Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Identification Of Bradycardia Following Remdesivir Administration Through The Us Food And Drug Administration American College Of Medical Toxicology Covid-19 Toxic Pharmacovigilance Project, Jason M Devgun, Rongmei Zhang, Jeffrey Brent, Paul Wax, Keith Burkhart, Alison Meyn, Sharan Campleman, Stephanie Abston, Kim Aldy, Toxicology Investigators Consortium Fact Study Group

2020-Current year OA Pubs

IMPORTANCE: The rapid spread and mortality associated with COVID-19 emphasized a need for surveillance system development to identify adverse events (AEs) to emerging therapeutics. Bradycardia is a remdesivir infusion-associated AE listed in the US Food and Drug Administration-approved prescribing information.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the magnitude and duration of bradycardic events following remdesivir administration.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A multicenter cohort study of patients with recorded heart rate less than 60 beats per minute within 24 hours after administration of a remdesivir dose was conducted between November 23, 2020, and October 31, 2021. Participants included patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at 15 …

Adverse Events In Low Versus Normal Body Weight Patients Prescrdibed Apixaban Or Rivaroxaban For Atrial Fibrillation, Deborah Decamillo, Brian Haymart, Xiaowen Kong, Scott Kaatz, Mona Ali, Geoffrey Barnes, Scott Kaatz

Conference Presentation Abstracts

Title: Adverse Events in Low versus Normal Body Weight Patients Prescribed Apixaban or Rivaroxaban for Atrial Fibrillation. Background: Clinical trials comparing direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to warfarin included only a small number of patients that weighed less than 60 kilograms (kg). The safety and efficacy of DOACs in low weight adult patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is still unclear. Published data is not only sparse but have mixed outcomes. Therapy with DOACs may increase bleeding and/or clotting risk with uncertain antithrombotic benefit in low weight patients. Objective: To assess bleeding and thrombotic event rates for patients with AF that are …

Clinical Importance Of Clonal Hematopoiesis In Metastatic Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers, Bill H Diplas, Kelly Bolton, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

IMPORTANCE: Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) has been associated with development of atherosclerosis and leukemia and worse survival among patients with cancer; however, the association with cancer therapy efficacy, in particular immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and toxicity has not yet been established. Given the widespread use of ICB and the critical role hematopoietic stem cell-derived lymphocytes play in mediating antitumor responses, CH may be associated with therapeutic efficacy and hematologic toxicity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between CH and outcomes, hematologic toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal tract cancers being treated with systemic therapy, both in the first-line metastatic …

Recruitment In Acute Stroke Trials: Challenges And Potential Solutions, Joseph P Broderick, Yasmin N Aziz, Opeolu M Adeoye, James C Grotta, Andrew M Naidech, Andrew D Barreto, Colin P Derdeyn, Heidi J Sucharew, Jordan J Elm, Pooja Khatri

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Randomized clinical trials of acute stroke have led to major advances in acute stroke therapy over the past decade. Despite these successes, recruitment in acute trials is often difficult. We outline challenges in recruitment for acute stroke trials and present potential solutions, which can increase the speed and decrease the cost of identifying new treatments for acute stroke. One of the largest opportunities to increase the speed of enrollment and make trials more generalizable is expansion of inclusion criteria whose impact on expected recruitment can be assessed by epidemiologic and registry databases. Another barrier to recruitment besides the number of …

Cellular Factors That Shape The Activity Or Function Of Nitric Oxide-Stimulated Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase, Iraida Sharina, Emil Martin

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

NO-stimulated guanylyl cyclase (SGC) is a hemoprotein that plays key roles in various physiological functions. SGC is a typical enzyme-linked receptor that combines the functions of a sensor for NO gas and cGMP generator. SGC possesses exclusive selectivity for NO and exhibits a very fast binding of NO, which allows it to function as a sensitive NO receptor. This review describes the effect of various cellular factors, such as additional NO, cell thiols, cell-derived small molecules and proteins on the function of SGC as cellular NO receptor. Due to its vital physiological function SGC is an important drug target. An …

Risankizumab In Patients With Moderate-To-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, Stephen K Tyring, Phoebe Rich, Yayoi Tada, Stefan Beeck, Izabella Messina, Jie Liu, Xiaohong Huang, Stephen Shumack

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous disease, with involvement of the T-helper cell (Th) 2, Th22, and potentially Th17 pathways, supporting the use of interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-22 blockade in AD.

