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Articles 151231 - 151260 of 160158

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

Greater Investments In Children Through Women's Empowerment: A Key To Demographic Change In Pakistan?, Valerie L. Durrant, Zeba Sathar Jan 2000

Greater Investments In Children Through Women's Empowerment: A Key To Demographic Change In Pakistan?, Valerie L. Durrant, Zeba Sathar

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Women’s status has received considerable attention as a significant factor in demographic behavior and outcomes in South Asia however, little research has addressed the links between women’s status and their investments in children. In this paper, we empirically investigate how women’s status on multiple levels is associated with demographic outcomes. Using data from the Pakistan Status of Women and Fertility Survey in rural Punjab, we confirm that empowered women, or those with higher status, are better able to make positive investments in their children, thus increasing their children’s chances of survival during infancy and increasing their likelihood of ever attending …

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Adolescent Pregnancy And Parenthood In South Africa, Carol E. Kaufman, Thea De Wet, Jonathan Stadler Jan 2000

Adolescent Pregnancy And Parenthood In South Africa, Carol E. Kaufman, Thea De Wet, Jonathan Stadler

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

South Africa’s total fertility rate is estimated to be one of the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, less than 3.0 births per woman nationally and declining. At the same time, adolescent childbearing levels remain high more than 30 percent of 19-year-old girls are reported to have given birth at least once. Using evidence from focus groups conducted in urban and rural areas in South Africa with young black women and men, and with the parents of teenage mothers, we consider the experience of early parenthood. Specifically, the analysis explores four aspects of teenage childbearing as it relates to key transitions into …

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Spatial Variation In Contraceptive Use In Bangladesh: Looking Beyond The Borders, Sajeda Amin, Alaka Malwade Basu, Rob Stephenson Jan 2000

Spatial Variation In Contraceptive Use In Bangladesh: Looking Beyond The Borders, Sajeda Amin, Alaka Malwade Basu, Rob Stephenson

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper tries to promote a more complete understanding of social change by analyzing spatial patterns of contraceptive use in Bangladesh and the contiguous state of West Bengal in India. The paper takes it’s cue from earlier analysis which found strong evidence of higher contraceptive prevalence in districts of Bangladesh that border Bengali speaking districts on India, as well as from analysis of fertility decline in historical Europe where language played a critical role. Using multilevel analysis to control for variations in individual and household level correlates, mapping districts that deviate considerably from their regional averages, the analysis highlights an …

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Schooling Opportunities For Girls As A Stimulus For Fertility Change In Rural Pakistan, Zeba Sathar, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Cem Mete, Minhaj Ul Haque Jan 2000

Schooling Opportunities For Girls As A Stimulus For Fertility Change In Rural Pakistan, Zeba Sathar, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Cem Mete, Minhaj Ul Haque

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper tests Caldwell’s mass schooling hypothesis in the context of rural Pakistan. His hypothesis was that the onset of the fertility transition is closely linked to the achievement of “mass formal schooling” of boys and girls. Punjab and Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) were selected for this study because they appear to be on the leading edge of the demographic transition-a transition that has only recently begun-as suggested by rapid recent increases in contraceptive practice. The study covered a range of rural villages or communities with very different socioeconomic and schooling conditions in order to examine the effects of both …

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Burkina Faso: Upgrading Postabortion Care Benefits Patients And Providers, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Burkina Faso: Upgrading Postabortion Care Benefits Patients And Providers, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

At the request of the Family Health Directorate of the Ministry of Health in Burkina Faso, the Reproductive Health Research Network (CRESAR) conducted a study during 1996–98 to introduce emergency care for women with complications from miscarriage or unsafe abortion. With technical assistance from the Population Council and JHPIEGO, CRESAR trained staff at two large hospitals in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso to provide postabortion care (PAC). Training for physicians, nurses, and midwives covered manual vacuum aspiration, family planning methods, infection prevention, and communication with patients. Staff also participated in the development of policies and standards for PAC services. To measure changes …

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Senegal: Train More Providers In Postabortion Care, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Senegal: Train More Providers In Postabortion Care, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Recognizing unsafe abortion as a serious health problem, the government of Senegal adopted a national health strategy in 1997 that aims to halve the number of unsafe abortions by 2001. In 1997, the Center for Training and Research in Reproductive Health (CEFOREP) and the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic (CGO) at Le Dantec University Teaching Hospital in Dakar introduced new clinical techniques to improve emergency treatment for women with complications from miscarriage or abortion. CGO and two other teaching hospitals served as pilot sites. Physicians, nurses, and midwives at the three sites received training in manual vacuum aspiration, family planning, and …

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Senegal: Capacite A Más Proveedores En Atención Postaborto, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Senegal: Capacite A Más Proveedores En Atención Postaborto, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Kenya: Offer Family Planning On Hospital Wards, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Kenya: Offer Family Planning On Hospital Wards, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

