Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind: The Hidden Issues And Entertainment Within The World Of Crime And Punishment, John Charlton, Christian Sorrells, Aaron Burney, Jonathan Yi

ENGL 1102 Showcase

An anthology diving into observing topics related to crime and punishment and determining the effect on the greater topic. Explains why people are so interested in crime, how PTSD can lead to violence and questioning how prisoners spend their time and all through provoking questions addressed in this anthology in the hope that it creates a greater understanding of crime and punishment as a whole.

Workplace Violence In Emergency Departments, Education And De-Escalation Training: A Benchmark Study, Summer Block

MSN Capstone Projects

Most people do not go to work and fear being assaulted or harassed daily. However, for emergency nurses in this county that is exactly what it has come to. Up to 96% of emergency department nurses state they have been verbally abused. This entails name calling, verbal threats, being shouted at and being sworn at. Anywhere from 25% to 60% of these nurses have had to face physical assaults while on the job. (Al-Aadi, 2020; Copeland & Henry, 2017; Grinberg, 2022; Li et al., 2019; McDermid et al., 2019). Physical assaults can include being spit on, slapped, punched, kicked, choked, …

Personal Perspective: Violence Against Healthcare Workers In Us Eds, Peter W. Sweetser, James P. Phillips

URGENT Matters

No abstract provided.

"Women Are Again Unsafe": Preventing Violence And Poor Maternal Outcomes During Current Floods In Pakistan, Sarmad Muhammad Soomar, Abir Arefin, Salman Muhammad Soomar

School of Nursing & Midwifery

No abstract provided.

Implementation Of The Brøset Violence Checklist For Adult Psychiatric Patients, Brandy R. Cauthen, Jude Campbell, Brittany Mcgill, Allyson Neal, Stephan Haaquist, Courtney Glissen

Graduate Publications and Other Selected Works - Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)

Violence has become an increasing issue in healthcare systems worldwide, especially in inpatient psychiatric units. Violence can lead to harmful effects for patients and staff members and has been shown to increase the risk of depression, anxiety, and suicide. Additionally, violence has been shown to lead to staff burnout, which in turn leads to poorer patient outcomes. This project aimed to decrease rates of violence by implementing the Brøset Violence Checklist (BVC), a screening tool that predicts imminent violence. The BVC is a six-item checklist that allows patients to be scored based on behaviors. Then, a sum score is produced, …

Gender-Based Violence In Pakistan And Public Health Measures: A Call To Action, Azza Sarfraz, Zouina Sarfraz, Muzna Sarfraz, Zul Qarnain

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

No abstract provided.

Prevention Of Violence Against Women And Girls: A Cost-Effectiveness Study Across 6 Low- And Middle-Income Countries, Giulia Ferrari, Sergio Torres-Rueda, Esnat Chirwa, Andrew Gibbs, Stacey Orangi, Edwine Barasa, Theresa Tawiah, Rebecca Kyerewaa Dwommoh Prah, Rozina Karmaliani, Hussain Maqbool Ahmed Khuwaja

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Background: Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a human rights violation with social, economic, and health consequences for survivors, perpetrators, and society. Robust evidence on economic, social, and health impact, plus the cost of delivery of VAWG prevention, is critical to making the case for investment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where health sector resources are highly constrained. We report on the costs and health impact of VAWG prevention in 6 countries.
Methods and findings: We conducted a trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis of VAWG prevention interventions using primary data from 5 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in sub-Saharan Africa …

Spatial Epidemiology: An Empirical Framework For Syndemics Research, Shikhar Shrestha, Cici X C Bauer, Brian Hendricks, Thomas J Stopka

Journal Articles

Syndemics framework describes two or more co-occurring epidemics that synergistically interact with each other and the complex structural social forces that sustain them leading to excess disease burden. The term syndemic was first used to describe the interaction between substance abuse, violence, and AIDS by Merrill Singer. A broader range of syndemic studies has since emerged describing the framework's applicability to other public health scenarios. With syndemic theory garnering significant attention, the focus is shifting towards developing robust empirical analytical approaches. Unfortunately, the complex nature of the disease-disease interactions nested within several social contexts complicates empirical analyses. In answering the …

