Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Countermovement Jump And Squat Jump Force-Time Curve Analysis In Control And Fatigue Conditions, Steven Hughes, John Warmenhoven, G. Gregory Haff, Dale W. Chapman, Sophia Nimphius

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

This study aimed to reanalyze previously published discrete force data from countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), a statistical method that enables analysis of data in its native, complete state. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of 1-dimensional (1D) force-time curves was compared with previous zero-dimensional (0D) analysis of peak force to assess sensitivity of 1D analysis. Thirty-two subjects completed CMJs and SJs at baseline, 15 minutes, 1, 24, and 48 hours following fatigue and control conditions in a pseudo random cross-over design. Absolute (CMJ_ABS/SJ_ABS) and time-normalized (CMJ_NORM/SJ_NORM) …

Myokine Expression And Tumor-Suppressive Effect Of Serum Following 12 Weeks Of Exercise In Prostate Cancer Patients On Adt, Jin-Soo Kim, Rebekah Louise Wilson, Dennis Taaffe, Daniel A. Galvao, Elin S. Gray, Robert Newton

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Purpose:

Although several mechanisms have been proposed for the tumor-suppressive effect of exercise, little attention has been given to myokines, even though skeletal muscle is heavily recruited during exercise resulting in myokine surges. We measured resting serum myokine levels before and after an exercise-based intervention and the effect of this serum on prostate cancer cell growth.

Methods:

Ten prostate cancer patients undertaking androgen deprivation therapy (age, 73.3 ± 5.6 yr) undertook a 12-wk exercise-based intervention including supervised resistance training, self-directed aerobic exercise, and protein supplementation. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle strength by the one-repetition maximum …

Running Performance Of Male Versus Female Players In Australian Football Matches: A Systematic Review, Christopher Wing, Nicolas H. Hart, Callum Mccaskie, Petar Djanis, Fadi Ma’Ayah, Kazunori Nosaka

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Background:

Australian Football is a fast paced, intermittent sport, played by both male and female populations. The aim of this systematic review was to compare male and female Australian Football players, competing at elite and sub-elite levels, for running performance during Australian Football matches based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

Methods:

Medline, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science searches, using search terms inclusive of Australian Football, movement demands and microsensor technology, returned 2535 potential manuscripts, of which 33 were included in the final analyses.

Results:

Results indicated that male athletes performed approximately twice the total …

Eccentric-Only Versus Concentric-Only Resistance Training Effects On Biochemical And Physiological Parameters In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Christine Kudiarasu, Wafina Rohadhia, Yoshihiro Katsura, Tomoko Koeda, Favil Singh, Kazunori Nosaka

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Background:

The benefits of resistance training for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are well documented; however, the effects of exercise with different muscle contraction types such as eccentric versus concentric contractions on physiological outcomes for this population are not clear. This study compared eccentric-only (ECC) and concentric-only resistance training (CON) to test the hypothesis that ECC would be superior to CON to improve insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, body composition, muscle strength and physical function of patients with T2D.

Methods:

Adults with T2D (50–79 years) were allocated to the ECC (n = 9) or CON group (n = 9). Resistance …

A Comparison Of Manual And Automatic Force-Onset Identification Methodologies And Their Effect On Force-Time Characteristics In The Isometric Midthigh Pull, Stuart N. Guppy, Claire J. Brady, Yosuke Kotani, Shannon Connolly, Paul Comfort, Jason P. Lake, G. Gregory Haff

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The aim of this study was to assess the agreement of three different automated methods of identifying force-onset (40 N, 5 SDs, and 3 SDs) with manual identification, during the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). Fourteen resistance-trained participants with > 6 months experience training with the power clean volunteered to take part. After three familiarisation sessions, the participants performed five maximal IMTPs separated by 1 min of rest. Fixed bias was found between 40 N and manual identification for time at force-onset. No proportional bias was present between manual identification and any automated threshold. Fixed bias between manual identification and automated was …

Win, Draw, Or Lose? Global Positioning System-Based Variables’ Effect On The Match Outcome: A Full-Season Study On An Iranian Professional Soccer Team, Hadi Nobari, Norbert Keshish Banoocy, Rafael Oliveira, Jorge Pérez-Gómez

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The aim of the study was to determine the between-match and between-halves match variability of various Global Positioning System (GPS) variables and metabolic power average (MPA) in competitions, based on the match results obtained by professional soccer players over a full season. Observations on individual match performance measures were undertaken on thirteen outfield players competing in the Iranian Premier League. The measures selected for analysis included total duration, accelerations in zones (AccZ1, 2, and 3), decelerations in zones (DecZ1, 2, and 3), and MPA collected by the Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit (WIMU). The GPS manufacturer set the thresholds for the …

