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Articles 150151 - 150180 of 160281

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

The Characterization Of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions In The Sprague-Dawley Rat During Development, Aimee Woolard Jan 2002

The Characterization Of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions In The Sprague-Dawley Rat During Development, Aimee Woolard

Independent Studies and Capstones

This paper describes a project which set up a system to measure distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in the Sprague Dawley rat and to conduct a pilot study to measure the development of DPOAEs as a function of age.


Setting The Stage For Molecular Dissection Of The Regulatory Components Of Bk Channels, Christopher J. Lingle Jan 2002

Setting The Stage For Molecular Dissection Of The Regulatory Components Of Bk Channels, Christopher J. Lingle

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.


Restrictions Limiting The Generation Of Dna Double Strand Breaks During Chromosomal V(D)J Recombination, Robert E. Tillman, Andrea L. Wooley, Maureen M. Hughes, Tara D. Wehrly, Wojciech Swat, Barry P. Sleckman Jan 2002

Restrictions Limiting The Generation Of Dna Double Strand Breaks During Chromosomal V(D)J Recombination, Robert E. Tillman, Andrea L. Wooley, Maureen M. Hughes, Tara D. Wehrly, Wojciech Swat, Barry P. Sleckman

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.


Will Theaters Receive Two Thumbs Up From Individuals With Disabilities?, Joseph H. Huber Dec 2001

Will Theaters Receive Two Thumbs Up From Individuals With Disabilities?, Joseph H. Huber

Movement Arts, Health Promotion and Leisure Studies Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Genes Encoding Several Poly (Adp-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (Parg) Enzymes, The Proteins And Fragments Thereof, And Antibodies Immnoreactive Therewith, Myron Jacobson, Elaine L. Jacobson, Jean-Christoph Amé, Winston Lin Dec 2001

Genes Encoding Several Poly (Adp-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (Parg) Enzymes, The Proteins And Fragments Thereof, And Antibodies Immnoreactive Therewith, Myron Jacobson, Elaine L. Jacobson, Jean-Christoph Amé, Winston Lin

Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences Faculty Patents

The isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) enzymes and the amino acid sequences of PARGs from several species are described. PARG is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and its proper function is associated with the body's response to neoplastic disorder inducing agents and oxidative stress. Expression vectors containing the cDNAs and cells transformed with the vectors are described. Probes and primers that hybridize with the cDNAs are described. Expression of the cDNA in E. coli results in an enzymatically active protein of about 111 kDa and an active fragment of about 59 kDa. Methods …


Going Global The Fastest Way To The Top, Rick Burton Dec 2001

Going Global The Fastest Way To The Top, Rick Burton

Sport Management - All Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Effect Of Seeing Tobacco Use In Films On Trying Smoking Among Adolescents: Cross Sectional Study, James D. Sargent, Michael L. Beach, Madeline A. Dalton, Leila A. Mott, Jennifer J. Tickle, M. Bridget Ahrens, Todd F. Heatherton Dec 2001

Effect Of Seeing Tobacco Use In Films On Trying Smoking Among Adolescents: Cross Sectional Study, James D. Sargent, Michael L. Beach, Madeline A. Dalton, Leila A. Mott, Jennifer J. Tickle, M. Bridget Ahrens, Todd F. Heatherton

Dartmouth Scholarship

Objective: To test the hypothesis that greater exposure to smoking in films is associated with trying smoking among adolescents.