Violence Prevention Task Force: A Health System’S Journey Towards Zero, Lisa Davis, Denise Holyoak

VCU Health Nursing

VCU Health's mission is to be the safest most caring hospital with zero events of preventable harm to patients, team members, and visitors. Our goal cannot be achieved if our staff suffer from workplace violence injuries thus, our executive leaders sponsored a Violence Task Force in 2017 comprised of leaders and bedside staff from all disciplines to implement evidence-informed strategies to aid in the prevention, response or recovery to a violent event. Review of data and measures of our outcomes are based on our worker's compensation, behavioral rapid response, and safety culture surveys. Event drill-downs are achieved by our post-assault …

Fatal Police Violence By Race And State In The Usa, 1980–2019: A Network Meta-Regression, Fablina Sharara, Eve E. Wool, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Nicole Davis Weaver, Shelley Balassyano, Ismaeel Yunusa Ph. D., Et Al.

Faculty Publications

Background

The burden of fatal police violence is an urgent public health crisis in the USA. Mounting evidence shows that deaths at the hands of the police disproportionately impact people of certain races and ethnicities, pointing to systemic racism in policing. Recent high-profile killings by police in the USA have prompted calls for more extensive and public data reporting on police violence. This study examines the presence and extent of under-reporting of police violence in US Government-run vital registration data, offers a method for correcting under-reporting in these datasets, and presents revised estimates of deaths due to police violence in …

You Learn How To Hate': Adapting A Healthy Relationship Curriculum Using A Trauma-Informed Race Equity Lens, Shannon Guillot-Wright, Elizabeth D Torres, Bianca Obinyan, Jeff R Temple

Journal Articles

Teen dating violence is a public health concern that can lead to short- and long-term mental and physical health consequences, including depression, anxiety, risky behaviors, and unhealthy future relationships. Research shows that social and structural determinants of health, such as racism, low socio-economic status, and neighborhood conditions, may predispose certain communities to violence. to better understand methods to reduce TDV among ethnically and economically diverse populations, we used a trauma-informed race equity lens to adapt an efficacious prevention program known as

Violence And Abuse Among Working Children In Urban And Suburban Areas Of Lower Sindh, Pakistan, Meesha Iqbal, Zafar Fatmi, Kausar S. Khan, Asaad Ahmed Nafees

Community Health Sciences

Background: Child labourers are exposed to an insecure environment and higher risk of violence. Violence among child labourers is an under-studied phenomenon which requires contextual assessment.
Aims: We applied Bronfenbrenner's ecological model (micro-, exo- and macro-system) to understand the interplay of individual, community, societal and policy context fuelling violence.
Methods: Focus group discussions and family ethnographies of child-labourers working in common occupational sectors of suburban areas of Sindh were carried out to gain in-depth understanding of their immediate environment and abuse (micro-system). Frequency of emotional, physical and sexual violence (5-14 years; n = 634) was also determined. Indepth interviews with …

Violence Against Healthcare Workers During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review Of Incidents From A Lower-Middle-Income Country, Omaima Anis Bhatti, Hareem Rauf, Namrah Aziz, Russell S. Martins, Javaid Khan

Medical College Documents

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) across the globe have met tremendous challenges during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, such as shortages of personal protective equipment, extensive work hours, and constant fear of catching the virus or transmitting it to loved ones. Adding on to the already existing burnout, an increase in incidents of violence and aggression against HCWs was seen in Pakistan and globally.
Objectives: Primarily to review cases of violence against HCWs in Pakistan, highlighting and comparing the instigating factors seen within the country and globally. Secondly, to enlist possible interventions to counter workplace violence in healthcare during a …