The Influence Of Mental Fatigue On Sessional Ratings Of Perceived Exertion In Elite Open And Closed Skill Sports Athletes, Joseph O. C. Coyne, Aaron J. Coutts, Robert U. Newton, G. Gregory Haff

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

ABSTRACT: Coyne, JOC, Coutts, AJ, Newton, RU, and Haff, GG. The influence of mental fatigue on sessional ratings of perceived exertion in elite open and closed skill sports athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 963-969, 2021-The main purpose of this investigation was to examine influence of mental fatigue on sessional ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) over a training week in elite athletes in open skill (OS, i.e., more unpredictable and externally paced sports) and closed skill (CS, i.e., more predictable and internally paced) sports. Visual analogue scales for mental fatigue, sRPE (CR-10 scale), and training duration were collected from an …

Fitness Testing Parameters For Alpine Ski Racing, James J. Pritchard

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Alpine ski racing requires high levels of isometric, eccentric, and concentric muscle actions through wide ranges of hip, knee, and ankle mobility. The course duration of ∼ 40 seconds for slalom racing to upward of 2.5 minutes for downhill racing necessitates high levels of anaerobic endurance, aerobic power, and force production to be successful. In addition, due to the highly technical skill aspect of ski racing, neuromuscular coordination is of utmost importance. This review identifies the most effective performance testing methods for alpine ski racing, as well as highlighting their relevance to the physiological parameters of the sport.

Relationships Between Internal Training Load In A Taper With Elite Weightlifting Performance Calculated Using Different Moving Average Methods, Joseph O. C. Coyne, Robert U. Newton, G. Gregory Haff

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Purpose:

A simple and 2 different exponentially weighted moving average methods were used to investigate the relationships between internal training load and elite weightlifting performance.

Methods:

Training impulse data (sessional ratings of perceived exertion × training duration) were collected from 21 elite weightlifters (age = 26.0 [3.2] y, height = 162.2 [11.3] cm, body mass = 72.2 [23.8] kg, previous 12-mo personal best total 96.3% [2.7%] of world record total) during the 8 weeks prior to the 2016 Olympic Games qualifying competition. The amount of training modified or cancelled due to injury/illness was also collected. The training stress balance (TSB) …

Relationships Between Different Internal And External Training Load Variables And Elite International Women’S Basketball Performance, Joseph Coyne, Aaron J. Coutts, Robert Newton, Greg Haff

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Purpose:

To investigate the relationships between internal and external training load (TL) metrics with elite international women’s basketball performance.

Methods:

Sessional ratings of perceived exertion, PlayerLoad^™/minute, and training duration were collected from 13 elite international-level female basketball athletes (age 29.0 [3.7] y, stature 186.0 [9.8] cm, body mass 77.9 [11.6] kg) during the 18 weeks prior to the International Basketball Federation Olympic qualifying event for the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. Training stress balance, differential load, and the training efficiency index were calculated with 3 different smoothing methods. These TL metrics and their change in the last 21 days …

Reliability Of Isokinetic Tests Of Velocity‐ And Contraction Intensity‐Dependent Plantar Flexor Mechanical Properties, Matheus D. Pinto, Cody J. Wilson, Anthony D. Kay, Anthony J. Blazevich

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

“Flexibility” tests are traditionally performed voluntarily relaxed by rotating a joint slowly; however, functional activities are performed rapidly with voluntary/reflexive muscle activity. Here, we describe the reliabilities and differences in maximum ankle range of motion (ROM_max) and plantar flexor mechanical properties at several velocities and levels of voluntary force from a new test protocol on a commercially available dynamometer. Fifteen participants had their ankle joint dorsiflexed at 5, 30, and 60° s⁻¹ in two conditions: voluntarily relaxed and while producing 40% and 60% of maximal eccentric torque. Commonly reported variables describing ROM_max and resistance to stretch …

Evaluating Match Running Performance In Elite Australian Football: A Narrative Review, Christopher Wing, Nicolas H. Hart, Fadi Ma’Ayah, Kazunori Nosaka

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

During Australian football (AF) matches, players are subjected to high running loads, which are intermittent in nature. There is a growing body of research that highlights factors which can both positively and negatively affect this match running performance (e.g., the total distance travelled by a player during match-play). In order to appropriately evaluate these factors, a thorough search of MEDLINE, SportDiscus and Web of Science databases was performed, with a total of 17 manuscripts included within the final evaluation. The main findings from this review highlighted that match running performance is increased amongst those playing in midfield and half back/forward …