METHODS: This phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT03706040) evaluated the efficacy and safety of risankizumab, an IL-23 inhibitor, in patients (≥ 12 years old) with moderate-to-severe AD, defined by an Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) ≥ 16, affected body surface area ≥ 10%, and a Validated Investigator Global Assessment for AD (vIGA-AD) score ≥ 3. Patients were randomized 2:2:1 to 16-week treatment with risankizumab 150 …

Renal Cell Carcinoma Presenting With Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case Report, James Mega, Rene Roberts, Mohamed M Shahin, Ahmed Kamel Abdel Aal

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing in incidence as more cross sectional imaging is performed with approximately 20%-30% of cases presenting with metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Small bowel metastatic disease is rare, with RCC to the small bowel being exceptionally rare. We present a case report of metastatic RCC that initially presented as upper gastrointestinal bleeding at time of diagnosis. We also provide a brief discussion of small bowel metastatic RCC disease and literature review.

Origin And Evolution Of Marsupial-Specific Imprinting Clusters Through Lineage-Specific Gene Duplications And Acquisition Of Promoter Differential Methylation, Wenqi Cao, Kory C. Douglas, Paul B. Samollow, John Vandeberg, Xu Wang, Andrew G. Clark

School of Medicine Publications

Genomic imprinting is a parent-of-origin-specific expression phenomenon that plays fundamental roles in many biological processes. In animals, imprinting is only observed in therian mammals, with ∼200 imprinted genes known in humans and mice. The imprinting pattern in marsupials has been minimally investigated by examining orthologs to known eutherian imprinted genes. To identify marsupial-specific imprinting in an unbiased way, we performed RNA-seq studies on samples of fetal brain and placenta from the reciprocal cross progeny of two laboratory opossum stocks. We inferred allele-specific expression for >3,000 expressed genes and discovered/validated 13 imprinted genes, including three previously known imprinted genes, Igf2r, Peg10, …

Citation Impact And Reach Of The Ioc Sport And Exercise Medicine Consensus Statements, Lauren V. Fortington, Rebecca N. Handcock, Wayne Derman, Carolyn A. Emery, Kati Pasanen, Martin Schwellnus, Evert Verhagen, Caroline F. Finch

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Research evidence is commonly compiled into expert-agreed consensus statements or guidelines, with an increasing trend towards their publication in peer-reviewed journals. Prominent among these has been the publication of several International Olympic Committee (IOC) tatements to help inform sport and exercise medicine (SEM) practice. This study aimed to assess the citation impact and reach of the IOC statements published between 2003 and 2020. Method: Bibliometric analysis focused on identifying core publications (original statement and linked publications) and quantifying their academic citations (number and Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI)) in journal articles up to February 2022. The analysis includes descriptive data …

Motor Cortical Excitability And Pre-Supplementary Motor Area Neurochemistry In Healthy Adults With Substantia Nigra Hyperechogenicity, Gabrielle Todd, Caroline D. Rae, Janet L. Taylor, Nigel C. Rogasch, Jane E. Butler, Michael Hayes, Robert A. Wilcox, Simon C. Gandevia, Karl Aoun, Adrian Esterman, Simon J. G. Lewis, Julie M. Hall, Elie Matar, Jana Godau, Daniela Berg, Christian Plewnia, Anna-Katharina Von Thaler, Clarence Chiang, Kay L. Double

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity, viewed with transcranial ultrasound, is a risk marker for Parkinson's disease. We hypothesized that SN hyperechogenicity in healthy adults aged 50 – 70 years is associated with reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition in primary motor cortex, and that the reduced intracortical inhibition is associated with neurochemical markers of activity in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). Short-interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation in primary motor cortex was assessed with paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in 23 healthy adults with normal (n = 14; 61 ± 7 yrs) or abnormally enlarged (hyperechogenic; n = 9; 60 ± 6 yrs) area …

A Fair Incentive Scheme For Community Health Workers, Avinandan Bose, Tracey Li, Arunesh Sinha, Tien Mai

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Community health workers (CHWs) play a crucial role in the last mile delivery of essential health services to under-served populations in low-income countries. Many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) provide training and support to enable CHWs to deliver health services to their communities, with no charge to the recipients of the services. This includes monetary compensation for the work that CHWs perform, which is broken down into a series of well-defined tasks. In this work, we partner with a NGO D-Tree International to design a fair monetary compensation scheme for tasks performed by CHWs in the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar in Tanzania, …

Calling An Ambulance For Non-Emergency Medical Situations: Results Of A Cross-Sectional Online Survey From An Australian Nationally Representative Sample, Brennen Mills, Michella Hill, Alecka Miles, Erin Smith, Eben Afrifa-Yamoah, David Reid, Shane Rogers, Moira Sim

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective

To investigate the Australian general public's perception of appropriate medical scenarios that warrants a call to an emergency ambulance.