Nipple Aspirate Cytology And Pathologic Parameters Predict Residual Cancer And Nodal Involvement After Excisional Breast Biopsy., E R Sauter, H Ehya, A Mammen, G Klein Dec 2001

Nipple Aspirate Cytology And Pathologic Parameters Predict Residual Cancer And Nodal Involvement After Excisional Breast Biopsy., E R Sauter, H Ehya, A Mammen, G Klein

Department of Surgery Faculty Papers

We previously demonstrated that abnormal nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) cytology predicted residual breast cancer (RC) and tumour size after excisional biopsy (EB), although normal NAF cytology did not exclude RC. Tumour size correlates with the risk of lymph node (LN) metastases. LN metastases provide prognostic information allowing medical and radiation oncologists to determine the need for adjuvant therapy. We hypothesized that pathologic factors known after EB, combined with NAF cytology, would predict with a high degree of accuracy the presence of RC and LN spread. NAF cytology and pathologic parameters: tumour distance from biopsy margins, multifocal and multicentric disease, sub-type …


Ada News - 12/10/2001, American Dental Association, Publishing Division Dec 2001

Ada News - 12/10/2001, American Dental Association, Publishing Division

ADA News

Established in 1970 as the official newspaper of the American Dental Association, the ADA News serves practicing dentists and others allied to the dental profession in the U.S. and internationally. It is the No. 1 source of news and information about the many benefits and services the ADA delivers to members daily as well as timely information on scientific, social, political and economic developments affecting dentistry and health care.


Vdac-Dependent Permeabilization Of The Outer Mitochondrial Membrane By Superoxide Induces Rapid And Massive Cytochrome C Release., M Madesh, György Hajnóczky Dec 2001

Vdac-Dependent Permeabilization Of The Outer Mitochondrial Membrane By Superoxide Induces Rapid And Massive Cytochrome C Release., M Madesh, György Hajnóczky

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

Enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide (O2*-), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may result in either apoptosis or other forms of cell death. Here, we studied the mechanisms underlying activation of the apoptotic machinery by ROS. Exposure of permeabilized HepG2 cells to O2*- elicited rapid and massive cytochrome c release (CCR), whereas H2O2 failed to induce any release. Both O2*- and H2O2 promoted activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore by Ca2+, but Ca2+-dependent pore opening was not required for O2*--induced CCR. Furthermore, O2*- alone evoked CCR without damage of the inner mitochondrial membrane barrier, as mitochondrial membrane potential …


Individual Differences In Behavioral Responses To Novelty And Amphetamine Self-Administration In Male And Female Rats, J. E. Klebaur, Rick A. Bevins, T. M. Segar, M. T. Bardo Dec 2001

Individual Differences In Behavioral Responses To Novelty And Amphetamine Self-Administration In Male And Female Rats, J. E. Klebaur, Rick A. Bevins, T. M. Segar, M. T. Bardo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Previous work has shown that individual differences in locomotor activity in an inescapable novel environment can predict acquisition of amphetamine self-administration. The current study examined whether individual differences in approach to novelty in a free choice test could also predict amphetamine self-administration. Further, the current study examined whether individual differences in either free choice or inescapable novelty tests could predict responding for a nondrug reinforcer (sucrose) in the presence and absence of amphetamine. Male and female rats were first tested for their response to free choice novelty (playground maze and novelty-induced place preference tests) and inescapable novelty. They were then …


A Pdz-Binding Motif Is Essential But Not Sufficient To Localize The C Terminus Of Cftr To The Apical Membrane, Michal I. Milewski, John E. Mickle, John K. Forrest, Diane M. Stafford, Bryan D. Moyer, Jie Cheng, William B. Guggino, Bruce A. Stanton, Garry R. Cutting Dec 2001

A Pdz-Binding Motif Is Essential But Not Sufficient To Localize The C Terminus Of Cftr To The Apical Membrane, Michal I. Milewski, John E. Mickle, John K. Forrest, Diane M. Stafford, Bryan D. Moyer, Jie Cheng, William B. Guggino, Bruce A. Stanton, Garry R. Cutting

Dartmouth Scholarship

Localization of ion channels and transporters to the correct membrane of polarized epithelia is important for vectorial ion movement. Prior studies have shown that the cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is involved in the apical localization of this protein. Here we show that the C-terminal tail alone, or when fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP), can localize to the apical plasma membrane, despite the absence of transmembrane domains. Co-expression of the C terminus with full-length CFTR results in redistribution of CFTR from apical to basolateral membranes, indicating that both proteins interact with the …