Influence Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Mood And Training In Australian Community Tennis Players, Mitchell Turner, Philipp Beranek, Shane L. Rogers, Kazunori Nosaka, Olivier Girard, Travis Cruickshank

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The COVID-19 outbreak has led to the implementation of strict restrictions in Australia, which have severely impacted sporting activities. Tennis is played by 6.2% of the population within the Oceania region, and is a valuable sport for maintaining social, mental, and physical health. Current literature indicates the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the mental health of Australian residents. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in training and match play due to the outbreak, and its effects on emotional well-being of Australian senior tennis players. Additionally, explore any differences between middle aged (41-60 years) and senior (61 years …

An Assessment Of The Hopping Strategy And Inter-Limb Asymmetry During The Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study, Kyle Davey, Paul Read, Joseph Coyne, Paul Jarvis, Anthony Turner, Jon Brazier, Nejc Šarabon, Matthew J. Jordan, Chris Bishop

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The aims of the present study are to: (1) determine within-and between-session reliability of multiple metrics obtained during the triple hop test; and (2) determine any systematic bias in both the test and inter-limb asymmetry scores for these metrics. Thirteen male young American football athletes performed three trials of a triple hop test on each leg on two separate occasions. In addition to the total distance hopped, manual detection of touch down and toe-off were calculated via video analysis, enabling flight time (for each hop), ground contact time (GCT), reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (between hops) to be …

High-Intensity Physical Activity Is Not Associated With Better Cognition In The Elder: Evidence From The China Health And Retirement Longitudinal Study, Zhiyuan Wu, Haiping Zhang, Xinlei Miao, Haibin Li, Huiying Pan, Di Zhou, Yue Liu, Zhiwei Li, Jinqi Wang, Xiangtong Liu, Deqiang Zheng, Xia Li, Wei Wang, Xiuhua Guo, Lixin Tao

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Background: To evaluate the association of physical activity (PA) intensity with cognitive performance at baseline and during follow-up. Methods: A total of 4039 participants aged 45 years or above from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were enrolled in visit 1 (2011–2012) and followed for cognitive function in visit 2 (2013–2014), visit 3 (2015–2016), and visit 4 (2017–2018). We analyzed the association of PA intensity with global cognition, episodic memory, and mental intactness at baseline using adjusted regression methods and evaluated the long-term effect of PA intensity using multiple measures of cognition scores by mixed effect model. Results: In …

Potential Role Of Exercise Induced Extracellular Vesicles In Prostate Cancer Suppression, Ying Zhang, Jin-Soo Kim, Tain-Zhen Wang, Robert U. Newton, Daniel A. Galvao, Robert A. Gardiner, Michelle M. Hill, Dennis Taaffe

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Physical exercise is increasingly recognized as a valuable treatment strategy in managing prostate cancer, not only enhancing supportive care but potentially influencing disease outcomes. However, there are limited studies investigating mechanisms of the tumor-suppressive effect of exercise. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as a therapeutic target for cancer as tumor-derived EVs have the potential to promote metastatic capacity by transferring oncogenic proteins, integrins, and microRNAs to other cells and EVs are also involved in developing drug resistance. Skeletal muscle has been identified as an endocrine organ, releasing EVs into the circulation, and levels of EV-containing factors have been …

Isolated Joint Block Progression Training Improves Leaping Performance In Dancers, Paige E. Rice, Kiisa Nishikawa, Sophia Nimphius

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 12-week ankle-specific block progression training program on saut de chat leaping performance [leap height, peak power (PP), joint kinetics and kinematics], maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion (MVIP) strength, and Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness. Dancers (training group n = 7, control group n = 7) performed MVIP at plantarflexed (10◦) and neutral ankle positions (0◦) followed by ramping isometric contractions equipped with ultrasound to assess strength and AT stiffness, respectively. Dancers also performed saut de chat leaps surrounded by 3-D motion capture atop force platforms to determine center of …

Power Output, Cadence, And Torque Are Similar Between The Forward Standing And Traditional Sprint Cycling Positions, Paul F. J. Merkes, Paolo Menaspà, Chris R. Abbiss

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Purpose:

Compare power output, cadence, and torque in the seated, standing, and forward standing cycling sprint positions.

