Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Evaluation Of Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns For Community Acquired Pneumonia, Gregory Schaefer, Ann Wigton

Pharmacy Posters

Purpose: To evaluate duration of antibiotic therapy and prescribing patterns for non-ICU CAP at St Cloud Hospital, a tertiary community hospital.

Bloodstream Infection Due To Piperacillin/Tazobactam Non-Susceptible, Cephalosporin Susceptible Escherichia Coli: A Missed Opportunity For De-Escalation Of Therapy, Leah Carlisle, Julie Ann Justo, Majdi N. Al-Hasan

Faculty Publications

An increasing number of reports describing Escherichia coli isolates with piperacillin/tazobactam resistance, despite retained cephalosporin susceptibility, suggest further emergence of this phenotypic resistance pattern. In this report, a patient with metastatic breast cancer presented to medical care after two days of chills, nausea, vomiting, reduced oral intake, and generalized weakness. Blood and urine cultures grew E. coli as identified by rapid diagnostics multiplex PCR and MALDI-TOF, respectively. The patient continued to manifest signs of sepsis with hypotension and tachypnea during the first three days of hospitalization despite empirical antimicrobial therapy with intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam. After in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated …

Antibiotic Treatment Based On Guidelines For Reducing Length Of Stay (Los) In Patients With Community Acquired Pneumonia (Cap), Fetri Charya Munarsih, Ronald Irwanto Natadidjadja, Syamsudin Syamsudin

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Introduction. Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) now is known as the most common infection presented. Empiric antibiotic administered followed by observing parameters. This study aimed to know how far the American Thoracic Society/ Infectious Disease Society of America (ATS/IDSA) antibiotic guidelines 2007 based treatment influenced the length of stay (LOS) of CAP subject in a private hospital ward between January 2014-August 2015 Methods. A retrospective cohort was conducted with bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis for reducing the confounding factor. Sample taken with proportional sampling formula at ward in a hospital in Jakarta. Results. The result showed that subjects with unproper empiric …

Long-Term Antibiotic Therapy Is Just As Effective As Amputation For Foot Osteomyelitis In Diabetics Without Peripheral Arterial Disease, Christopher Hopper

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A critical appraisal and clinical application of Lázaro-Martínez JL, Aragón-Sánchez J, García-Morales E. Antibiotics versus conservative surgery for treating diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a randomized comparative trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):789-95. doi: 10.2337/dc13-1526.

Implementing The Cdcs Core Elements Of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship Program Into The Urgent Care, Deanna Powelson

Dissertations

Purpose: The inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the development of antimicrobial

resistance which is a severe threat to the public and an increasing global problem. The

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates at least two million illnesses

and 23,000 deaths are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the United States (CDC,

2014). The purpose of this quality improvement (QI) project was to evaluate the

effectiveness of an antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) on urgent care providers'

prescribing on viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) including the common cold,

pharyngitis, and bronchitis.

Methods: This QI project implemented the CDCs Core …

Pcornet Antibiotics And Childhood Growth Study: Process For Cohort Creation And Cohort Description, Jason P. Block, L. Charles Bailey, Matthew W. Gillman, Douglas Lunsford, Janne Boone-Heinonen, Lauren P. Cleveland, Jonathan Finkelstein, Casie E. Horgan, Melanie Jay, Juliane S. Reynolds, Jessica L. Sturtevant, Christopher B. Forrest

OHSU-PSU School of Public Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

OBJECTIVES: The National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network (PCORnet) supports observational and clinical research using health care data. The PCORnet Antibiotics and Childhood Growth Study is one of PCORnet’s inaugural observational studies. We sought to describe the processes used to integrate and analyze data from children across 35 participating institutions, the cohort characteristics, and prevalence of antibiotic use.

METHODS:We included children in the cohort if they had at least one same-day height and weight measured in each of 3 age periods: 1) before 12 months, 2) 12 to 30 months, and 3) after 24 months. We distributed statistical queries that each …

The Hospital Antimicrobial Use Process: From Beginning To End., William R Truong, Jason Yamaki

Articles, Abstracts, and Reports

Hospital antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are responsible for ensuring that all antimicrobials are utilized in the most appropriate and safe manner to improve patient outcomes, prevent adverse drug reactions, and prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance. This Perspectives article outlines the hospital antimicrobial use process (AUP), the foundational system that ensures that all antimicrobials are utilized in the most appropriate and safe manner. The AUP consists of the following steps: antimicrobial ordering, order verification, preparation and delivery, administration, monitoring, and discharge prescribing. AMS programs should determine how each step contributes to how an antimicrobial is used appropriately or inappropriately at …

Infections Not Fought: Antibiotic Resistance In Underserved Communities, Derek Lillestolen