Anger, Child Behavior, And Family Distress: Further Evaluation Of The Parental Anger Inventory, Georganna Sedlar, David J. Hansen Dec 2001

Anger, Child Behavior, And Family Distress: Further Evaluation Of The Parental Anger Inventory, Georganna Sedlar, David J. Hansen

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Presumably, anger is a common experience of parenting. Although practitioners and researchers recognize the role of anger in various parenting situations, objective and standardized measures of parental anger have been notably lacking in the field. This study examined the Parental Anger Inventory (PAI), a measure developed specifically to assess parental anger in response to child misbehavior. A diverse sample of 98 parents participated in the study, including (a) physically abusive or neglectful parents, or both, n = 44; (b) nonmaltreating clinic parents seeking assistance for child behavior problems, n = 24; and (c) nonmaltreating, non–help-seeking community parents, n = 30. …


Analysis Of Mitotic Microtubule-Associated Proteins Using Mass Spectrometry Identifies Astrin, A Spindle-Associated Protein, Gary J. Mack, Duane A. Compton Dec 2001

Analysis Of Mitotic Microtubule-Associated Proteins Using Mass Spectrometry Identifies Astrin, A Spindle-Associated Protein, Gary J. Mack, Duane A. Compton

Dartmouth Scholarship

We purified microtubules from a mammalian mitotic extract and obtained an amino acid sequence from each microtubule-associated protein by using mass spectrometry. Most of these proteins are known spindle-associated components with essential functional roles in spindle organization. We generated antibodies against a protein identified in this collection and refer to it as astrin because of its association with astral microtubule arrays assembled in vitro. Astrin is approximately 134 kDa, and except for a large predicted coiled-coil domain in its C-terminal region it lacks any known functional motifs. Astrin associates with spindle microtubules as early as prophase where it concentrates at …


Evaluation Of Directly Observed Therapy In Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients In Nepal: Treatment Outcome And Patient Compliance, Baishali Bhattacharya Dec 2001

Evaluation Of Directly Observed Therapy In Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients In Nepal: Treatment Outcome And Patient Compliance, Baishali Bhattacharya

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of infectious disease in Nepal. An estimated 60% of the adult population aged between 15-45 years is infected with tuberculosis, and 45% of the total population is infected. Ten percent of people infected with TB progress to active disease. To combat tuberculosis, Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) was adopted in Nepal in 1996. DOT was administered at four national demonstration sites in 1996 and expanded over time so that 56% of the population to date have been covered by DOT. This study aimed to evaluate DOT in pulmonary TB patients in Nepal in terms of patient …


Inheritance Of Dorsal Fin Coloration In The Metriaclima Species Complex (Teleostei: Cichlidae) Of Lake Malawi, Paulette Reneau Dec 2001

Inheritance Of Dorsal Fin Coloration In The Metriaclima Species Complex (Teleostei: Cichlidae) Of Lake Malawi, Paulette Reneau

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The rock-dwelling cichlids (mbuna) of Lake Malawi have undergone an explosive evolution, giving rise to an assemblage of 300-500 species within the last one million years. Most widespread mbuna 'species' are characterized by the presence of local endemic populations, differing primarily in coloration and often of uncertain taxonomic rank. The recency and rapidity of speciation within the mbuna have led to difficulties in reconstructing an accurate species-level phylogeny, in turn limiting our ability to elucidate the evolutionary dynamics associated with divergence of coloration and other characters. Based on morphometric and meristic characters, Stauffer et al. (1997) erected a new genus …


Anatomy And Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Of The Brain Of The White Whale (Delphinapterus Leucas) From Magnetic Resonance Images, Lori Marino, Timothy L. Murphy, Amy L. Deweerd, John A. Morris, Archibald J. Fobbs, Nathalie Humbolt, Sam H. Ridgway, John I. Johnson Dec 2001