Methods:

On three separated occasions (ie, one for each position), 11 recreational male road cyclists performed a 14 seconds sprint before and directly after a high-intensity lead-up. Power output, cadence, and torque were measured during each sprint. Results: No significant differences in peak and mean power output were observed between the forward standing (1125.5 ± 48.5 W and 896.0 ± 32.7 W, respectively) and either the seated or standing positions (1042.5 ± 46.8 W and 856.5 ± 29.4 W; 1175.4 ± 44.9 W …

Pilot Study On The Reliability Of The Coach's Eye: Identifying Talent Throughout A 4-Day Cadet Judo Campp, Alexandra H. Roberts, Daniel Greenwood, Clare Humberstone, Annette J. Raynor

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

A typical assumption found in talent identification literature is that different coaches, given the same athletes and circumstances, will identify the same subset of athletes as “talented”. However, while coaches play a major role during talent identification in practical sport settings, there is limited empirical research exploring the processes which underpin this. The purpose of this study was to explore the reliability of “the coach's eye” during the assessment of talent in a group of athletes. Specifically, this project compared inter-coach agreement between nine judo coaches (ages 35.8 ± 10.6 years) with varying levels of experience (12.9 ± 8.9 years) …

The Creation Of Goal Scoring Opportunities At The 2015 Women’S World Cup, Mark Scanlan, Craig Harms, Jodie Cochrane Wilkie, Fadi Ma’Ayah

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Women’s international football is growing in terms of popularity, but to date there is limited published research in women’s football and even less that describes effective attacking strategies and the creation of goal scoring opportunities (GSO). The purpose of this research was to investigate and assess the factors related to the creation of GSO that led to a Top 4 position Canada Women’s World Cup 2015. Video footage of each match (n = 52) from the Women’s World Cup (Canada 2015) was analysed using SportsCode Software. The results revealed that the middle third of the pitch was the most effective …

Reducing Aerodynamic Drag By Adopting A Novel Road-Cycling Sprint Position, Paul F. J. Merkes, Paolo Menaspa, Chris R. Abbiss

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Purpose:

To assess the influence of seated, standing, and forward-standing cycling sprint positions on aerodynamic drag (CdA) and the reproducibility of a field test of CdA calculated in these different positions.

Methods:

A total of 11 recreational male road cyclists rode 250 m in 2 directions at around 25, 32, and 40 km·h.

Results:

A main effect of position showed that the average CdA of the 2 d was lower for the forward-standing position (0.295 [0.059]) compared with both the seated (0.363 [0.071], P = .018) and standing positions (0.372 [0.077], P = .037). Seated and standing positions did …

Kinetics And Kinematics Of The Squat And Step-Up In Well-Trained Rugby Players, Brendyn B. Appleby, Robert U. Newton, Stuart J. Cormack

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the kinetics and kinematics of squat and step-up performance in well-trained athletes. Triaxial ground reaction force (GRF) and 3D kinematic data were collected in 4 maximal effort repetitions each at 70, 80, and 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of squat and step-up. The difference in concentric phase kinetics and kinematics between the squat and step-up was compared using effect sizes (ES ± 90% confidence limits [CLs]) classified as: less than 0.2 as trivial; 0.2-0.6 as small; 0.6-1.2 as moderate; and 1.2-2.0 as large. Where the 90% CL crossed negative …

Finding Your Balance: An Investigation Of Recovery–Stress Balance In Vocational Dance Training, Peta Blevins, Shona Erskine, Luke Hopper, Gene Moyle

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Professional dance careers require years of intensive training. Stress experienced during training must be balanced with adequate recovery to prevent overtraining and burnout. Little is known, however, about how dancers achieve recovery–stress balance. This study examined dancers’ recollection of stress and recovery during their vocational dance training to identify potential stressors and recovery behaviors in vocational dance training. Twelve current and ex-professional ballet (n=4) and contemporary dancers (n=8) participated in the study. Four general dimensions, based on the extant overtraining literature in athletes, were identified: dance culture, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and situational factors. Cultural norms, health factors related to injury and …

Considerations When Assessing Endurance In Combat Sport Athletes, Oliver R. Barley, Dale W. Chapman, Stuart N. Guppy, Chris R. Abbiss

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Combat sports encompass a range of sports, each involving physical combat between participants. Such sports are unique, with competitive success influenced by a diverse range of physical characteristics. Effectively identifying and evaluating each characteristic is essential for athletes and support staff alike. Previous research investigating the relationship between combat sports performance and measures of strength and power is robust. However, research investigating the relationship between combat sports performance and assessments of endurance is less conclusive. As a physical characteristic, endurance is complex and influenced by multiple factors including mechanical efficiency, maximal aerobic capacity, metabolic thresholds, and anaerobic capacities. To assess …

The Use Of A Functional Test Battery As A Noninvasive Method Of Fatigue Assessment, Steven Hughes, Dale W. Chapman, G. Gregory Haff, Sophia Nimphius