In Kenya, more than one in three women hospitalized for gynecological problems has complications from miscarriage or unsafe abortion. These women generally receive no information or services for family planning (FP) or other reproductive health needs. During 1996–97, the Kenya Ministry of Health, the Population Council, and Ipas tested three models for providing postabortion care (PAC) and FP information and services in two areas of the hospital. Researchers compared model effectiveness by using surveys before and after the intervention. As concluded in this brief, the most effective way to ensure that women being treated for incomplete abortion obtain FP is …

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Kenia: Ofrezca Servicios De Planificación Familiar En Salas Hospitalarias, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Kenia: Ofrezca Servicios De Planificación Familiar En Salas Hospitalarias, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Peru: Managers Must Monitor Quality Of Care Regularly, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Peru: Managers Must Monitor Quality Of Care Regularly, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

In the late 1980s, Peru’s National Family Planning Program within the Ministry of Health (MOH) assigned method-specific targets to clusters of health facilities. In 1998, the MOH changed its policies to ensure that services responded to individual reproductive health needs and wishes. It eliminated method quotas, ended voluntary surgical contraception campaigns, and issued norms to ensure quality of care and informed choice. In 1999, the Population Council collaborated with the MOH to determine whether providers were complying with the new guidelines and, secondarily, to develop a monitoring system to assess compliance over time. As concluded in this brief, family planning …

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Perú: Los Administradores Deben Supervisar Rutinariamente La Calidad De La Atención, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Perú: Los Administradores Deben Supervisar Rutinariamente La Calidad De La Atención, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Egypte: Les Prestataires De Service De Planification Familiale Doivent Encourage Les Discussions Sur Les Problèmes Sexuels, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Egypte: Les Prestataires De Service De Planification Familiale Doivent Encourage Les Discussions Sur Les Problèmes Sexuels, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Kenya: Identifying Rtis Remain Problematic: Prevention Is Essential, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Kenya: Identifying Rtis Remain Problematic: Prevention Is Essential, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Since 1990, the Nakuru Municipal Council (Kenya) has implemented a multifaceted program to reduce the incidence of reproductive tract infections (RTIs), especially those that are sexually transmitted, including HIV/AIDS. Staff in the Council’s five health clinics use syndromic management guidelines, based on clients’ reported symptoms and clinical signs, to identify clients with RTIs. In 1998, the Population Council conducted a study to assess the accuracy of syndromic management and determine the best ways to integrate RTI management into existing antenatal (ANC) and family planning (FP) services. After an assessment of existing RTI services, 18 nurses from the five municipal clinics …

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Kenia: La Identificación De Las Itr Sigue Siendo Un Problema: La Prevención Es Esencial, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Kenia: La Identificación De Las Itr Sigue Siendo Un Problema: La Prevención Es Esencial, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Kenya: L'Identification Des Iar Demeure Hasardeuse: La Prévention Est Primordiale, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Kenya: L'Identification Des Iar Demeure Hasardeuse: La Prévention Est Primordiale, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Burkina Faso And Mali: Female Genital Cutting Harms Women's Health, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Burkina Faso And Mali: Female Genital Cutting Harms Women's Health, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

In collaboration with the Ministries of Health (MOH) of Burkina Faso and Mali, the Population Council conducted two studies in 1998 to describe the occurrence and severity of health problems related to female genital cutting (FGC). Study participants were consenting women who received a pelvic exam during prenatal, family planning (FP), obstetric, or gynecological consultations at MOH clinics. Providers were trained to observe the types and complications of FGC. To assess their potential role as change agents, providers in Mali also received training on the health effects of FGC and client counseling. In Burkina Faso, health providers recorded information on …

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Burkina Faso Et Mali: L'Excision Compromet La Santé Des Femmes, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Burkina Faso Et Mali: L'Excision Compromet La Santé Des Femmes, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Mali: Empower Health Workers To Advocate Against Female Genital Cutting, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Mali: Empower Health Workers To Advocate Against Female Genital Cutting, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

The various initiatives to eradicate FGC in Mali over the past two decades have had little impact on this traditional practice. This study assessed the use of health personnel to combat FGC, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Conducted in 1998 by the Association de Soutien au Developpement des Activites de Population, a nongovernmental organization, and the Ministry of Health, the study covered 14 urban and rural health centers in Bamako and Segou. In the eight health centers that served as experimental sites, 59 health providers, including physicians, midwives, nurses, and aides, attended a three-day training course on identifying …

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Mali: Pour Une Plus Grande Responsabilisation Des Agents De Santé Dans Le Plaidoyer Contre L'Excision, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Mali: Pour Une Plus Grande Responsabilisation Des Agents De Santé Dans Le Plaidoyer Contre L'Excision, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Egypt: Expand Access To Postabortion Care, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Egypt: Expand Access To Postabortion Care, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