Anatomy And Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Of The Brain Of The White Whale (Delphinapterus Leucas) From Magnetic Resonance Images, Lori Marino, Timothy L. Murphy, Amy L. Deweerd, John A. Morris, Archibald J. Fobbs, Nathalie Humbolt, Sam H. Ridgway, John I. Johnson

Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection

Magnetic resonance imaging offers a means of observing the internal structure of the brain where traditional procedures of embedding, sectioning, staining, mounting, and microscopic examination of thousands of sections are not practical. Furthermore, internal structures can be analyzed in their precise quantitative spatial interrelationships, which is difficult to accomplish after the spatial distortions often accompanying histological processing. For these reasons, magnetic resonance imaging makes specimens that were traditionally difficult to analyze, more accessible. In the present study, images of the brain of a white whale (Beluga) Delphinapterus leucas were scanned in the coronal plane at 119 antero-posterior levels. Fromthese scans, …


Anatomy And Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Of The Brain Of A Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) From Magnetic Resonance Images, Lori Marino, Keith D. Sudheimer, Timothy L. Murphy, Kristina K. Davis, D. Ann Pabst, William A. Mclellan, James K. Rilling, John I. Johnson Dec 2001

Anatomy And Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Of The Brain Of A Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) From Magnetic Resonance Images, Lori Marino, Keith D. Sudheimer, Timothy L. Murphy, Kristina K. Davis, D. Ann Pabst, William A. Mclellan, James K. Rilling, John I. Johnson

Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection

Cetacean (dolphin, whale, and porpoise) brains are among the least studied mammalian brains because of the formidability of collecting and histologically preparing such relatively rare and large specimens. Magnetic resonance imaging offers a means of observing the internal structure of the brain when traditional histological procedures are not practical. Furthermore, internal structures can be analyzed in their precise anatomic positions, which is difficult to accomplish after the spatial distortions often accompanying histological processing. In this study, images of the brain of an adult bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, were scanned in the coronal plane at 148 antero-posterior levels. From these scans …


Meeting Medical Terminology Needs: The Ontology-Enhanced Medical Concept Mapper, Gondy Leroy, Hsinchun Chen Dec 2001

Meeting Medical Terminology Needs: The Ontology-Enhanced Medical Concept Mapper, Gondy Leroy, Hsinchun Chen

CGU Faculty Publications and Research

This paper describes the development and testing of the Medical Concept Mapper, a tool designed to facilitate access to online medical information sources by providing users with appropriate medical search terms for their personal queries. Our system is valuable for patients whose knowledge of medical vocabularies is inadequate to find the desired information, and for medical experts who search for information outside their field of expertise. The Medical Concept Mapper maps synonyms and semantically related concepts to a user's query. The system is unique because it integrates our natural language processing tool, i.e., the Arizona (AZ) Noun Phraser, with human-created …


Pretreatment Characteristics Of Legally Coerced Drug Treatment Seekers, Bridgett Augustino Dec 2001

Pretreatment Characteristics Of Legally Coerced Drug Treatment Seekers, Bridgett Augustino

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This study examines the sociodemographics, drug use, criminal, and treatment histories of 598 residential and outpatient legally coerced drug treatment seekers in the Kentucky Treatment Outcome and Performance Pilot Studies Enhancement Project. Analyses examined whether users/addicts entering chemical dependency treatment under legal coercion differed from nonlegally coerced treatment seekers. Stanley Cohen's theoretical model of social control provided the theoretical framework for the study. Results showed demographic and behavioral differences were noted between respondents under no coercion and those under legal coercion on gender, age, educational status, pretreatment criminality and current treatment modality. In addition, differences between the legally coerced and …


The Effect Of Lead Acetate On The Susceptibility Of C3heb/Fej Mice Infected With The Parasite Trypanosoma Cruzi, Savonna Warren Dec 2001

The Effect Of Lead Acetate On The Susceptibility Of C3heb/Fej Mice Infected With The Parasite Trypanosoma Cruzi, Savonna Warren