Methods

An online survey asked participants to identify the likely medical treatment pathway they would take for 17 hypothetical medical scenarios. The number and type of non-emergency scenarios (n = 8) participants incorrectly suggested were appropriate to place a call for an emergency ambulance were calculated. Participants included Australian residents (aged >18 years) who had never worked as an Australian registered medical doctor, nurse or paramedic.

Results

From a sample of 5264 participants, 40% suggested calling an emergency ambulance …

Risk Factors Associated With 30-Day Unplanned Hospital Readmission For Patients With Mental Illness, Huaqiong Zhou, Irene Ngune, Matthew A. Albrecht, Phillip R. Della

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Unplanned hospital readmission rate is up to 43 % in mental health settings, which is higher than in general health settings. Unplanned readmissions delay the recovery of patients with mental illness and add financial burden on families and healthcare services. There have been efforts to reduce readmissions with a particular interest in identifying patients at higher readmission risk after index admission; however, the results have been inconsistent. This systematic review synthesized risk factors associated with 30-day unplanned hospital readmissions for patients with mental illness. Eleven electronic databases were searched from 2010 to 30 September 2021 using key terms of 'mental …

Clinical Epigenomic Explanation Of The Epidemiology Of Cannabinoid Genotoxicity Manifesting As Transgenerational Teratogenesis, Cancerogenesis And Aging Acceleration, Albert Stuart Reece, Gary Kenneth Hulse

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

As global interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabis and its’ derivatives for the management of selected diseases increases, it is increasingly imperative that the toxic profile of cannabinoids be thoroughly understood in order to correctly assess the balance between the therapeutic risks and benefits. Modern studies across a number of jurisdictions, including Canada, Australia, the US and Europe have confirmed that some of the most worrying and severe historical reports of both congenital anomalies and cancer induction following cannabis exposure actually underestimate the multisystem thousand megabase-scale transgenerational genetic damage. These findings from teratogenic and carcinogenic literature are supported by …

Corticospinal And Intracortical Responses From Both Motor Cortices Following Unilateral Concentric Versus Eccentric Contractions, Onno Van Der Groen, Christopher Latella, Kazunori Nosaka, Dylan Edwards, Wei Peng Teo, Janet L. Taylor

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Cross-education is the phenomenon where training of one limb can cause neuromuscular adaptations in the opposite untrained limb. This effect has been reported to be greater after eccentric (ECC) than concentric (CON) strength training; however, the underpinning neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, we compared responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in both motor cortices following single sessions of unilateral ECC and CON exercise of the elbow flexors. Fourteen healthy adults performed three sets of 10 ECC and CON right elbow flexor contractions at 75 % of respective maximum on separate days. Elbow flexor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torques were …

Mathematical Modeling Of Microscale Biology: Ion Pairing, Spatially Varying Permittivity, And Born Energy In Glycosaminoglycan Brushes, William J. Ceely, Marina Chugunova, Ali Nadim, James D. Sterling

Business and Information Technology Faculty Research & Creative Works

Biological macromolecules including nucleic acids, proteins, and glycosaminoglycans are typically anionic and can span domains of up to hundreds of nanometers and even micron length scales. The structures exist in crowded environments that are dominated by multivalent electrostatic interactions that can be modeled using mean-field continuum approaches that represent underlying molecular nanoscale biophysics. We develop such models for glycosaminoglycan brushes using steady state modified Poisson-Boltzmann models that incorporate important ion-specific (Hofmeister) effects. The results quantify how electroneutrality is attained through ion electrophoresis, spatially varying permittivity hydration forces, and ion-specific pairing. Brush-salt interfacial profiles of the electrostatic potential as well as …

Salt Doping Of Hyaluronic Acid Glycopolymer Biocondensates, James D. Sterling, Lu Fu, Kenisha Pudun, Shenda Baker, Megan Lord, Henry E. Riggs

Business and Information Technology Faculty Research & Creative Works

Biocondensates are largely studied with regard to intracellular components, while recognition of the formation of extracellular biocondensates are emerging, such as for cell surface heparan sulfate binding with basic fibroblast growth factor. This study analyzed the formation of biocondensates in vitro between the ubiquitous extracellular component, hyaluronan an anionic glycosaminoglycan, and cationic derivitized polyglucosamines known to bind to mucosal interfaces. The effect of molecular weight and net charge ratio was studied using a combination of microscopy, turbidity, laser diffraction particle sizing and zeta potential measurements. These analyses revealed that molecular weight affected the ability to form biocondensates while the surface …

