT Primer (3M Unitek). Groups 2 and 3 were prepared with the sealants L.E.D. Pro Seal (Reliance Orthodontic Products) and Opal Seal (Opal Orthodontics) respectively. Transbond XT Adhesive was applied to a …
Application Of Mechanical Vibration To Enhance The Stability After Orthodontic Treatment - A Micro - Ct Study, Nicolas Branshaw
Application Of Mechanical Vibration To Enhance The Stability After Orthodontic Treatment - A Micro - Ct Study, Nicolas Branshaw
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Mechanical vibration (MV) possesses anti-resorptive properties that can possibly enhance the stability of the dentition during retention, lessening the potential for relapse of teeth to their initial positions. In this project, we established a mouse model and investigated the effects of MV on bone modeling during orthodontic retention. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two 14-week-old inbred strain C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned into four groups: 1) Control (N=6); 2) Mechanical Vibration (MV) (N =6); 3) Orthodontic Retention (OR) (N=9); and 4) Orthodontic Retention and Mechanical Vibration (ORMV) (N=11). All mice in OR and ORMV groups received approximately 10g of orthodontic …
Comparison Of Different Temperatures On Bending Properties Of Six Niti Endodontic File Systems, Sukbum Yoo
Comparison Of Different Temperatures On Bending Properties Of Six Niti Endodontic File Systems, Sukbum Yoo
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Manufacturers claim that modern NiTi files with proprietary heat treatment transform at higher temperatures, thus staying more martensite and being more resistant to cyclic fatigue and more flexible. There are some studies comparing the effect of body temperature and room temperature on cyclic fatigue of these newer NiTi files. However, there is not yet a study published for evaluating the relationship between bending properties of NiTi instruments and temperature following the ISO 3630-1 guideline. The objective of this study was to evaluate how temperature affects the bending properties of six different brands of NiTi rotary instruments with different transformation …
A Retrospective Analysis Of Patient Medical And Dental Treatment Histories, And Mronj-Related Events, Jon Irelan
A Retrospective Analysis Of Patient Medical And Dental Treatment Histories, And Mronj-Related Events, Jon Irelan
Master's Theses (2009 -)
With patient medical histories continuing to increase in complexity, dental professionals are faced with the task of delivering necessary care while respecting said medical history. Though advances have been made in combating osteopathies like osteoporosis and bone-related malignancies through medicinal intervention, these same medications can alter the bone’s ability to heal properly. The result of this inability to heal can be medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether patients at risk for MRONJ treated at Marquette University School of Dentistry (MUSoD) demonstrated any complications following endodontic therapies associated with MRONJ. During the …
Factors Effecting Survival Of Teeth With Nonsurgical Root Canal Therapy Including A Multi-State Outcome Analysis, Alex Moore
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Objective: To study the factors effecting the survival of teeth with non-surgical root canal therapy (NS-RCT) and to compare the transitions between failure states for teeth treated with NS-RCT based on initial provider type. Methods: Insurance claims were analyzed for 438,487 initial NS-RCT procedures to determine the effect of provider type, patient age, tooth position, presence of post/core, and crown at 90 days on tooth survival. Kaplan Meier survival estimates were evaluated for 1, 3, 5, and 10 years and adjusted hazard ratios (aHR’s) were calculated. A multi-state model with six transitions was created using the ‘mstate’ R package. Results: …
Effect Of Emergence Profile Of A Single Implant Restoration On The Health Of Peri-Implant Soft Tissue, Waleed Nasir Asiri
Effect Of Emergence Profile Of A Single Implant Restoration On The Health Of Peri-Implant Soft Tissue, Waleed Nasir Asiri
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Purpose: The specific aims of this retrospective study were 1) to compare the emergence angle of a single implant crown (SIC) of the mandibular first molar to the emergence angle of the natural contralateral tooth, 2) to evaluate the effect of the emergence angle of SIC on the health of the peri-implant soft tissue and 3) to quantify an acceptable emergence angle among SIC. Materials and methods: Ten Marquette University School of Dentistry (MUSoD) patients were included in the study. Each patient was examined clinically and plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) measurements were gathered …
Effect Of Different Finish Line Designs On The Marginal And Internal Fit Of Metal Copings Made By Selective Laser Melting Technology, Adel Al Maaz
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Marginal fit has been defined as the gap between the prepared tooth and the intaglio surface of the restoration. Internal gap is the perpendicular measurement from the internal surface of the casting to the axial wall of the preparation. Selective laser melting has been used for fabrication of metal copings such as Co-Cr base alloys and Au-Pt noble alloys. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different finish line designs on the marginal and internal fit of metal copings made from high noble, 25% noble and base alloys manufactured by SLM technology. Material and Methods: …
Effects Of Palatal Expansion On Speech Production, Jason Milton Meinhardt
Effects Of Palatal Expansion On Speech Production, Jason Milton Meinhardt
Master's Theses (2009 -)
Introduction: Rapid palatal expanders (RPEs) are a commonly used orthodontic adjunct for the treatment of posterior crossbites. RPEs are cemented to bilateral posterior teeth across the palate and thus may interfere with proper tongue movement and linguopalatal contact. The purpose of this study was to identify what specific role RPEs have on speech sound production for the child and early adolescent orthodontic patient. Materials and Methods: RPEs were treatment planned for patients seeking orthodontics at Marquette University. Speech recordings were made using a phonetically balanced reading passage (“The Caterpillar”) at 3 time points: 1) before RPE placement; 2) immediately after …