Literature Review: Covid-19'S Impact On Violence, Jean Cheek, Laura Ashworth

VCU Health Nursing

Violence has been exacerbated by the pandemic, resulting in a plethora of research that can be complementary and contradictory. A preliminary thematic literature search was performed using keywords such as human trafficking, IPV, sexual assault, pandemic, covid, and child abuse. This resulted in over 100 articles between 2019 and 2021. The literature review revealed common themes such as pandemics and natural disasters increase the risk for violence in women, children, and marginalized populations. Stay-at-home orders put vulnerable populations in closer proximity to the abuser. A low socioeconomic standing increases the propensity to abuse and be abused. Calls to human trafficking …

Consensus Statement On Ethical & Safety Practices For Conducting Digital Monitoring Studies With People At Risk Of Suicide And Related Behaviors, Matthew K. Nock, Evan M. Kleiman, Melissa Abraham, Kate H. Bentley, David A. Brent, Ralph J. Buonopane, Franckie Castro-Ramirez, Christine B. Cha, Walter Dempsey, John Draper, Catherine R. Glenn, Jill Harkavy-Friedman, Michael R. Hollander, Jeffrey C. Huffman, Hye In S. Lee, Alexander J. Millner, David Mou, Jukka-Pekka Onnela, Rosalind W. Picard, Heather M. Quay, Osiris Rankin, Shannon Sewards, John Torous, Joan Wheelis, Ursula Whiteside, Galia Siegel, Anna E. Ordóñez, Jane L. Pearson

Psychology Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVE: Digital monitoring technologies (e.g., smart-phones and wearable devices) provide unprecedented opportunities to study potentially harmful behaviors such as suicide, violence, and alcohol/substance use in real-time. The use of these new technologies has the potential to significantly advance the understanding, prediction, and prevention of these behaviors. However, such technologies also introduce myriad ethical and safety concerns, such as deciding when and how to intervene if a participant's responses indicate elevated risk during the study?

METHODS: We used a modified Delphi process to develop a consensus among a diverse panel of experts on the ethical and safety practices for conducting digital …

Emergency Department Workplace Violence Against Nurses, Adam Johnson

MSN Capstone Projects

Emergency room nurses are often thought of as the adrenaline junkies of the nursing world. Emergency nurses interact with a wide array of patients and visitors and are often the first clinician a patient may see upon arriving at an emergency department. With this wide array of patients and visitors, also comes a volatile environment with the increased risks of violence against nurses. This violence could include verbal, physical, and emotional violence from patients, visitors, and even fellow staff members. As violence increases, nursing longevity decreases and thus further increases the expense of nursing on a facility. Therefore, this has …

Types And Risk Factors Of Violence Experienced By People Living With Hiv, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study, Safia Awan, Nukhba Zia, Fatima Sharif, Sharaf Ali Shah, Bushra Jamil

Department of Medicine

Background: In Pakistan, data are lacking on the violence experienced by people living with HIV.
Aims: This study determined the prevalence and risk factors of violence (physical, psychological and sexual) in people living with HIV in Karachi, Pakistan.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in 2016 of people living with HIV attending clinics of Bridge Consultants Foundation, a community-based care provider. Date were collected using an interview-based questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to assess the risk factors for violence with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) presented.
Results: The sample included 250 people living with …

Public Health Violence Prevention: Supporting Law Enforcement, Kira Swensen, Gabriela Murza, Sandra H. Sulzer, Maren Wright Voss

All Current Publications

As frustrations over inequalities in policing and law enforcement continue despite attempted reforms (Beckett, 2016), many are asking for a more effective approach. A 2018 issue statement from the American Public Health Association (2018) highlights that violence is a public health issue that will not go away without the influence of a public health approach. The integrated biological-psychological-social model of health recognizes the complexity in the ways individuals are influenced by their situations, with violence as the unfortunate result of the wrong mix of circumstances. The public health approach to violence focuses on prevention as part of the solution. This …

Brain Injury And Dementia In Pakistan: Current Perspectives, Maheen M. Adamson, Sadia Shakil, Tajwar Sultana, Muhammad Abul Hasan, Fatima Mubarak, Ather Enam, Muhammad A. Parvaz, Adeel Razi