The Impact Of School-Based Intervention For Overweight And Obese 9-13-Year-Olds On Anthropometry, Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, Selfefficacy And Dietary Behaviors, Sara Zuarub

Dissertations

Childhood obesity has emerged as a significant public health concern in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study evaluated the effects of school-based nutrition education on knowledge, attitude, dietary practices, self-efficacy, and anthropometric measurements of overweight and obese school children aged 9-13 years. Additionally, the parents' perceptions on factors contributing to childhood obesity were examined. A 6-month intervention program based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) was undertaken by children from 36 public schools located in Dubai and Sharjah emirates, UAE. The overweight/obese school children (n = 403) were classified into three categories, including two intervention groups (1 and 2) and …

A Case Report Of Subacute Combined Degeneration Due To Nitrous Oxide-Induced Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Jorge Nadal Bosch, Javier Malcolm, Mario Moya, Michael Menowsky, Roberto A. Cruz

School of Medicine Publications

Nitrous oxide, also known as “laughing gas,” is a naturally occurring gas that is colorless, odorless, nonflammable, and nontoxic. It has been used as an inhalant anesthetic in the medical field for more than 150 years for dental and surgical procedures. Due to its wide availability and ability to cause euphoria, its recreational use is on the rise. We present a case of subacute combined degeneration (SCD) due to nitrous oxide-induced vitamin B12 deficiency. The patient presented with bilateral lower extremity paresthesia, weakness, and ataxic gait. The patient was found to have vitamin B12 deficiency. An MRI of the cervical …

Toxin Induced Parkinsonism And Hospitalization Related Adverse Outcome Mitigation For Parkinson’S Disease: A Comprehensive Review, Kenneth R. Dalton, Charles J. Kidd, Nawaz Hack

School of Medicine Publications

Patients with Parkinson’s disease admitted to the hospital have unique presentations. This unique subset of patients requires a multidisciplinary approach with a knowledge-based care team that can demonstrate awareness of complications specific to Parkinson’s disease to reduce critical care admissions, morbidity, and mortality. Early recognition of toxic exposures, medication withdrawals, or medication-induced symptoms can reduce morbidity and mortality. This review can assist in the critical assessment of new or exacerbating Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy-Based Protocol Compared With Free Pill Combination Protocol: Results Of A Cluster Randomized Trial, Olutobi A Sanuade, Mark D Huffman, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy is recommended for hypertension management in Nigeria based on randomized trials at the individual level. This cluster-randomized trial evaluates effectiveness and safety of a treatment protocol that used two-drug FDC therapy as the second and third steps for hypertension control compared with a protocol that used free pill combinations. From January 2021 to June 2021, 60 primary healthcare centers in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria were randomized to a protocol using FDC therapy as second and third steps compared with a protocol that used the same medications in free pill combination therapy for these steps. …

A Single Bout Of Breast Milk Expression Does Not Increase Resting Metabolic Rate, Leryn J. Reynolds, Kayla R. Powell, Taskina Akhter, Hannah M. Twiddy, Patrick B. Wilson

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Introduction: Breastfeeding women have elevated resting metabolic rate (RMR); however, whether a single bout of lactation increases RMR is unknown. This study aimed to determine if a single bout of lactation acutely increased RMR.

Methods: Twenty-two lactating women (age: 31 ± 0.9 year, body mass index: 27.3 ± 1.2 kg/m²) were recruited. RMR was assessed at baseline and at 1- and 2-h following breast milk expression.

Results: RMR was unchanged in lactating women following a single bout of lactation (baseline: 1437 ± 39; 1 h: 1425 ± 37 2 h: 1440 ± 31 kcal/day) (p > .05). RMR was …

Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2: Its Biological Function Across Cell Types And The Potential To Serve As An Immunotherapy Target For Brain Tumors, Sheng Zhang, Ganesh Rao, Amy Heimberger, Shulin Li

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Brain tumors are among the 10 leading causes of cancer-related death and present unique treatment challenges due to their critical location, genetic heterogeneity, and the blood-brain barrier. Recent advances in targeted immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blocking therapy provide alternative therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), which induces transformation from low-grade glioma to high-grade glioblastoma, is a type II membrane protein that is highly expressed in both host immune cells and tumor cells. Studies have uncovered multiple forms of FGL2 proteins with a broad range of roles in inducing immune tolerance and avoiding immune surveillance in tumor cells. …