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Lead has been mined by man for centuries with evidence of its use dating back 6000 years. Chronic exposure to lead can result in encephalopathy, anemia, and nephropathy. Today, cases of lead poisoning are uncommon; however, lead continues to be incorporated into the body through subclinical exposures. These low dosages of lead have been shown to have a deleterious effect on the immune system. Experimental animals exposed to low levels of lead are unable to effectively respond to a number of bacterial and viral challenges. The present study focuses on the relationship between lead and parasitic infection. Parasitemia, mortality, serum …


Expression Of Gus Gene In Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum) And Corn (Zea Mays) Using Dimboa-Resistant Agrobacterium Strains, Deepti Mohamalawari Dec 2001

Expression Of Gus Gene In Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum) And Corn (Zea Mays) Using Dimboa-Resistant Agrobacterium Strains, Deepti Mohamalawari

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This thesis evaluates the ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains resistant to the compound DIMBOA [2, 4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2h-l,4- benzoxazin-3(4H)-one] to infect corn. DIMBOA is a secondary plant metabolite and is believed to have antimicrobial properties and provides resistance to the plant against microbial infection. Agrobacteriummediated genetic transformation technique can be employed to genetically alter most dicotyledonous plant species. However, such transformation has been limited in monocotyledonous plants, especially corn. One of the factors responsible for this recalcitrance is the presence of DIMBOA in corn shoots. In this study, we proposed the use of DIMBOA- resistant strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, bearing binary plasmids …


Effects Of Antioxidant Supplementation With Vitamin E And Selenium On Cytokine Production In Mice Infected With Trypanosoma Cruzi, Dong Chen Dec 2001

Effects Of Antioxidant Supplementation With Vitamin E And Selenium On Cytokine Production In Mice Infected With Trypanosoma Cruzi, Dong Chen

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Dietary supplementation with the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium (Se) has been shown to be beneficial against the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi during experimental Chagas' disease. Supplementation of mice with vitamin E and selenium at levels well above the recommended daily allowance for these two substances results in significantly decreased parasitemia levels and increased longevity. However, the mechanistic role of the antioxidants in this process is not well understood. It is known that vitamin E and selenium can reduce oxidative stress and improve host immune responses. In addition, the synthesis of many regulatory cytokines is known to be influenced by …


Temporal, Perspectives, Dispositional Styles, And Subjective Well-Being, Mary Naeger Dec 2001

Temporal, Perspectives, Dispositional Styles, And Subjective Well-Being, Mary Naeger

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This study investigated the relationship between time perspective (TP) and the personality dispositions of optimism, pessimism, and realism with regard to their proposed influence on three measures that collectively assessed subjective well-being (SWB). The Depression-Happiness Scale (McGreal & Joseph, 1993) assessed happiness or the presence of positive affect and the absence of negative affect, the cognitiveaffective components of SWB. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) provided the measurement of subjective life satisfaction, the essential final cognitive-judgmental component of SWB. The Life Orientation Scale-Revised (LOT-R) (Scheier, Carver, and Bridges, 1994) and a Reality Scale, composed …


Can Meaningful Effective Connectivities Be Obtained Between Auditory Cortical Regions?, M S Gonçalves, D A Hall, Ingrid Johnsrude, M P Haggard Dec 2001

Can Meaningful Effective Connectivities Be Obtained Between Auditory Cortical Regions?, M S Gonçalves, D A Hall, Ingrid Johnsrude, M P Haggard

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Structural equation modeling (SEM) of neuroimaging data can be evaluated both for the goodness of fit of the model and for the strength of path coefficients (as an index of effective connectivity). SEM of auditory fMRI data is made difficult by the necessary sparse temporal sampling of the time series (to avoid contamination of auditory activation by the response to scanner noise) and by the paucity of well-defined anatomical information to constrain the functional model. We used SEM (i.e., a model incorporating latent variables) to investigate how well fMRI data in four adjacent cortical fields can be described as an …