Department of Radiology

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 50-75% of all cases, with a greater proportion of individuals affected at older age range. A single moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with accelerated aging and increased risk for dementia. The fastest growth in the elderly population is taking place in China, Pakistan, and their south Asian neighbors. Current clinical assessments are based on data collected from Caucasian populations from wealthy backgrounds giving rise to a "diversity" crisis in brain research. Pakistan is a lower-middle income country (LMIC) with an estimated one million people …

Gender Based Violence And Health Effects, Tazeen Saeed Ali

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Gender Based Violence (GBV) violates the basic human right of a person’s physical, sexual and emotional integrity and health ([i]) such that globally, one out of every three women is subject to some form of violence, ranging from verbal and physical abuse to emotional blackmailing and psychological torture eventually leading to futile despair and hopelessness. The ironical perception of gender equality in our society is the root cause of gender based violence, with women being more afflicted by such a form of gender discrimination than men. [i]. Ali TS, Krantz G, Gul R, Asad N, Johansson E, …

From Suffrage To The Senate: Expanding Inclusion In Women's Rights To Achieve Women's Health Equality., Frances Grimstad

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

No abstract provided.

Disability And Migration: How Systems Of Violence Intersect With The Production And Experience Of Disability For Migrants In Morocco, Frances Condon

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

This project investigates the perspectives and experiences of physically disabled, chronically ill, or bodily-impaired migrants from south of the Sahara living in Rabat, Morocco. Increasing interest in disabled migrants’ rights from international organizations risks erasing those being ‘protected’ if it does not attend to the intersections of race, class, citizenship, and gender as they relate to the production and experience of disability for migrants. Produced by and for the (white) global North, I argue that traditional Euro-American disability studies scholarship is ill-equipped to address the issues faced by disabled migrants in post-colonial contexts. In addition to being ineffective, the uncritical …

Silence In Violence: A Curse Or A Goodwill, Afsheen Hirani, Nasreen Rafiq, Shyrose Sultan, Zainish Hajani, Samreen Siraj

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Healthcare professionals face dilemmas regarding maintaining and breaching confidentiality while dealing with victims of sexual violence. The sensitivity of the cases of violence and the aim to prevent harm generates ambiguity for sound ethical and legal decision making. In Pakistan, maintaining silence is often preferred over breaking the silence. Thus, it is essential to view the risks and benefits of the conflicting positions keeping in mind the diverse perspectives and the bigger picture. Organizations, community and government can plan different strategies to put an end to this obscene game of “silence in violence”.

Food Insecurity And Violence In A Prospective Cohort Of Women At Risk For Or Living With Hiv In The U.S., Amy A. Conroy, Mardge H. Cohen, Edward A. Frongillo Jr., Alexander C. Tsai, Tracey E. Wilson, Eryka L. Wentz, Adaora A. Adimora, Daniel Merenstein, Ighovwerha Ofotokun, Lisa Metsch, Mirjam-Colette Kempf, Adebola Adedimeji, Janet M. Turan, Phyllis C. Tien, Sheri D. Weiser

Faculty Publications

Background Food insecurity and violence are two major public health issues facing U.S. women. The link between food insecurity and violence has received little attention, particularly regarding the temporal ordering of events. The present study used data from the Women’s Interagency Human Immunodeficiency Virus Study to investigate the longitudinal association of food insecurity and violence in a cohort of women at risk for or living with HIV.

Methods Study participants completed six assessments from 2013–16 on food insecurity (operationalized as marginal, low, and very low food security) and violence (sexual or physical, and psychological). We used multi-level logistic regression, controlling …

Violent Death Rates In The Us Compared To Those Of The Other High-Income Countries, 2015, Erin Grinshteyn, David Hemenway

Nursing and Health Professions Faculty Research and Publications

Violence is a serious public health issue in the U.S. This research compares the US and other high-income countries in terms of violent death. we used data from the World Health Organization for populous, high-income countries. Data from CDC's WISQARS and WONDER systems were used to assess mortality data among US white and non-white populations and in low-, medium-, and high-gun states in 2015. Death rates per 100,000 population were calculated overall, by age, and by sex. Poisson and negative binomial regression were used to test for significance. The homicide rate in the US was 7.5 times higher than the …

Contextual Factors Associated With County-Level Suicide Rates In The United States, 1999 To 2016, Danielle L. Steelsmith, Cynthia A. Fontanella, John V. Campo, Jefferey A. Bridge, Keith L. Warren, Elisabeth D. Root

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Importance Understanding geographic and community-level factors associated with suicide can inform targeted suicide prevention efforts.