Senior Honors Theses

In 1928, the profound effects of penicillin were discovered and antibiotic treatments became extremely popular. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, like tetracyclines, have been since branded as cure-all prescriptions and used profusely in the Western World and abroad. Due to ignorance of specific biochemical mechanisms and the misuse of antibiotics these drugs inadvertently allowed the rise in prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains of certain bacteria as the century progressed. Now, the specific genetic causes and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are being understood, but the fight against antimicrobial resistance is far from over. In the United States, thousands of fatalities are caused annually by …

The Hospital Antimicrobial Use Process: From Beginning To End, William R. Truong, Jason Yamaki

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Hospital antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are responsible for ensuring that all antimicrobials are utilized in the most appropriate and safe manner to improve patient outcomes, prevent adverse drug reactions, and prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance. This Perspectives article outlines the hospital antimicrobial use process (AUP), the foundational system that ensures that all antimicrobials are utilized in the most appropriate and safe manner. The AUP consists of the following steps: antimicrobial ordering, order verification, preparation and delivery, administration, monitoring, and discharge prescribing. AMS programs should determine how each step contributes to how an antimicrobial is used appropriately or inappropriately at …

Role Of Dentists In Prescribing Opioid Analgesics And Antibiotics: An Overview, Ralph Dana, Amir Azarpazhooh, Nima Laghapour, Katie J. Suda, Christopher Okunseri

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

Prophylactic Antibiotics To Reduce Pelvic Infection In Women Having Miscarriage Surgery – The Aims (Antibiotics In Miscarriage Surgery) Trial: Study Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial, David Lissauer, Amie Wilson, Jane Daniels, Lee Middleton, Jon Bishop, Catherine Hewitt, Abi Merriel, Rahat Qureshi, Iffat Ahmed, Humera Ismail

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: The estimated annual global burden of miscarriage is 33 million out of 210 million pregnancies. Many women undergoing miscarriage have surgery to remove pregnancy tissues, resulting in miscarriage surgery being one of the most common operations performed in hospitals in low-income countries. Infection is a serious consequence and can result in serious illness and death. In low-income settings, the infection rate following miscarriage surgery has been reported to be high. Good quality evidence on the use of prophylactic antibiotics for surgical miscarriage management is not available. Given that miscarriage surgery is common, and infective complications are frequent and serious, …

Patient-Provider Race And Sex Concordance: New Insights Into Antibiotic Prescribing For Acute Bronchitis, Jake R. Morgan, Mari-Lynn Drainoni, Cindy Christiansen, Tamar F. Barlam

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Objective: To examine whether patient and provider concordance by sex or race predicts antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis.

Study setting: General Internal Medicine and Family Medicine adult clinics at a large safety-net hospital.

Study design: We used a logistic model of prescribing as a function of race and sex concordance.

Data extraction: Data were extracted from de-identified patient records for those with an acute bronchitis visit between 2008 and 2010.

Principal findings: 71% (95% CI 68%-73%) of visits resulted in an antibiotic prescription. Patients in race-concordant visits were 17% (95% CI 8%-25%) less likely to receive …

Phaeophleospora Vochysiae Savi & Glienke Sp. Nov. Isolated From Vochysia Divergens Found In The Pantanal, Brazil, Produces Bioactive Secondary Metabolites, Daiani C. Savi, Khaled A. Shaaban, Francielly M. W. Gos, Larissa V. Ponomareva, Jon S. Thorson, Chirlei Glienke, Jürgen Rohr

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Microorganisms associated with plants are highly diverse and can produce a large number of secondary metabolites, with antimicrobial, anti-parasitic and cytotoxic activities. We are particularly interested in exploring endophytes from medicinal plants found in the Pantanal, a unique and widely unexplored wetland in Brazil. In a bio-prospecting study, strains LGMF1213 and LGMF1215 were isolated as endophytes from Vochysia divergens, and by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses were characterized as Phaeophleospora vochysiae sp. nov. The chemical assessment of this species reveals three major compounds with high biological activity, cercoscosporin (1), isocercosporin (2) and the new compound 3-(sec-butyl)-6-ethyl-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methylcyclohex-2-enone (3). …

Microscopic Allies: Examining And Tackling Legal And Regulatory Barriers To The Development Of Phage Therapy, Jacob Zent

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

Allicin- Inspired Pyridyl Disulfides As Antimicrobial Agents For Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Jordan G. Sheppard, Jeremy P. Mcaleer, Pushkar Saralkar, Werner J. Geldenhuys, Timothy E. Long

Clinical and Translational Science Institute

A chemical library comprised of nineteen synthesized pyridyl disulfides that emulate the chemical reactivity of allicin (garlic) was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria. Gram-positive species including vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA, VRSA) demonstrated the highest level of susceptibility toward analogs with S-alkyl chains of 7–9 carbons in length. Further biological studies revealed that the disulfides display synergy with vancomycin against VRSA, cause dispersal of S. aureus biofilms, exhibit low cytotoxicity, and decelerate S. aureus metabolism. In final analysis, pyridyl disulfides represent a novel class of mechanism-based antibacterial agents that have a potential application as …

The Effects Of Sepsis Management Protocols On Time To Antibiotic Administration In The Emergency Department, Margaret K. Lorch