Access To Pediatric Services Under Medicaid Managed Care In The District Of Columbia, Karen Shaw, Sara J. Rosenbaum Dec 2001

Access To Pediatric Services Under Medicaid Managed Care In The District Of Columbia, Karen Shaw, Sara J. Rosenbaum

Health Policy and Management Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Prognostic Impact Of P53 Status, Tls-Chop Fusion Transcript Structure, And Histological Grade In Myxoid Liposarcoma: A Molecular And Clinicopathologic Study Of 82 Cases, C. R. Antonescu, S. J. Tschernyavsky, R. Decuseara, Denis H. Y. Leung, J. M. Woodruff, M. F. Brennan, J. A. Bridge, J. R. Neff, J. R. Goldblum, M. Ladanyi Dec 2001

Prognostic Impact Of P53 Status, Tls-Chop Fusion Transcript Structure, And Histological Grade In Myxoid Liposarcoma: A Molecular And Clinicopathologic Study Of 82 Cases, C. R. Antonescu, S. J. Tschernyavsky, R. Decuseara, Denis H. Y. Leung, J. M. Woodruff, M. F. Brennan, J. A. Bridge, J. R. Neff, J. R. Goldblum, M. Ladanyi

Research Collection School Of Economics

Purpose: A specific TLS-CHOP fusion gene resulting from the t(12;16) is present in at least 95% of myxoid liposarcomas (MLS). Three common forms of the TLS-CHOP fusion have been described, differing by the presence or absence of TLS exons 6-8 in the fusion product. Type 5-2 (also known as type II) consists of TLS exons 1-5 fused to CHOP exon 2; type 7-2 (also known as type I) also includes TLS exons 6 and 7 in the fusion, whereas type 8-2 (also known as type III) fuses TLS exons 1-8 to CHOP exon 2. We sought to determine the impact …


Dextran-Methylprednisolone Succinate As A Prodrug Of Methylprednisolone: Plasma And Tissue Disposition, Xiaoping Zhang, Reza Mehvar Dec 2001

Dextran-Methylprednisolone Succinate As A Prodrug Of Methylprednisolone: Plasma And Tissue Disposition, Xiaoping Zhang, Reza Mehvar

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Plasma and tissue disposition of a macromolecular prodrug of methylprednisolone (MP), dextran (70 kDa)–methylprednisolone succinate (DMP), was studied in rats. Single 5‐mg/kg doses of DMP or unconjugated MP were administered into the tail veins of different groups of rats (n  = 4/group/time point). Blood (cardiac puncture) and tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, thymus, and brain) were collected at various times after DMP (0–96 h) or MP (0–2 h) injections. Concentrations of DMP and MP in samples were analyzed by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Conjugation of MP with 70‐kDa dextran resulted in 22‐, …


Inside Unlv, Diane Russell, Jennifer Vaughan, Richard Jensen, Mae Worthey-Flennoy Dec 2001

Inside Unlv, Diane Russell, Jennifer Vaughan, Richard Jensen, Mae Worthey-Flennoy

Inside UNLV

No abstract provided.


A Decentralized, Patient-Centered Approach To Diabetes Disease Management In The Primary Care Setting, Michael Toscani, John P. O'Connor, David B. Nash Dec 2001

A Decentralized, Patient-Centered Approach To Diabetes Disease Management In The Primary Care Setting, Michael Toscani, John P. O'Connor, David B. Nash

College of Population Health Faculty Papers

Although many disease management programs have been developed for diabetes, no single design has proved best for all providers and patient populations. Cost effectiveness is especially relevant to diabetes programs because significant costs of the disease may come from complications that occur later in life, while the costs of the program are incurred immediately. For this reason, diabetes disease management programs with positive outcomes and low implementation costs are of particular importance. We report here on the outcomes of a pilot test of the Steps to Health program developed by Abbott Laboratories. The Steps to Health program was designed to …