Early Intervention And Intensive Management Of Patients With Diabetes, Cardiorenal, And Metabolic Diseases, Yehuda Handelsman, Samuel Klein, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Increasing rates of obesity and diabetes have driven corresponding increases in related cardiorenal and metabolic diseases. In many patients, these conditions occur together, further increasing morbidity and mortality risks to the individual. Yet all too often, the risk factors for these disorders are not addressed promptly in clinical practice, leading to irreversible pathologic progression. To address this gap, we convened a Task Force of experts in cardiology, nephrology, endocrinology, and primary care to develop recommendations for early identification and intervention in obesity, diabetes, and other cardiorenal and metabolic diseases. The recommendations include screening and diagnosis, early interventions with lifestyle, and …

Late-Nc Staging In Routine Neuropathologic Diagnosis: An Update, Peter T Nelson, Katherine E Schwetye, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

An international consensus report in 2019 recommended a classification system for limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic changes (LATE-NC). The suggested neuropathologic staging system and nomenclature have proven useful for autopsy practice and dementia research. However, some issues remain unresolved, such as cases with unusual features that do not fit with current diagnostic categories. The goal of this report is to update the neuropathologic criteria for the diagnosis and staging of LATE-NC, based primarily on published data. We provide practical suggestions about how to integrate available genetic information and comorbid pathologies [e.g., Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes (ADNC) and Lewy body disease]. …

Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors In Children And Young Adults: A Review Of Controversies In Diagnostic And Treatment Approach, Kee Kiat Yeo, Sumanth Nagabushan, Girish Dhall, Mohamed S Abdelbaki

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Primary central nervous system (CNS) germ cell tumors (GCT) are a rare heterogenous group of cancers, arising most commonly in the second decade of life. Through several clinical trials conducted around the world by various groups, the treatment approach for CNS GCT has advanced substantially with generally improved overall outcomes. In recent years, the goal of clinical trials has been focused on reduction of the radiotherapy burden and minimization of long-term toxicity. This review summarizes the current diagnostic and treatment regimens for CNS GCT, examines the controversies associated with these approaches, gaps in contemporary knowledge, and underscores the challenges we …

Navigating Care For Rare Diseases: Caregiver And Patient Advice For Families And Clinicians Managing Care For Vascular Malformations, Anna M Kerr, Christine Bereitschaft, Kayla M Duty, Bryan A Sisk

2020-Current year OA Pubs

OBJECTIVE: Families affected by rare diseases face many challenges finding adequate care and often report poor communication with clinicians. In the current study, we explore patient and caregiver advice for families and clinicians in the context of complex vascular malformations (VMs), a condition that is frequently misunderstood and misdiagnosed.

METHODS: We performed semi-structured interviews with 21 adult patients with complex VMs and 24 caregivers of children with VMs. We analyzed the transcripts using thematic analysis.

RESULTS: Participants advised patients and caregivers to advocate for care, address mental and emotional well-being, seek social support, and promote self-management and self-care. Participants advised …

Multi-Ancestry Transcriptome-Wide Association Analyses Yield Insights Into Tobacco Use Biology And Drug Repurposing, Fang Chen, Lisa De Las Fuentes, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Most transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs) so far focus on European ancestry and lack diversity. To overcome this limitation, we aggregated genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics, whole-genome sequences and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data from diverse ancestries. We developed a new approach, TESLA (multi-ancestry integrative study using an optimal linear combination of association statistics), to integrate an eQTL dataset with a multi-ancestry GWAS. By exploiting shared phenotypic effects between ancestries and accommodating potential effect heterogeneities, TESLA improves power over other TWAS methods. When applied to tobacco use phenotypes, TESLA identified 273 new genes, up to 55% more compared with …

Dissecting Cell Identity Via Network Inference And In Silico Gene Perturbation, Kenji Kamimoto, Blerta Stringa, Christy M Hoffmann, Kunal Jindal, Lilianna Solnica-Krezel, Samantha A Morris

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Cell identity is governed by the complex regulation of gene expression, represented as gene-regulatory networks

Final Results From A Phase 2b Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Of Rbx2660: A Microbiota-Based Drug For The Prevention Of Recurrent Clostridioides Difficile Infection, Erik R Dubberke, Robert Orenstein, Sahil Khanna, Beth Guthmueller, Christine Lee

2020-Current year OA Pubs

INTRODUCTION: Effective treatments for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) are urgently needed. RBX2660 is an investigational microbiota-based live biotherapeutic to reduce CDI recurrence following standard-of-care antibiotic treatment in individuals with rCDI. Here we report the final safety data through 24 months of follow-up as well as final efficacy data, reflecting alignment of the pre-specified statistical analysis plan definitions with the data presented.

METHODS: The PUNCH CD2 clinical trial was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, three-arm phase 2b study conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RBX2660 for the reduction of rCDI compared to placebo. Eligible patients were at …