The Population Council has supported a series of studies to improve the quality of postabortion care (PAC) in Egypt. A 1994 pilot study in two Egyptian hospitals showed that upgrading PAC and training physicians in manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), infection control, and counseling led to significant improvements in the care of postabortion patients. The 1997 study, conducted by the Egyptian Fertility Care Society with support from the Population Council, sought to institutionalize improved postabortion medical care and counseling procedures in ten hospitals. Five senior physicians from each hospital attended a five-day training course in MVA, infection control, and family planning …

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Egypte: Développer L'Accès Aux Soins Après Avortement, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Egypte: Développer L'Accès Aux Soins Après Avortement, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Peru: Tell Clients How To Use Their Chosen Method, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Peru: Tell Clients How To Use Their Chosen Method, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

In 1998, the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MOH) issued quality of care norms to ensure that family planning providers respond to clients’ reproductive health care needs and goals. In mid-1999, the Population Council collaborated with the MOH on a study to determine whether length of counseling sessions affects amount of information provided. The study focused on 19 health centers in 10 urban areas. Six simulated clients (women posing as clients) made a total of 114 visits to the health centers during June–July 1999. Each client was trained to say that she wanted to switch from the rhythm method to a …

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Pérou: Informer Les Clients Sur Le Mode D'Utilisation De Leur Méthode De Choix, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Pérou: Informer Les Clients Sur Le Mode D'Utilisation De Leur Méthode De Choix, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Egypt: Ngos Need To Join Forces To End Fgc, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Egypt: Ngos Need To Join Forces To End Fgc, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Until recently, the practice of female genital cutting (FGC) has been nearly universal in Egypt. However, a 1998 national survey found the first signs of a decline in the practice among adolescents since 1994. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working in community development, health, and women’s rights have played a leading role in advocating eradication of FGC in Egypt. To document and assess the impact of anti-FGC programs, the Population Council conducted an assessment from August 1999 to February 2000. Researchers telephoned numerous Egyptian NGOs to identify those most actively involved in anti-FGC programs. Then they conducted in-depth interviews with officials of …

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Egypt: Encourage Journalists To Cover Reproductive Health, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Egypt: Encourage Journalists To Cover Reproductive Health, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

To raise public awareness of reproductive health (RH) issues, the Population Council’s Frontiers project and the Futures Group’s Policy project jointly organized four press briefings and provided background materials to key journalists from Arabic newspapers and magazines. From May 1999 to June 2000, project staff worked closely with 20 Egyptian journalists, including editors of women’s pages and senior editors. The press briefings covered youth, marriage patterns, contraceptive technology, and menopause. The press kit prepared for each briefing contained fact sheets, reference materials, a contact list of key experts, and an evaluation sheet. To assess RH reporting and track coverage resulting …

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Egypte: Encourager Les Journalistes À Couvrir Les Questions Relatives À La Santé De La Reproduction, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Egypte: Encourager Les Journalistes À Couvrir Les Questions Relatives À La Santé De La Reproduction, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Mali: Fgc Excisors Persist Despite Entreaties, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Mali: Fgc Excisors Persist Despite Entreaties, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

About 94 percent of Malian women aged 15–49 have experienced female genital cutting (FGC). In Mali, FGC is associated with serious gynecological and obstetric complications. In 1998, the National Center of Scientific and Technological Research of the Mali Ministry of Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research conducted an evaluation of programs to eradicate FGC. The study assessed the work of three national nongovernmental organizations working in Bamako and five regions of Mali. These NGOs had attempted to persuade traditional practitioners of FGC (“excisors”) to abandon the practice. All three NGOs employed outreach workers to educate excisors and community members …

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Indonesia: Coordinated Studies Are Needed To Access Trends, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Indonesia: Coordinated Studies Are Needed To Access Trends, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

In 1999, the Population Council/Indonesia conducted a critical review of 11 Indonesian surveys and studies that measured various indicators of maternal and child health (MCH) between 1996 and 1999. Many of these studies tried to link these indicators with the nation’s economic crisis that began in July 1997, however attributing changes in MCH indicators to the economic crisis may be misleading. Population Council staff sought to explain how these studies came up with divergent findings. As noted in this brief, longitudinal studies with consistent indicators and representative study populations are needed to identify changes in MCH indicators.

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Indonésie: Des Études Coordonnées Sont Nécessaires Á L'Évaluation Des Tendances, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Indonésie: Des Études Coordonnées Sont Nécessaires Á L'Évaluation Des Tendances, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

No abstract provided.

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Meet Women's Health Needs With Postabortion Care, Frontiers In Reproductive Health Jan 2000

Meet Women's Health Needs With Postabortion Care, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Worldwide, one in eight pregnancy-related deaths result from complications of unsafe abortion such as bleeding, infection, or internal injuries. Many of these deaths could be prevented if women had the means to avoid unplanned pregnancy. At the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, 180 governments identified postabortion care (PAC) as a high-priority public health issue. As part of the resulting global PAC initiative, the Population Council and other international organizations collaborated with governments and nongovernmental organizations in a worldwide program of operations research on interventions to improve postabortion care. This brief highlights the major findings of this …

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