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

To assess whether a battery of performance markers, both individually and as group, would be sensitive to fatigue, a within group random cross-over design compared multiple variables during seated control and fatigue (repeated sprint cycling) conditions. Thirty-two physically active participants completed a neuromuscular fatigue questionnaire, Stroop task, postural sway, squat jump, countermovement jump, isometric mid-thigh pull and 10 s maximal sprint cycle (Sprintmax) before and after each condition (15 min, 1 h, 24 h and 48 h). In comparison to control, larger neuromuscular fatigue questionnaire total score decrements were observed 15 min (5.20 ± 4.6), 1 h (3.33 ± 3.9) …

Anatomical And Neuromuscular Determinants Of Strength Change In Previously Untrained Men Following Heavy Strength Training, Joanne Trezise, Anthony J. Blazevich

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

This study examined whether changes in strength following a moderate-duration strength training program were associated with changes in specific combinations of anatomical and neuromuscular variables. 36 men (18–40 y) completed 10 weeks of lower-limb heavy resistance (6-RM) strength training. Measurements included cross-sectional area (CSA), fascicle length (l_f) and fascicle angle (θ_f) from proximal, middle and distal regions of the four quadriceps components; agonist (EMG:M), antagonist (EMG) muscle activities and percent voluntary quadriceps activation (%VA; interpolated twitch technique); patellar tendon moment arm distance; and maximal isometric, concentric and eccentric (60° s^–1) torque. Multiple regression models …

The Current State Of Subjective Training Load Monitoring—A Practical Perspective And Call To Action, Joseph O. C. Coyne, G. Gregory Haff, Aaron J Coutts, Robert U. Newton, Sophia Nimphius

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

This commentary delivers a practical perspective on the current state of subjective training load (TL) monitoring, and in particular sessional ratings of perceived exertion, for performance enhancement and injury prevention. Subjective measures may be able to reflect mental fatigue, effort, stress, and motivation. These factors appear to be important moderators of the relationship TL has with performance and injury, and they also seem to differ between open and closed skill sports. As such, mental factors may affect the interaction between TL, performance, and injury in different sports. Further, modeling these interactions may be limited due to the assumption that an …

The Effect Of Altering Body Posture And Barbell Position On The Between-Session Reliability Of Force-Time Curve Characteristics In The Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull, Stuart N. Guppy, Claire J. Brady, Yosuke Kotani, Michael H. Stone, Nikola Medic, Guy Gregory Haff

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Seventeen strength and power athletes (n = 11 males, 6 females; height: 177.5 ± 7.0 cm, 165.8 ± 11.4 cm; body mass: 90.0 ± 14.1 kg, 66.4 ± 13.9 kg; age: 30.6 ± 10.4 years, 30.8 ± 8.7 years), who regularly performed weightlifting movements during their resistance training programs, were recruited to examine the effect of altering body posture and barbell position on the between-session reliability of force-time characteristics generated in the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). After participants were familiarised with the testing protocol, they undertook two testing sessions which were separated by seven days. In each session, the participants …

The Assessment Of Isometric, Dynamic, And Sports-Specific Upper-Body Strength In Male And Female Competitive Surfers, Joanna Parsonage, Josh Secomb, Rebecca Dowse, Brendon Ferrier, Jeremy Sheppard, Sophia Nimphius

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in the dynamic strength index (DSI): an assessment of upper-body dynamic strength relative to maximal isometric strength. The secondary purpose was to investigate gender differences in the dynamic skill deficit (DSD): an assessment of sports-specific dynamic strength relative to maximal isometric strength, and its association with a sports-specific performance measure in surfers. Nine male (age = 30.3 ± 7.3 yrs) and eight female (age = 25.5 ± 5.2 yrs) surfers undertook three upper-body assessments: isometric push-up, dynamic push-up, and a force plate pop-up to determine the DSI and DSD. …

Effect Of Plyometric Training On Speed And Change Of Direction Ability In Elite Field Hockey Players, Jasdev Singh, Brendyn B. Appleby, Andrew P. Lavender

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

This study investigated the effects of two plyometric training protocols on sprint and change of direction (COD) performance in elite hockey players. A parallel-group randomized controlled trial design was used and seventeen elite male and female field hockey players were randomly allocated into either low-to-high (L-H, n = 8) or high-to-low (H-L, n = 9) training groups. Each group performed separate variations of the drop jump exercise twice weekly for six weeks, with an emphasis on either jump height (L-H) or drop height (H-L). Performance variables assessed included sprint times over 10 m and 20 m, as well as 505 …