Objectives To estimate suicide rates and trajectories, assess associated county-level contextual factors, and explore variation across the rural-urban continuum.

Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included all individuals aged 25 to 64 years who died by suicide from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2016, in the United States. Spatial analysis was used to map excess risk of suicide, and longitudinal random-effects models using negative binomial regression tested associations of contextual variables with suicide rates as well as interactions among county-level contextual variables. Data …

The Intersection Of School Corporal Punishment And Associated Factors: Baseline Results From A Randomized Controlled Trial In Pakistan, Hussain Maqbool Ahmed Khuwaja, Rozina Karmaliani Professor, Judith Mcfarlane, Rozina Somani, Saleema Gulzar, Tazeen S. Ali, Zahra Shaheen Premani, Esnat D. Chirwa, Rachel Jewkes

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Violence against youth is a global issue; one form of youth victimization is school corporal punishment. We use baseline assessments from a cluster randomized controlled trial to examine the prevalence of school corporal punishment, by gender, and the relationship to levels of peer violence at school, parent corporal punishment, youth food security and youth academic performance and school attendance in Pakistan. Forty homogenous public schools in the urban city of Hyderabad, Pakistan were chosen for randomization into the trial evaluating a youth violence prevention intervention. 1752 6th graders, age 11-14 years, were selected as the target population. Since schools are …

Metaanalysis Of The Relationship Between Violent Video Game Play And Physical Aggression Over Time, Anna T. Prescott, James Sargent, Jay G. Hull

Dartmouth Scholarship

To clarify and quantify the influence of video game violence (VGV) on aggressive behavior, we conducted a metaanalysis of all prospective studies to date that assessed the relation between exposure to VGV and subsequent overt physical aggression. The search strategy identified 24 studies with over 17,000 participants and time lags ranging from 3 months to 4 years. The samples comprised various nationalities and ethnicities with mean ages from 9 to 19 years. For each study we obtained the standardized regression coefficient for the prospective effect of VGV on subsequent aggression, controlling for baseline aggression. VGV was related to aggression using …

Effectiveness Of Training On De-Escalation Of Violence And Management Of Aggressive Behavior Faced By Health Care Providers In A Public Sector Hospital Of Karachi, Lubna Baig, Sana Tanzil, Shiraz Shaikh, Ibrahim Hashmi, Muhammad Arslan Khan, Maciej Polkowski

Community Health Sciences

Background: Considering high burden of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan APPNA Institute of Public Health developed a training to prevent reactive violence among healthcare providers. The purpose of this training was to equip healthcare providers with skills essential to control aggressive behaviors and prevent verbal and non-verbal violence in workplace settings. This study assesses the effectiveness of training in prevention, de-escalation and management of violence in healthcare settings.
Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in October, 2016 using mixed method concurrent embedded design. The study assessed effectiveness of de-escalation trainings among health care providers working in emergency and gynecology …

Exploring Places Of Street Drug Dealing In A Downtown Area In Brazil: An Analysis Of The Reliability Of Google Street View In International Criminological Research, Elenice De Souza Oliveira, Ko-Hsin Hsu

Department of Justice Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

This study assesses the reliability of Google Street View (GSV) in auditing environmental features that help create hotbeds of drug dealing in Belo Horizonte, one of Brazil’s largest cities. Based on concepts of “crime generators” and “crime enablers,” a set of 40 items were selected using arrest data related to drug activities for the period between 2007 and 2011. These items served to develop a GSV data collection instrument used to observe features of 135 street segments that were identified as drug dealing hot spots in downtown Belo Horizonte. The study employs an intra-class correlation (ICC) statistics as a measure …