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in U.S. hospitals, resulting from organ dysfunction caused by an inappropriate inflammatory reaction to an infection. Timely treatment with empiric antibiotics in the emergency department is crucial to facilitate positive patient outcomes. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) recommends initiating empiric antibiotic therapy within one hour of presentation to the emergency department. Some emergency departments have implemented sepsis management protocols to guide care and ensure timely treatment. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of a formal sepsis protocol in the emergency department on the time to antibiotic administration. …

Environmental And Genetic Factors Affecting Antibiotic Resistance Of Extended Spectrum Î?-Lactamase Bacteria From The Rio Grande River In El Paso, Tx And Cd. Juarez, Mexico, Maria D. Fuentes

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Background: The Rio Grande River provides a major source of potable and agricultural water for the population of the Texas/Mexico border region. Cattle farming and ranching are the most prevalent activities, which may contribute to the microbial burden of pharmaceuticals into our state's water resources. Antibiotics, presumably released into the environment by discharges originating from waste-water treatment plants, septic disposal systems, animal feeding operations and urban runoff have a definite impact on the ecosystem and may contribute to an increase in antibiotic resistance. We hypothesized that waters of the Rio Grande River contained Multi Drug Resistant Organisms (MDRO) and mobile …

Testing Bacterial Antibiotic Production Under Carbohydrate And Protein Starvation, Briley Baird

Honors Theses

Bacteria produce antibiotics when they are under stress, including starvation stress. Bacteria were tested under carbohydrate and protein starvation against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli (due to the respective Gram positivity and negativity), in order to check for antibiotic production. The bacteria being tested were isolated by past Microbiology classes and stored in a -80°C freezer in the basement of Jones Science Center at Ouachita Baptist University. These test bacteria were grown on tryptic soy agar (TSA) to produce isolated bacterial colonies. Samples of isolated test colonies were then grown under conditions of carbohydrate starvation (M9 salts agar with 0.1 …

The Effect Of Novel Antibiotic Compounds On Endodontic Biofilms, Steven Rhodes

All ETDs from UAB

Purpose: To investigate the effects of three novel experimental antibiotics on monospecies (Enterococcus faecalis) and polymicrobial (mixed) endodontic biofilms. Materials and Methods: Biofilms containing pure Enterococcus faecalis, as well as biofilms derived from mixed bacterial samples aspirated from inside the pulp spaces of necrotic human teeth, were grown onto slices of human dental in vitro. Biofilm formation capability was verified with SEM. The treatment groups consisted of 3 novel experimental antibiotics. 8.25% sodium hypochlorite and sterile saline were used as the controls. The biofilms were investigated with live/dead fluorochrome staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: The full strength sodium …

Cheminformatic Discovery And Characterization Of Copperdependent Bacterial Inhibitors, Alex Dalecki

All ETDs from UAB

Deaths due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are predicted to exceed 10 million per year by 2050, endangering our ability to conduct fundamental medical procedures such as immunosuppressive therapy or even basic surgery. Unfortunately, we are largely falling behind in the evolutionary arms race against common pathogens. Not only are we in sore need of new antibiotics, we also evidently need altogether new approaches to drug discovery itself, as our familiar avenues are increasingly failing to meet demands. In this dissertation, we describe a promising new source of antibacterials: copper-dependent inhibitors (CDIs), compounds that exert significant antibiotic activity only in the presence …

Antibiotic Therapy In Preventing Exacerbations Of Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Jamie Trautner

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Papers

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that has no cure but is treatable. The treatment goal is to have adequate symptom control, decreased exacerbations, prevent hospitalizations and maintain an independent quality of life. The above are attainable by lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy. The review of literature is to determine if the benefits of long-term antimicrobial therapy outweigh the risks in the treatment of severe COPD. The search included PubMed, Cochrane and Clinical Key databases. Keywords searched include: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, antibiotics, macrolides, antibacterial, azithromycin, bronchodilators, standard therapy, COPD exacerbations, adverse effects, and long-term. The gold standard …

Antimicrobial Resistance In Chile And The One Health Paradigm: Dealing With Threats To Human And Veterinary Health Resulting From Antimicrobial Use In Salmon Aquaculture And The Clinic, Ana Millanao, Carolina Barrientos-Schaffeld, Claudio D. Siegel-Tike, Alexandra Tomova, Larisa Ivanova, Henry P. Godfrey, Humberto J. Dolz, Alejandro H. Buschmann, Felipe C. Cabello

NYMC Faculty Publications

The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) is currently seen as one of the major threats to human and animal public health. Veterinary use of antimicrobials in both developing and developed countries is many-fold greater than their use in human medicine and is an important determinant in selection of ARB. In light of the recently outlined National Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Chile, our findings on antimicrobial use in salmon aquaculture and their impact on the environment and human health are highly relevant. Ninety-five percent of tetracyclines, phenicols and quinolones imported into Chile between 1998 and 2015 were for …